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**'''D4''' (3010, 8414, 14668)　:[[北東アジア]]でよくみられ、[[日本人]]、[[琉球民族|琉球人]]、[[朝鮮民族|朝鮮人]]、[[モンゴル人]]などでは最も高頻度で観察されるタイプであり、とりわけ日本人及び琉球人に於いてその頻度が高い。<ref name = "Maruyama2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Maruyama | first1 = Sayaka | last2 = Minaguchi | first2 = Kiyoshi | last3 = Saitou | first3 = Naruya | year = 2003 | title = Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese population | url = | journal = Int J Legal Med | volume = 117 | issue = 4| pages = 218–225 | doi = 10.1007/s00414-003-0379-2 | pmid = 12845447 }}</ref><ref name = "Umetsu2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Umetsu | first1 = Kazuo | last2 = Tanaka | first2 = Masashi | last3 = Yuasa | first3 = Isao | year = 2005 | title = Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations | url = | journal = Electrophoresis | volume = 26 | issue = 1| pages = 91–98 | doi = 10.1002/elps.200406129 | pmid = 15624129 }}</ref><ref name = "Derenko2012" /><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17058303 East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis]</ref><ref name = "Kong2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Kong | first1 = Qing-Peng | last2 = Yao | first2 = Yong-Gang | last3 = Liu | first3 = Mu | year = 2003 | title = Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China | url = | journal = Hum Genet | volume = 113 | issue = 5| pages = 391–405 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-003-1004-7 | pmid=12938036}}</ref><ref name = "Asari2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Asari | first1 = M | year = 2007 | title = Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population | url = | journal = Leg Med | volume = 9| issue = 5| pages = 237–240| doi = 10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007 | pmid = 17467322 }}</ref><ref name = "Zheng2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Zheng | first1 = H-X | last2 = Yan | first2 = S | last3 = Qin | first3 = Z-D | last4 = Wang | first4 = Y | last5 = Tan | first5 = J-Z | year = 2011 | title = Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 10| page = e25835 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0025835 | pmid=21998705 | pmc=3188578}}</ref> [[ウィルタ]]、[[ブリヤート]]、[[カルムイク人]]、[[テレンギト人]]、[[キルギス人]]、[[カザフ人]]などでも最もよく見られるタイプである<ref name = "Derenko2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Derenko | first1 = M | last2 = Malyarchuk | first2 = B | last3 = Denisova | first3 = G | last4 = Perkova | first4 = M | last5 = Rogalla | first5 = U | year = 2012 | title = Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 2| page = e32179 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0032179 | pmid=22363811 | pmc=3283723}}</ref><ref name = "Derenko2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Derenko | first1 = Miroslava | last2 = Malyarchuk | first2 = Boris | last3 = Grzybowski | first3 = Tomasz | year = 2007 | title = Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations | journal = Am. J. Hum. Genet. | volume = 81 | issue = 5| pages = 1025–1041 | doi = 10.1086/522933 | pmid=17924343 | pmc=2265662}}</ref>。[[中国]]、[[ヒマラヤ山脈|ヒマラヤ]]近辺、[[シベリア]]、[[中央アジア]]、[[アメリカ先住民]]で広く観察される<ref name = "Malhi2004">{{cite journal | last1 = Malhi | first1 = Ripan S. | last2 = Breece | first2 = Katherine E. | last3 = Schultz Shook | first3 = Beth A. | last4 = Kaestle | first4 = Frederika A. | year = 2004 | title = Patterns of mtDNA Diversity in Northwestern North America | url = | journal = Human Biology | volume = 76 | issue = 1| pages = 33–54 | doi = 10.1353/hub.2004.0023 | pmid = 15222679 }}</ref><ref name = "Malhi2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Malhi | first1 = Ripan S. | last2 = Mortensen | first2 = Holly M. | last3 = Eshleman | first3 = Jason A. | year = 2003 | title = Native American mtDNA Prehistory in the American Southwest | url = | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 120 | issue = 2| pages = 108–124 | doi=10.1002/ajpa.10138| pmid = 12541329 }}</ref><ref name = "Wen2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Wen | first1 = Bo | last2 = Li | first2 = Hui | last3 = Gao | first3 = Song | year = 2005 | title = Genetic Structure of Hmong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages | url = | journal = Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = 22 | issue = 3| pages = 725–734 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msi055 | pmid = 15548747 }}</ref><ref name = "Hill2006">{{cite journal | last1 = Hill | first1 = Catherine | last2 = Soares | first2 = Pedro | last3 = Mormina | first3 = Maru | year = 2006 | title = Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians | url = | journal = Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = 23 | issue = 12| pages = 2480–2491 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msl124 | pmid=16982817}}</ref><ref name = "Hill2007">Catherine Hill, Pedro Soares, Maru Mormina ''et al.'', "A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia", ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' (2007);80:29–43.</ref><ref name = "Kaewsutthi2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Kaewsutthi | first1 = Supannee | last2 = Phasukkijwatana | first2 = Nopasak | last3 = Joyjinda | first3 = Yutthana | date = Jul 2011 | title = Mitochondrial Haplogroup Background May Influence Southeast Asian G11778A Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy | url = | journal = Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci | volume = 52 | issue = 7| pages = 4742–8 | doi = 10.1167/iovs.10-5816 | pmid = 21398275 }}</ref><ref name = "Volodko2008">{{cite journal | last1 = Volodko | first1 = Natalia V. | last2 = Starikovskaya | first2 = Elena B. | last3 = Mazunin | first3 = Ilya O. | year = 2008 | title = Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas | url = | journal = The American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 82 | issue = 5| pages = 1084–1100 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019 | pmid = 18452887 | pmc = 2427195 }}</ref>。[[パレオ・インディアン]]やロシア[[沿海州]]（[[悪魔の門]]）及び[[中国東北部]]の新石器時代初期の遺跡（吉林省[[大安市]]にあるホウタオムガ遺跡、内モンゴル自治区[[通遼市]]にあるハミンマンハ遺跡等）でも最も頻繁に見られるハプログループである。
**'''D4''' (3010, 8414, 14668)　:[[北東アジア]]でよくみられ、[[日本人]]、[[琉球民族|琉球人]]、[[朝鮮民族|朝鮮人]]、[[モンゴル人]]などでは最も高頻度で観察されるタイプであり、とりわけ日本人及び琉球人に於いてその頻度が高い。<ref name = "Maruyama2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Maruyama | first1 = Sayaka | last2 = Minaguchi | first2 = Kiyoshi | last3 = Saitou | first3 = Naruya | year = 2003 | title = Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese population | url = | journal = Int J Legal Med | volume = 117 | issue = 4| pages = 218–225 | doi = 10.1007/s00414-003-0379-2 | pmid = 12845447 }}</ref><ref name = "Umetsu2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Umetsu | first1 = Kazuo | last2 = Tanaka | first2 = Masashi | last3 = Yuasa | first3 = Isao | year = 2005 | title = Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations | url = | journal = Electrophoresis | volume = 26 | issue = 1| pages = 91–98 | doi = 10.1002/elps.200406129 | pmid = 15624129 }}</ref><ref name = "Derenko2012" /><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17058303 East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis]</ref><ref name = "Kong2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Kong | first1 = Qing-Peng | last2 = Yao | first2 = Yong-Gang | last3 = Liu | first3 = Mu | year = 2003 | title = Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China | url = | journal = Hum Genet | volume = 113 | issue = 5| pages = 391–405 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-003-1004-7 | pmid=12938036}}</ref><ref name = "Asari2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Asari | first1 = M | year = 2007 | title = Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population | url = | journal = Leg Med | volume = 9| issue = 5| pages = 237–240| doi = 10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007 | pmid = 17467322 }}</ref><ref name = "Zheng2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Zheng | first1 = H-X | last2 = Yan | first2 = S | last3 = Qin | first3 = Z-D | last4 = Wang | first4 = Y | last5 = Tan | first5 = J-Z | year = 2011 | title = Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 10| page = e25835 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0025835 | pmid=21998705 | pmc=3188578}}</ref> [[ウィルタ]]、[[ブリヤート]]、[[カルムイク人]]、[[テレンギト人]]、[[キルギス人]]、[[カザフ人]]などでも最もよく見られるタイプである<ref name = "Derenko2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Derenko | first1 = M | last2 = Malyarchuk | first2 = B | last3 = Denisova | first3 = G | last4 = Perkova | first4 = M | last5 = Rogalla | first5 = U | year = 2012 | title = Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 2| page = e32179 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0032179 | pmid=22363811 | pmc=3283723}}</ref><ref name = "Derenko2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Derenko | first1 = Miroslava | last2 = Malyarchuk | first2 = Boris | last3 = Grzybowski | first3 = Tomasz | year = 2007 | title = Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations | journal = Am. J. Hum. Genet. | volume = 81 | issue = 5| pages = 1025–1041 | doi = 10.1086/522933 | pmid=17924343 | pmc=2265662}}</ref>。[[中国]]、[[ヒマラヤ山脈|ヒマラヤ]]近辺、[[シベリア]]、[[中央アジア]]、[[アメリカ先住民]]で広く観察される<ref name = "Malhi2004">{{cite journal | last1 = Malhi | first1 = Ripan S. | last2 = Breece | first2 = Katherine E. | last3 = Schultz Shook | first3 = Beth A. | last4 = Kaestle | first4 = Frederika A. | year = 2004 | title = Patterns of mtDNA Diversity in Northwestern North America | url = | journal = Human Biology | volume = 76 | issue = 1| pages = 33–54 | doi = 10.1353/hub.2004.0023 | pmid = 15222679 }}</ref><ref name = "Malhi2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Malhi | first1 = Ripan S. | last2 = Mortensen | first2 = Holly M. | last3 = Eshleman | first3 = Jason A. | year = 2003 | title = Native American mtDNA Prehistory in the American Southwest | url = | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 120 | issue = 2| pages = 108–124 | doi=10.1002/ajpa.10138| pmid = 12541329 }}</ref><ref name = "Wen2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Wen | first1 = Bo | last2 = Li | first2 = Hui | last3 = Gao | first3 = Song | year = 2005 | title = Genetic Structure of Hmong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages | url = | journal = Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = 22 | issue = 3| pages = 725–734 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msi055 | pmid = 15548747 }}</ref><ref name = "Hill2006">{{cite journal | last1 = Hill | first1 = Catherine | last2 = Soares | first2 = Pedro | last3 = Mormina | first3 = Maru | year = 2006 | title = Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians | url = | journal = Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = 23 | issue = 12| pages = 2480–2491 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msl124 | pmid=16982817}}</ref><ref name = "Hill2007">Catherine Hill, Pedro Soares, Maru Mormina ''et al.'', "A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia", ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' (2007);80:29–43.