利用者:ツバル/sandbox/人身取引報告書
The Trafficking in Persons Report, or TIP Report, is an annual report issued by the U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. It ranks governments based on their perceived efforts to acknowledge and combat human trafficking.[1][2]
Ranking System
[編集]The report divides nations into tiers based on their compliance with standards outlined in the TVPA. These tiers are:
- Tier 1 Countries whose governments fully comply with the TVPA's minimum standards.
- Tier 2 Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA’s minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards.
- Tier 2 Watchlist Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA’s minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards AND: a) The absolute number of victims of severe forms of trafficking is very significant or is significantly increasing; or b) There is a failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons from the previous year; or c) The determination that a country is making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with minimum standards was based on commitments by the country to take additional future steps over the next year.
- Tier 3 Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the minimum standards and are not making significant efforts to do so.
| Country | Location | 2 0 |
2 0 |
2 0 |
Main article |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | Central Asia | 2w | 2w | 2w | Human trafficking in Afghanistan |
| Albania | Southeast Europe | 2 | 2 | 2w | Human trafficking in Albania |
| Algeria | Northeast Africa | 3 | 3 | 3 | Human trafficking in Algeria |
| Angola | Central Africa | 2w | 2w | 2w | Human trafficking in Angola |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Caribbean Sea | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Antigua and Barbuda |
| Argentina | South America | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Argentina |
| Armenia | Eurasia | 2 | 2 | 1 | Human trafficking in Armenia |
| Aruba | Caribbean Sea | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| Australia | Oceania | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Australia |
| Austria | Central Europe | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Austria |
| Azerbaijan | Eurasia | 2w | 2w | 2 | Human trafficking in Azerbaijan |
| Bahamas | Atlantic Ocean | 2w | 2w | 2 | Human trafficking in the Bahamas |
| Bahrain | Middle East | 2 | 2w | 2w | Human trafficking in Bahrain |
| Bangladesh | South Asia | 2w | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Bangladesh |
| Barbados | Lesser Antilles | 2w | 2w | 2w | Human trafficking in Barbados |
| Belarus | Eastern Europe | 2 | 2w | 2w | Human trafficking in Belarus |
| Belgium | Western Europe | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Belgium |
| Belize | Central America | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Belize |
| Benin | West Africa | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Benin |
| Bhutan | South Asia | - | - | 2 | |
| Bolivia | South America | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Bolivia |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Central Europe Southeast Europe |
1 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Botswana | Southern Africa | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Botswana |
| Brazil | South America | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Brazil |
| Brunei | Southeast Asia | 2w | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Brunei |
| Bulgaria | Eastern Europe | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Bulgaria |
| Burkina Faso | Western Africa | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Burkina Faso |
| Burma | Southeast Asia | 3 | 2w | 2w | Human trafficking in Burma |
| Burundi | Eastern Africa | 2w | 2w | 2w | Human trafficking in Burundi |
| Cambodia | Southeast Asia | 2 | 2 | 2w | Human trafficking in Cambodia |
| Cameroon | Western Africa | 2w | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Cameroon |
| Canada | North America | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Canada |
| Cape Verde | Atlantic Ocean | - | 2 | 2 | |
| Central African Republic | Central Africa | 3 | 3 | 3 | Human trafficking in the Central African Republic |
| Chad | Central Africa | 2w | 2w | 2w | Human trafficking in Chad |
| Chile | South America | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Chile |
| China | East Asia | 2w | 2w | 3 | Human trafficking in China |
| Colombia | South America | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Colombia |
| Comoros | Indian Ocean | 2w | 2w | 2w | |
| Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Central Africa | 3 | 3 | 3 | Human trafficking in the Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| Congo, Republic of the | Central Africa | 2w | 2w | 2 | Human trafficking in the Republic of the Congo |
| Costa Rica | Central America | 2w | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Costa Rica |
