利用者:おいしい豚肉/sandbox/ウィンドランダ木板文書

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木板文章
木板文書 343: 「オクタウィウスのカンディドゥス宛書簡」。小麦・獣皮・腱と言った物資の供給とその支払いについて記されている[1]。
材質木
寸法横18.2cm縦7.9cmの物と
横17.9cm縦7.9cmのもの二枚
文字ラテン語
製作1世紀末–2世紀初頭
時代/文化Romano-British
場所ウィンドランダ
所蔵大英博物館 49号室
登録1989,0602.74
ウィンドランダで発掘作業に携わる考古学者たち。2006年。

ウィンドランダ木板文書は、発見当時においてはブリテン島において現存する最古の手書きの書類群であった（現在ではこれをさらに遡るブルームバーグ木板文書が発見されている）。これらはブリタニンニアの北部辺境における生活についての情報の宝庫である [2] [3] [4]。 Written on fragments of thin, post-card sized wooden leaf-tablets with carbon-based ink, the tablets date to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD (ハドリアヌスの長城とおおよそ同時代のものとなる). 同様の記録がパピルスの上に記された物であれば元ローマ帝国領のそこかしこで知られていたが、 インクで文字の書かれた木板は1973年まで発見されていなかった。この年、学生発掘者であるキース・リデルによって関心を持つことになった考古学者ロビン・バーリー（英語版）が、イングランド北部のカストラ（ローマ帝国の要塞）であるウィンドランダ（英語版）跡において木板文書のうち幾つかを発見した [2][5]。

文章には、ウィンドランダの駐屯地に所属する兵士やその家族・奴隷との間でやり取りされた私信と同様、軍事上の情報も記録されている。 木板文章の中で目を引く物としておよそ西暦100年前後の誕生日パーティへの招待状が含まれるが、これはおそらく女性の手によるラテン語文章としては現存最古のものである。

発掘された木板文章のほとんど全てが大英博物館において管理されているが、その中の一部はウィンドランダその地で展示されるよう計画された。 2010年現在、752枚の木板を複写・翻訳した物が出版されている[6] ウィンドランダにおける木板文章の発見は継続中である[7]。

Description[編集]

The wood tablets found at Vindolanda were the first known surviving examples of the use of ink letters in the Roman period. The use of ink tablets was documented in contemporary records and Herodian in the third century AD wrote "a writing-tablet of the kind that were made from lime-wood, cut into thin sheets and folded face-to-face by being bent".[8][9]

The Vindolanda tablets are made from birch, alder and oak that grew locally, in contrast to stylus tablets, another type of writing tablet used in Roman Britain, which were imported and made from non-native wood. The tablets are 0.25–3 mm thick with a typical size being 20 cm × 8 cm (7.9 in × 3.1 in) (the size of a modern postcard). They were scored down the middle and folded to form diptychs with ink writing on the inner faces, the ink being carbon, gum arabic and water. Nearly 500 tablets were excavated in the 1970s and 1980s.[8]

First discovered in March 1973, the tablets were initially thought to be wood shavings until one of the excavators found two stuck together and peeled them apart to discover writing on the inside. They were taken to the epigraphist Richard Wright, but rapid oxygenation of the wood meant that they were black and unreadable by the time he was able to view them. They were sent to Alison Rutherford at Newcastle University Medical School for multi-spectrum photography, which led to infra-red photographs showing the scripts for researchers for the first time. The results were initially disappointing as the scripts were undecipherable. However, Alan Bowman at Manchester University and David Thomas at Durham University analysed the previously unknown form of cursive script and were able to produce transcriptions.[10]

Chronology[編集]

ウィンドランダ要塞に守備隊が駐屯したのはハドリアヌスの長城の建築以前の出来事であり、木板文章の大部分は西暦122年に建築の始まった長城よりもわずかに時代の古いものであった。遺跡発掘の初代責任者であるロビン・バーリー