</ref><ref name = "Kaewsutthi2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Kaewsutthi | first1 = Supannee | last2 = Phasukkijwatana | first2 = Nopasak | last3 = Joyjinda | first3 = Yutthana | date = Jul 2011 | title = Mitochondrial Haplogroup Background May Influence Southeast Asian G11778A Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy | url = | journal = Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci | volume = 52 | issue = 7| pages = 4742–8 | doi = 10.1167/iovs.10-5816 | pmid = 21398275 }}</ref><ref name = "Volodko2008">{{cite journal | last1 = Volodko | first1 = Natalia V. | last2 = Starikovskaya | first2 = Elena B. | last3 = Mazunin | first3 = Ilya O. | year = 2008 | title = Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas | url = | journal = The American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 82 | issue = 5| pages = 1084–1100 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019 | pmid = 18452887 | pmc = 2427195 }}</ref>。[[パレオ・インディアン]]やロシア[[沿海州]]（[[悪魔の門]]）及び[[中国東北部]]の新石器時代初期の遺跡（吉林省[[大安市]]にあるホウタオムガ遺跡、内モンゴル自治区[[通遼市]]にあるハミンマンハ遺跡等）でも最も頻繁に見られるハプログループである。
**'''D5'6''' (16189)　: 主に[[東アジア]]及び[[東南アジア]]で見られ、特に[[漢民族]]で観察頻度が高い<ref name="Tanaka">Tanaka M et al. 2004, [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/14/10a/1832.full#aff-1 Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan] Genome Res. 2004. 14: 1832-1850</ref><ref name = "Peng2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Peng | first1 = Min-Sheng | last2 = He | first2 = Jun-Dong | last3 = Liu | first3 = Hai-Xin | last4 = Zhang | first4 = Ya-Ping | year = 2011| title = Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders - a perspective from mitochondrial DNA | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 2011 | issue = 11| page = 46 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-11-46| pmid = 21324107 | pmc = 3048540 }}</ref><ref name = "Tabbada2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Tabbada | first1 = Kristina A. | last2 = Trejaut | first2 = Jean | last3 = Loo | first3 = Jun-Hun | year = 2010 | title = Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia? | url = | journal = Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = 27 | issue = 1| pages = 21–31 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msp215 | pmid=19755666}}</ref> 。シベリア、中央アジア、[[インド]]東部でも低頻度でみられるが、下位系統のD5a2a2がシベリアの[[ヤクート]]でよくみられる<ref name = "Fedorova2013">{{cite journal | last1 = Fedorova | first1 = Sardana A | last2 = Reidla | first2 = Maere | last3 = Metspalu | first3 = Ene | year = 2013| title = Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 2013 | issue = 13| page = 127 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-13-127| pmid = 23782551 | pmc = 3695835 }}</ref>。
**'''D5'6''' (16189)　: 主に[[東アジア]]及び[[東南アジア]]で見られ、特に[[漢民族]]で観察頻度が高い<ref name="Tanaka">Tanaka M et al. 2004, [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/14/10a/1832.full#aff-1 Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan] Genome Res. 2004. 14: 1832-1850</ref><ref name = "Peng2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Peng | first1 = Min-Sheng | last2 = He | first2 = Jun-Dong | last3 = Liu | first3 = Hai-Xin | last4 = Zhang | first4 = Ya-Ping | year = 2011| title = Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders - a perspective from mitochondrial DNA | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 2011 | issue = 11| page = 46 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-11-46| pmid = 21324107 | pmc = 3048540 }}</ref><ref name = "Tabbada2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Tabbada | first1 = Kristina A. | last2 = Trejaut | first2 = Jean | last3 = Loo | first3 = Jun-Hun | year = 2010 | title = Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia? | url = | journal = Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = 27 | issue = 1| pages = 21–31 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msp215 | pmid=19755666}}</ref> 。シベリア、中央アジア、[[インド]]東部でも低頻度でみられるが、下位系統のD5a2a2がシベリアの[[ヤクート人|ヤクート]]でよくみられる<ref name = "Fedorova2013">{{cite journal | last1 = Fedorova | first1 = Sardana A | last2 = Reidla | first2 = Maere | last3 = Metspalu | first3 = Ene | year = 2013| title = Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 2013 | issue = 13| page = 127 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-13-127| pmid = 23782551 | pmc = 3695835 }}</ref>。