| Côte d'Ivoire | West Africa | - | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Côte d'Ivoire |
| Croatia | Central Europe | 1 | 1 | 2 | Human trafficking in Croatia |
| Cuba | Caribbean Sea | 3 | 3 | 3 | Human trafficking in Cuba |
| Curaçao | Caribbean Sea | 2w | 2 | 2 | |
| Cyprus | Eastern Mediterranean | 2w | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Cyprus |
| Czech Republic | Central Europe | 2 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in the Czech Republic |
| Denmark | Northern Europe | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Denmark |
| Djibouti | Horn of Africa | 2 | 2w | 2w | Human trafficking in Djibouti |
| Dominican Republic | Hispaniola | 3 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in the Dominican Republic |
| Ecuador | South America | 2w | 2w | 2 | Human trafficking in Ecuador |
| Egypt | North Africa | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Egypt |
| El Salvador | Central America | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in El Salvador |
| Equatorial Guinea | Middle Africa | 3 | 3 | 3 | Human trafficking in Equatorial Guinea |
| Eritrea | Horn of Africa | 3 | 3 | 3 | Human trafficking in Eritrea |
| Estonia | Northern Europe | 2w | 2 | 2 | |
| Ethiopia | Horn of Africa | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Ethiopia |
| Fiji | Melanesia | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Fiji |
| Finland | Northern Europe | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Finland |
| France | Western Europe | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in France |
| Gabon | Central Africa | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Gabon |
| Gambia | West Africa | 2w | 2w | 2w | Human trafficking in the Gambia |
| Georgia | Eurasia | 1 | 1 | 2 | Human trafficking in Georgia |
| Germany | Western Europe | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Germany |
| Ghana | West Africa | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Ghana |
| Greece | Southeast Europe | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Greece |
| Guatemala | Central America | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Guatemala |
| Guinea | West Africa | 2w | 2 | 2w | Human trafficking in Guinea |
| Guinea-Bissau | West Africa | 3 | 2w | 3 | Human trafficking in Guinea-Bissau |
| Guyana | South America | 2 | 2 | 2w | Human trafficking in Guyana |
| Haiti | Caribbean Sea | - | 2w | 2w | Human trafficking in Haiti |
| Honduras | Central America | 2 | 2 | 2w | Human trafficking in Honduras |
| Hong Kong | Asia | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Hong Kong |
| Hungary | Central Europe | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Hungary |
| Iceland | North Atlantic | 2 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Iceland |
| India | South Asia | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in India See Child trafficking in India |
| Indonesia | Southeast Asia | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Indonesia |
| Iran | Central Asia Western Asia |
3 | 3 | 3 | Human trafficking in Iran |
| Iraq | Western Asia | 2w | 2w | 2 | Human trafficking in Iraq |
| Ireland | Europe | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Ireland |
| Israel | Western Asia | 2 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Israel |
| Italy | Europe | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Italy |
| Jamaica | Greater Antilles | 2 | 2w | 2 | Human trafficking in Jamaica |
| Japan | North Atlantic | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Japan |
| Jordan | Western Asia | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Jordan |
| Kazakhstan | Eastern Europe Central Asia |
2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Kazakhstan |
| Kenya | East Africa | 2 | 2w | 2w | Human trafficking in Kenya |
| Kiribati | Pacific Ocean | 2w | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Kiribati |
| Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of | Eastern Asia | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
| Korea, Republic of | Eastern Asia | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in South Korea |
| Kosovo | Southeast Europe | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| Kuwait | Western Asia | 3 | 3 | 3 | Human trafficking in Kuwait |
| Kyrgyzstan | Central Asia | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Kyrgyzstan |
| Laos | Southeast Asia | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Laos |
| Latvia | Northern Europe | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Latvia |
| Lebanon | Western Asia | 3 | 2w | 2w | Human trafficking in Lebanon |
| Lesotho | Southern Africa | 2 | 2 | 2w | Human trafficking in Lesotho |
| Liberia | Southeast Asia | 2w | 2w | 2w | Human trafficking in Liberia |
| Libya | Northern Africa | 3 | 3 | 3 | Human trafficking in Libya |
| Lithuania | Northern Europe | 1 | 1 | 2 | Human trafficking in Lithuania |
| Luxembourg | Western Europe | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Luxembourg |