Vindolanda fort was garrisoned before the construction of Hadrian's Wall and most of the tablets are slightly older than the Wall, which was begun in 122 AD. The original director of excavations Robin Birley identified five periods of occupation and expansion:[11]

  1. およそ西暦 85–92年、最初の要塞が建築される。
  2. およそ西暦 92–97年、要塞が増築される。
  3. およそ西暦 97–103年、要塞の更なる増築。
  4. およそ西暦 104–120年、使用中止及び再開
  5. およそ西暦 120–130年、 ハドリアヌスの長城が建築された期間

木板文章は第2期と第3期（つまりおよそ西暦92年から103年）に制作されたもので、そのうちの大部分は西暦102年より前に書かれた物であった、[12] They were used for official notes about the Vindolanda camp business and personal affairs of the officers and households.

The largest group is correspondence of Flavius Cerialis, prefect of the ninth cohort of Batavians and that of his wife, Sulpicia Lepidina. Some correspondence may relate to civilian traders and contractors; for example Octavian, the writer of Tablet 343, is an entrepreneur dealing in wheat, hides and sinews, but this does not prove him to be a civilian.

Selected highlights[編集]

クラウディア・セウェラからスルピキア・レピディナへの招待状。木版文章291参照。

ウィンドランダ木版文章の中でおそらくもっともよく知られているのが木版文章291であり、これは西暦100年前後に、近隣の要塞の司令官の妻クラウディア・セウェラ（英語版）により、スルピキア・レピディナに宛てて書かれた誕生日パーティへの招待状である[13]。 この招待状は、女性の手によるラテン語文章として、知られている中では最初期のものである[14] この木板文章からは２種類の筆跡が確認されており、文章の大部分は職業人（おそらくは家庭書記）の筆跡によるものであるが、追伸による結びの挨拶はクラウディア・セウェラ本人によるものであった (木板の右半分下部に記されている）[13][15]

（この？）木板文章はローマ筆記体で書かれており、ブリタンニアにおける識字能力の広がりを推測する一助となる。 文章の一つはローマ兵たちがスブリガリア（英語版）という下着を腰に穿いていたこと[16][17]、及びローマ軍が高い識字能力を有していたことの証拠となっている。

現地のブリトン人への言及はほんのわずかしか確認されていない。ウィンドランダ木板文書発見以前は、歴史家たちはローマ側がブリトン人を指す綽名を使用していたかどうか推測する事しかできなかった。「ブリットゥンクリ」(Brittunculi、Brittoに指小辞がついたものであり、「小さなブリトン人」を示す)

Until the discovery of the tablets, historians could only speculate on whether the Romans had a nickname for the Britons. Brittunculi (diminutive of Britto; hence 'little Britons'), found on one of the Vindolanda tablets, is now known to be a derogatory, or patronising, term used by the Roman garrisons that were based in Northern Britain to describe the locals.[18]

Transcription[編集]

Illustration of Old Roman cursive script

The tablets are written in forms of Roman cursive script, considered to be the forerunner of joined-up writing, which varies in style by author.[19] With few exceptions, they have been classified as Old Roman Cursive.[20]

The writing from Vindolanda appears as if it were written in a different alphabet to the Latin capitals used for inscriptions from other periods. The script is derived from the capital writing of the late first century BC and the first century AD. The text rarely shows the unusual or distorted letter-forms or the extravagant ligatures to be found in Greek papyri of the same period.[20] Additional challenges for transcription are the use of abbreviations such as "h" for homines (men) or "cos" for consularis (consular), and the arbitrary division of words at the end of lines for space reasons such as epistulas (letters) being split between the "e" and the rest of the word.[21]

The ink is often badly faded or survives as little more than a blur, so that in some instances transcription is not possible. In most cases the infra-red photographs provide a far more legible version of what was written than the original tablets. However, the photographs contain marks which appear similar to writing, but which certainly are not letters; additionally, they contain a great many lines, dots and other dark marks which may or may not be writing. Consequently, the published transcriptions have often had to be interpreted subjectively in deciding which marks should be regarded as writing.[20]