{{MtDNA}}
{{MtDNA}}

2021年6月28日 (月) 21:42時点における版

ハプログループD (mtDNA)（ハプログループD (ミトコンドリアDNA)、英: Haplogroup D (mtDNA)）とは、分子人類学で用いられる、人類のミトコンドリアDNAハプログループ（型集団）の分類のうち、ハプログループMを祖先に持ち「4883 5178A 16362」により定義されるものである[1]。48000年前に東アジアで誕生した[2]。

分布

ハプログループDは東アジア、東南アジア、北アジア、中央アジアそしてアメリカ大陸に至るまで広範囲に観察される。形質人類学におけるモンゴロイドの分布域と概ね重なる。日本人の約41%-42%がこの系統に属し[3][4][5]、うち下位のD4系統は日本人の30%以上が属す最も高頻度のグループとなっている。

下位系統

大別するとD4とD5'6という2つの系統がある。

ヒトのミトコンドリアDNAハプログループの系統樹

  ミトコンドリア・イブ (L)    
L0 L1 L5 L2 L6 L4 L3  
  M   N  
M7   M8   M9   D G Q N1   N2   N9   A O S X   R  
M7a C Z E I W Y R0   R9   B JT P  U
HV F J T K
H V

脚注

  1. ^ van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  2. ^ "Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock Supplementary material" (PDF). 2009. pp. page89.
  3. ^ a b Asari, M (2007). “Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population”. Leg Med 9 (5): 237–240. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007. PMID 17467322. 
  4. ^ a b Umetsu, Kazuo; Tanaka, Masashi; Yuasa, Isao (2005). “Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations”. Electrophoresis 26 (1): 91–98. doi:10.1002/elps.200406129. PMID 15624129. 
  5. ^ a b Maruyama, Sayaka; Minaguchi, Kiyoshi; Saitou, Naruya (2003). “Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese population”. Int J Legal Med 117 (4): 218–225. doi:10.1007/s00414-003-0379-2. PMID 12845447. 
  6. ^ a b Derenko, M; Malyarchuk, B; Denisova, G; Perkova, M; Rogalla, U (2012). “Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe”. PLoS ONE 7 (2): e32179. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032179. PMC 3283723. PMID 22363811. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3283723/. 
  7. ^ East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis
  8. ^ Kong, Qing-Peng; Yao, Yong-Gang; Liu, Mu (2003). “Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China”. Hum Genet 113 (5): 391–405. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1004-7. PMID 12938036. 
  9. ^ Zheng, H-X; Yan, S; Qin, Z-D; Wang, Y; Tan, J-Z (2011). “Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes”. PLoS ONE 6 (10): e25835. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025835. PMC 3188578. PMID 21998705. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3188578/. 
  10. ^ Derenko, Miroslava; Malyarchuk, Boris; Grzybowski, Tomasz (2007). “Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations”. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81 (5): 1025–1041. doi:10.1086/522933. PMC 2265662. PMID 17924343. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2265662/. 
  11. ^ Malhi, Ripan S.; Breece, Katherine E.; Schultz Shook, Beth A.; Kaestle, Frederika A. (2004). “Patterns of mtDNA Diversity in Northwestern North America”. Human Biology 76 (1): 33–54. doi:10.1353/hub.2004.0023. PMID 15222679. 
  12. ^ Malhi, Ripan S.; Mortensen, Holly M.; Eshleman, Jason A. (2003). “Native American mtDNA Prehistory in the American Southwest”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 120 (2): 108–124. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10138. PMID 12541329. 
  13. ^ Wen, Bo; Li, Hui; Gao, Song (2005). “Genetic Structure of Hmong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages”. Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (3): 725–734. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi055. PMID 15548747. 
  14. ^ Hill, Catherine; Soares, Pedro; Mormina, Maru (2006). “Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians”. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23 (12): 2480–2491. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl124. PMID 16982817. 
  15. ^ Catherine Hill, Pedro Soares, Maru Mormina et al., "A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia", Am. J. Hum. Genet. (2007);80:29–43.
  16. ^ Kaewsutthi, Supannee; Phasukkijwatana, Nopasak; Joyjinda, Yutthana (Jul 2011). “Mitochondrial Haplogroup Background May Influence Southeast Asian G11778A Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy”. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52 (7): 4742–8. doi:10.1167/iovs.10-5816. PMID 21398275. 
  17. ^ Volodko, Natalia V.; Starikovskaya, Elena B.; Mazunin, Ilya O. (2008). “Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas”. The American Journal of Human Genetics 82 (5): 1084–1100. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019. PMC 2427195. PMID 18452887. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2427195/. 
  18. ^ Tanaka M et al. 2004, Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan Genome Res. 2004. 14: 1832-1850
  19. ^ Peng, Min-Sheng; He, Jun-Dong; Liu, Hai-Xin; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2011). “Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders - a perspective from mitochondrial DNA”. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 (11): 46. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-46. PMC 3048540. PMID 21324107. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3048540/. 
  20. ^ Tabbada, Kristina A.; Trejaut, Jean; Loo, Jun-Hun (2010). “Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?”. Mol. Biol. Evol. 27 (1): 21–31. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215. PMID 19755666. 
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