| Macau | Asia | 2 | 2w | 2 | Human trafficking in Macau |
| Macedonia | Southeast Europe | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Macedonia |
| Madagascar | Indian Ocean | 3 | 3 | 2w | Human trafficking in Madagascar |
| Malawi | Southeast Africa | 2 | 2w | 2 | Human trafficking in Malawi |
| Malaysia | Southeast Asia | 2w | 2w | 2w | Human trafficking in Malaysia |
| Maldives | Indian Ocean | 2w | 2w | 2w | |
| Mali | Western Africa | 2w | 2 | 2w | Human trafficking in Mali |
| Malta | Mediterranean Sea | 2w | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Malta |
| Marshall Islands | Pacific Ocean | 2 | 2 | 2w | |
| Mauritania | West Africa | 3 | 2w | 3 | Human trafficking in Mauritania |
| Mauritius | Indian Ocean | 1 | 1 | 2 | Human trafficking in Mauritius |
| Mexico | North America | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Mexico |
| Micronesia | Oceania | 3 | 2w | 2w | |
| Moldova | Eastern Europe | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Moldova |
| Mongolia | East Asia Central Asia |
2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Mongolia |
| Montenegro | Southeast Europe | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Montenegro |
| Morocco | North Africa | 2 | 2 | 2w | Human trafficking in Morocco |
| Mozambique | Southeast Africa | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Mozambique |
| Namibia | Southern Africa | 2 | 2 | 2w | Human trafficking in Namibia |
| Nepal | South Asia | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Nepal |
| Netherlands | Western Europe | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in the Netherlands |
| New Zealand | Oceania | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in New Zealand |
| Nicaragua | Central America | 2 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Nicaragua |
| Niger | Western Africa | 2w | 2w | 2 | Human trafficking in Niger |
| Nigeria | Western Africa | 1 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Nigeria |
| Norway | Northern Europe | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Norway |
| Oman | Southwest Asia | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Oman |
| Pakistan | South Asia | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Pakistan |
| Palau | Pacific Ocean | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Palau |
| Panama | Central America | 2w | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Panama |
| Papua New Guinea | Oceania | 3 | 3 | 3 | Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea |
| Paraguay | South America | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Paraguay |
| Peru | South America | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Peru |
| Philippines | Southeast Asia | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in the Philippines |
| Poland | Central Europe | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Poland |
| Portugal | Western Europe | 1 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Portugal |
| Qatar | Middle East | 2w | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Qatar |
| Romania | Central Europe | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Romania |
| Russia | Northern Eurasia | 2w | 2w | 3 | Human trafficking in Russia |
| Rwanda | Eastern Africa | 2 | 2 | 2w | Human trafficking in Rwanda |
| Saint Lucia | Lesser Antilles | 2 | 2 | 2w | |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Windward Islands | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
| Saudi Arabia | Middle East | 3 | 3 | 3 | Human trafficking in Saudi Arabia |
| Senegal | Western Africa | 2 | 2w | 2 | Human trafficking in Senegal |
| Serbia | Central Europe Southeast Europe |
2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Serbia |
| Seychelles | Indian Ocean | 2 | 2w | 2w | |
| Sierra Leone | West Africa | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Sierra Leone |
| Singapore | Southeast Asia | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Singapore |
| Sint Maarten | Lesser Antilles | - | - | 2 | |
| Slovakia | Central Europe | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Slovakia |
| Slovenia | Central Europe Southeast Europe |
1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Slovenia |
| Solomon Islands | Oceania | 2w | 2 | 2w | |
| South Africa | Southern Africa | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in South Africa |
| South Sudan | North Africa | - | 2w | 2w | |
| Spain | Western Europe | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Spain |
| Sri Lanka | South Asia | 2w | 2 | 2w | Human trafficking in Sri Lanka |
| Sudan | North Africa | 3 | 3 | 3 | Human trafficking in Sudan |
| Suriname | South America | 2 | 2 | 2w | Human trafficking in Suriname |
| Swaziland | Southern Africa | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Swaziland |
| Sweden | Northern Europe | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Sweden |