Contents[編集]

The Vindolanda tablets contain various letters of correspondence. For instance, the cavalry decurion Masculus wrote a letter to prefect Flavius Cerialis inquiring about the exact instructions for his men for the following day, including a polite request for more beer to be sent to the garrison (which had entirely consumed its previous stock of beer).[22] The documents also provide information about various roles performed by the men at the fort, such as a keeper of the bath-house, shoe-makers, construction workers, medical doctors, maintainers of wagons and kilns, and those put on plastering duty.[22]

Comparison to other sites[編集]

Wooden tablets have been found at twenty Roman settlements in Britain.[23] However, most of these sites did not yield the type of tablet found at Vindolanda, but rather "stylus tablets", marked with pointed metal styli. A significant number of ink tablets have been identified at Carlisle (also on Hadrian's Wall)[24]

The fact that letters were sent to and from places on Hadrian's Wall and further afield (Catterick, York, and London)[12] raises the question of why more letters have been found at Vindolanda than other sites, but it is not possible to give a definitive answer. The anaerobic conditions found at Vindolanda are not unique and identical deposits have been found in parts of London.[25] One possibility, given the fragile condition of the tablets found at Vindolanda, is that archaeologists excavating other Roman sites have overlooked evidence of writing in ink.

画像化[編集]

1973年大英博物館において、スーザン・M・ブラックショウがウィンドランダ木板文章を赤外線カメラを使用して撮影、1990年ウィンドランダにおいてアリソン・ラザフォードによってより包括的な[訳語疑問点]撮影が行われた[5][26]。 2000年から2001年にかけては技術的進歩により、コダックのラッテン87C赤外線フィルタを使用して再び走査された。 赤外線は木板のインク跡を強調し、あるいはインクと汚れの区別を行って文字を視覚的に再現する目的で使用された[訳語疑問点] [27]。

In 2002 the tablet images were used as part of a research programme to extend the use of the GRAVA iterative computer vision system[28] to aid the transcription of the Vindolanda tablets through a series of processes modelled on the best practice of papyrologists and to provide the images in an XML marked up format identifying the likely placement of characters and words with their transcription.[29]

In 2010 there was a collaboration between Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents at University of Oxford, the British Museum and the Archaeological Computing Research Group at University of Southampton using Polynomial texture mapping for detailed recording and edge detection.

エッジ検出 [30]

Online catalogue[編集]

The images, at a resolution suitable for web page display, and text of the tablets from Tab.Vindol. II [31] were published on-line.[n 1] Tablets from both Tab.Vindol. II [31] and Tab.Vindol. III [32] were published in a new online catalogue in 2010.[n 2]

展示と影響[編集]

大英博物館で展示中の木板文書

木板文書は大英博物館で保管されており、その中の一部が選ばれ、ローマン・ブリテン・ギャラリー(49号室)に展示されている。 BBCのドキュメンタリーシリーズである『ミート・ジ・アンセスター（英語版）』の2003年に放送された特別編、『アワ・トップ・テン・トレジャー（英語版）』のため、大英博物館の専門家たちはウィンドランダ木板文書を含むブリテン島の考古学上の発見を10点リストアップした。視聴者による投票が行われ、ウィンドランダ木板文書が1位を獲得した。

ヴィンドランダ・トラストによって運営されるウィンドランダ博物館は木板文書の一部を大英博物館から借り受け、それが発見された場所で（つまり同博物館で）展示を行うための資金調達を行った[33] [34] 。 2011年にはウィンドランダ博物館は9枚の木板文章を展示した。 こうした地方の博物館への品目の貸し出しは、（パートナーシップUK計画の一部として）国内外への貸し出しを奨励する大英博物館の現在の方針に沿ったものである。 [35]。

注[編集]

  1. ^ See Vindolanda Tablets Online. The digitization and on-line database project was a collaboration between the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents and the Academic Computing Development Team at the University of Oxford with the support of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and the Arts and Humanities Research Board. The project directors were Alan Bowman, Charles Crowther and John Pearce. See http://vindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk/about.shtml
  2. ^ See Vindolanda Tablets Online II. The Vindolanda Tablets were encoded with EpiDoc TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) for Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents at the University of Oxford as a part of the eSAD (e-Science and Ancient Documents) project. See [1]

関連項目[編集]

出典[編集]

  1. ^ Tablet 343 - Vindolanda Tablets Online II
  2. ^ a b “Our Top Ten British Treasures: The Vindolanda tablets”. British Museum (2011年1月24日). 2011年2月8日閲覧。
  3. ^ Philip Howard (1974年4月10日). “Lime-wood records of Agricola's soldiers”. The Times: p. 20. "But the most significant discovery was a room littered with writing tablets. Of these eight or nine were the conventional stylus tablets, once covered with wax which was inscribed with a stylus. The rest are unique: very thin slivers of lime wood with writing on them in a carbon-based ink that can be deciphered by infrared photography. They are the first literary evidence from this period of British history, the equivalent of the records of the Roman Army found on papyrus in Egypt and Syria." 
  4. ^ Bowman 2003, p. 12.
  5. ^ a b Susan M. Blackshaw (Nov 1974), “The Conservation of the Wooden Writing-Tablets from Vindolanda Roman Fort, Northumberland”, Studies in Conservation (International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works) 19, No. 4: 244–246, JSTOR 1505731, https://jstor.org/stable/1505731 
  6. ^ Bowman, A.K.; Thomas, J.D.; Tomlin, R.S.O. (2010), “The Vindolanda Writing-Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses IV, Part 1)”, Britannia (Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies) 41: 187–224, doi:10.1017/S0068113X10000176 
  7. ^ Kennedy, Maev. “New Cache of Roman letters discovered”. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jul/10/new-cache-of-roman-letters-discovered-at-hadrians-wall 2017年7月12日閲覧。 
  8. ^ a b Bowman 1994a, pp. 15–16
  9. ^ “Vindolanda tablets online; Writing tablets – forms and technology”. Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents. 2011年3月2日閲覧。
  10. ^ Birley 2005, pp. 57–58
  11. ^ Bowman 1994a, p. 13
  12. ^ a b Franklin, Simon (2002), Writing, society and culture in early Rus, c. 950–1300, Cambridge University Press, pp. 42–45, ISBN 978-0-521-81381-5 
  13. ^ a b Birley 2005, p. 85
  14. ^ “Tab. Vindol. II 291; Wood writing tablet with a party invitation written in ink, in two hands, from Claudia Severa to Lepidina.”. British Museum (2011年1月24日). 2011年2月8日閲覧。
  15. ^ “Tablet 291 - Translation and Notes”. Vindolanda Tablets Online - based on Volume II of the Vindolanda writing tablets, published by Alan Bowman and David Thomas in 1994. Online material from book published by British Museum Press (1994年). Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  16. ^ “Vindolanda Tablets Online”. Tab. Vindol. II 346: Oxford University. 2010年4月1日閲覧。 “... I have sent (?) you ... pairs of socks from Sattua, two pairs of sandals and two pairs of underpants, two pairs of sandals ... Greet ...ndes, Elpis, Iu..., ...enus, Tetricus and all your messmates with whom I pray that you live in the greatest good fortune.”
  17. ^ Sebesta, Judith Lynn; Bonfante, Larissa (2001), The world of Roman costume, Univ of Wisconsin Press, p. 233, ISBN 978-0-299-13854-7 
  18. ^ “Vindolanda Tablets Online”. Tab. Vindol. II 164: Oxford University. 2011年2月7日閲覧。 “Especially noteworthy in the Vindolanda text is the occurrence, for the first time, of the patronising diminutive Brittunculi (line 5, contrast Brittones in line 1). This remains the only published text from Vindolanda which refers explicitly to the native Britons collectively or individually.”