| Switzerland | Western Europe | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Switzerland |
| Syria | Western Asia | 2w | 3 | 3 | Human trafficking in Syria |
| Taiwan | Asia | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in Taiwan |
| Tajikistan | Central Asia | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Tajikistan |
| Tanzania | East Africa | 2w | 2 | 2w | Human trafficking in Tanzania |
| Thailand | Southeast Asia | 2w | 2w | 2w | Human trafficking in Thailand |
| Timor-Leste | Southeast Asia | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| Togo | West Africa | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Togo |
| Tonga | South Pacific | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Caribbean Sea | 2 | 2 | 2w | Human trafficking in Trinidad and Tobago |
| Tunisia | Northern Africa | 2w | 2 | 2w | Human trafficking in Tunisia |
| Turkey | Western Asia Eastern Europe |
2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Turkey |
| Turkmenistan | Central Asia Eastern Europe |
3 | 2w | 2w | Human trafficking in Turkmenistan |
| Uganda | East Africa Eastern Europe |
2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Uganda |
| Ukraine | Eastern Europe | 2 | 2 | 2w | Human trafficking in Ukraine |
| United Arab Emirates | Southwest Asia Eastern Europe |
2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in the United Arab Emirates |
| United Kingdom | Western Europe | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in the United Kingdom |
| United States | North America | 1 | 1 | 1 | Human trafficking in the United States |
| Uruguay | South America | 2 | 2 | 2w | Human trafficking in Uruguay |
| Uzbekistan | Central Asia | 2w | 2w | 3 | Human trafficking in Uzbekistan |
| Venezuela | South America | 3 | 2w | 2w | Human trafficking in Venezuela |
| Vietnam | Southeast Asia | 2w | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Vietnam |
| Yemen | Middle East | 3 | 3 | 3 | Human trafficking in Yemen |
| Zambia | Southern Africa | 2 | 2 | 2 | Human trafficking in Zambia |
| Zimbabwe | Southern Africa | 2w | 3 | 3 | Human trafficking in Zimbabwe |
- ^a^aTier designations:
- TIER 1: Countries whose governments fully comply with the Trafficking Victims Protection Act’s (TVPA) minimum standards.
- TIER 2: Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA’s minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards.
- TIER 2 WATCH LIST: Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA’s minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards AND:
- a) The absolute number of victims of severe forms of trafficking is very significant or is significantly increasing;
- b) There is a failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons from the previous year; or
- c) The determination that a country is making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with minimum standards was based on commitments by the country to take additional future steps over the next year.
- TIER 3: Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the minimum standards and are not making significant efforts to do so.
批判
[編集]Some critics of the Trafficking in Persons Report focus on how its methodology could be improved. For example, one recent academic paper suggests how the rankings could better incorporate risk factors of trafficking in order to focus more on prevention.[7] Another critic argues that the Report should better incorporate "international rules that states (including the USA) have collectively developed and freely accepted," rather than focusing on criteria drawn up solely by U.S. politicians.[8]
Other critics more fundamentally question its methodology and sources, such as anthropologist Laura Agustín, who writes that the Report "relies on CIA, police and embassy guesstimates of situations that are not understood the same way across all cultures and social classes."[9]
参考文献
[編集]- ^ “Trafficking in Persons Report”. United States Department of State (June 20, 2013). June 20, 2013閲覧。
- ^ “US downgrades China, Russia in its annual report on human trafficking”. Washington Post. (19 June 2013) 20 June 2013閲覧。
- ^ “Trafficking in Persons Report 2010”. U.S. Department of State (2010年). 20130620閲覧。
- ^ “Trafficking in Persons Report 2011”. U.S. Department of State (2011年). 20130620閲覧。
- ^ “Trafficking in Persons Report 2012”. U.S. Department of State (2012年). 20130620閲覧。
- ^ “Trafficking in Persons Report 2013”. U.S. Department of State (2013年). 20130701閲覧。
- ^ Horning, Amber. “The Trafficking in Persons Report: a game of risk”. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice (Routledge) 38 (3): 257–280. doi:10.1080/01924036.2013.861355 July 30, 2014閲覧。.
- ^ Gallagher, Anne T.. “Improving the Effectiveness of the International Law of Human Trafficking: A Vision for the Future of the US Trafficking in Persons Reports”. Human Rights Review 12 (3): 381–400. doi:10.1007/s12142-010-0183-6 July 30, 2014閲覧。.
- ^ “The shadowy world of sex across borders”. The Guardian. (19 November 2008) 30 July 2014閲覧。
外部リンク
[編集][[Category:人身売買]]