  19. ^ Birley 2005, p. 64
  20. ^ a b c Bowman, Alan K.; Thomas, John David (1984), Vindolanda: the Latin writing-tablets, A. Sutton, ISBN 978-0-86299-118-0 
  21. ^ Birley 2005, p. 65
  22. ^ a b Mike Ibeji (16 November 2012). "Vindolanda." BBC History. BBC.co.uk. Accessed 6 October 2016.
  23. ^ "A Progress Report", Website of A Corpus of Writing-Tablets from Roman Britain, a research project of the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents, Oxford, initiated around 2000. Retrieved 25 February 2011
  24. ^ Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery in Carlisle has a small display of tablets.[2]
  25. ^ Birley 2005, p. 108
  26. ^ Birley 2002, p. 29
  27. ^ Bowman, Alan K; Brady, Michael; Academy, British; Royal Society (Great Britain) (2005), Images and artefacts of the ancient world, British Academy occasional paper, 4., Oxford, pp. 7–14, ISBN 978-0-19-726296-2 
  28. ^ Ground Reflective Adaptive Vision Architecture, see http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1763187
  29. ^ Terras, Melissa M.; Robertson, Paul (2006), Image to interpretation: an intelligent system to aid historians in reading the Vindolanda texts, Oxford University Press, pp. 123–170, ISBN 978-0-19-920455-7 
  30. ^ Earl, Graeme (et al.) (2010). “Archaeological applications of polynomial texture mapping: analysis, conservation and representation”. Journal of Archaeological Science (Elsevier) 37: 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.03.009. http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/156253/ 2013年6月3日閲覧。. 
  31. ^ a b Bowman 1994b.
  32. ^ Bowman 2003.
  33. ^ Knowles, Bija (2009年6月10日). “Tablets to Return to Vindolanda in Spring 2011 Thanks to £4 Million Heritage Lottery Funding”. Heritage Key. 2011年2月8日閲覧。
  34. ^ Henderson, Tony (2009年9月29日). “Cash Boost Paves Way For Vindolanda Letters To Return Home”. The Journal (Newcastle): p. 9. "It is more than 20 years since any of the Vindolanda tablets have been on show at the fort near Bardon Mill. But that is set to change after an award of £4m today from the Heritage Lottery Fund. That means a £6.5m project to upgrade both Vindolanda and its twin Roman Army Museum seven miles away at Carvoran will now go ahead... It is hoped that from spring 2011 the first batch of letters will return from the British Museum on a three to five-year loan, which can then be refreshed. "To have the letters back on public display would be wonderful and we are very excited," said Patricia Birley, director of the Vindolanda Trust. "Negotiations with the British Museum have been excellent and they are fully supportive of our efforts to get tablets back to Vindolanda."" 
  35. ^ “Partnership UK”. British Museum (2011年2月21日). 2011年3月2日閲覧。

参考文献[編集]

  • Birley, Anthony (2002). Garrison Life at Vindolanda. Stroud. ISBN 978-0-7524-1950-3 
  • Birley, Robin (2005). Vindolanda: extraordinary records of daily life on the northern frontier. Roman Army Museum Publications. ISBN 978-1-873136-97-3 
  • Bowman, Alan K; Thomas, J David (1974). The Vindolanda writing tablets. Northern history booklet, no. 47.. Graham. ISBN 978-0-85983-096-6 
  • Bowman, Alan K; Thomas, J David (1983). Vindolanda: The Latin Writing Tablets. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. ISBN 978-0-90776-402-1 
  • Bowman, Alan K (1994a). Life and letters on the Roman frontier : Vindolanda and its people. British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-1389-0 
  • Bowman, Alan K; Thomas, J David (1994b). The Vindolanda writing-tablets : (Tabulae Vindolandenses II). British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-2300-4 
  • Bowman, Alan K; Thomas, J David (2003). The Vindolanda writing-tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses III). British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-2249-6 
  • Bowman, Alan K; Thomas, J David; Tomlin, R. S. O. (2010). The Vindolanda Writing- Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses IV, Part 1). 41. 187–224. doi:10.1017/S0068113X10000176 

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