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利用者:ツバル/sandbox/Canal inclined plane

翻訳元::en:canal inclined plane [1]

Inclined plane on Marne-Rhine Canal with a caisson
Inclined plane of the Elbląg Canal with a cradle.

インクライン(英語:inclined plane)はいくつかの運河で、船舶を異なる高さの水面に持ち上げるために用いられるシステムである。船舶はケーソン(水槽)内に浮かべて、あるいはクレードルや牽引索により移動される。このシステムは特殊なケーブルカーと考えることもできる。

インクラインは閘門による運航と比較すると、より高速で、水の損失が少ないシステムであるが、設置および運用によりコストを要するシステムでもある。このシステムの発展形として水斜面がある。他に、伝統的な閘門の代替になるものとして船舶昇降機がある。

運用[編集]

Man who tended the inclined plane 7 East (in background, note rails) on the Morris Canal.

典型的には、インクラインには斜面があり、その上に1組以上の線路が敷設される。ボートは異なる高さの水面間を、その底に車輪があり両端に斜面に垂直な水密扉が設置された水で満たされたタンクあるいはケーソンに浮かんだ状態で移動する。通常、これらは線路上を定置式蒸気機関により駆動されるケーブルにより昇降する。多くのデザインではケーソンが2つ設置され、互いにカウンターウェイトとして働き、一方が上昇するときに他方が下降する。ケーソンが斜面の最上部あるいは最下部に達すると水密扉が開かれボートはケーソンを離れる。

このほかに、インクラインにはタンクやケーソンの代わりに、There are also inclined planes without a tank or caisson, instead carrying vessels up out of the water cradled in slings or resting on their keels. 少数であるが、ボートに車輪を設置した例もあった。

歴史[編集]

インクラインは何世紀もの時間を経て発展した。 最初のいくつかは、エジプト人がナイル川で滝を迂回するのに使用した。 [1]これのインクラインでは木の滑り板を粘土で覆ったものを用いて摩擦を低減した。[1]

時系列[編集]

  • BC 600年 - 初期のギリシャのインクラインであるディオルコス (Diolkos）が使用された。[2]
  • 385年 – 中国の大運河でインクラインが使用された。[2]
  • 1167年 – インクラインの単純な型式である Nieuwedamme overtoom がイーペルで建造された。[3]
  • 1568年 – Wagon of Zafosina が ヴェネツィアの近くで使用された。[3]
  • 1773年 – ジョン・エディーベーンが英国、コーンウォールのセント・コロンブ運河（英語版）でのインクラインの使用を提唱した。
  • 1773 – Inclined planes proposed on the projected Caldon Canal. (See Peter Lead,The Caldon Canal, Oakwood Press 1990.)
  • 1777 – 3 inclined planes or 'dry wherries' begin operation on the Tyrone Canal, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland.[4] The inclines were a failure and were dismantled by 1787.
  • 1788 – An inclined plane is built by William Reynolds and used, for the first time in England, to raise canal boats on England's Ketley Canal.[5][6]
  • 1792 – William Reynolds of Ketley Ironworks constructed several inclined planes on the Shropshire Canal.[5][7]
  • 1792 - 1921 – In 1792 the Shropshire Tub Canals were built incorporating a number of inclined planes. One of these, the Trench plane closes in 1921 and brings to an end boat carrying inclined planes in Britain [4]
  • 1793 – American born inventor Robert Fulton wrote a letter to Lord Stanhope suggesting inclined planes instead of locks for Bude Canal in Cornwall. Lord Stanhope replied saying his idea for working the plane had already been thought of by Edmund Leach.
  • 1794 – Robert Fulton took out a British patent (# 1988), for improvements to inclined planes including a double inclined plane system to be used to raise canal boats without locks.
  • 1795 - 1805 – South Hadley Canal begins operations, on the Connecticut River in Massachusetts, United States. The first North American inclined plane canal. Replaced by five locks in 1805.
  • 1797 - 1822 – At Worsley Navigable Levels, a coal mine operation in Greater Manchester, England, an underground incline started in 1795 was completed in 1797.[3]
  • 1800 – Francis Henry Egerton, eighth Earl of Bridgewater (1756–1829) wrote 'The Description of the Inclined Plane at Walkden Moor. (Lancashire)' [2]
  • 1801 - 1806 – Inclined plane built on the Somersetshire Coal Canal [3], connecting a coal mining region to the Avon Canal. Temporary while a system of 22 locks augmented by a pump were installed. Canal ceased operation in 1893.
  • 1806 - 1828 Two inclined planes built on the Stollen Canal at Gliwice, Upper Silesia.[3]
  • 1806 – Three inclined planes built on the Canal du Creusot near Torcy, France.
  • 1823 - 1891 – Bude Canal completed in 1823 incorporating six inclined planes along which tubs with wheels were transferred between different levels of the canal.
  • 1827 - 1871 – The Rolle Canal in North Devon, England included an inclined plane. The canal was closed in 1871 to make way for a railway.
  • Inclined plane 7 West on Morris Canal, showing flume, powerhouse, cabling, and track. Cradle can be seen at bottom in the canal. Note how return cable is on wooden stands with pulleys
    1831 - 1924 – Between 1825 and 1831, 23 inclines were built as part of the Morris Canal, New Jersey, USA.[5] This waterway, 100マイル (160 km) long, connected the Hudson and Delaware Rivers, rising more than 1,400フィート (430 m). In 1832, Mrs. Frances Trollope*[4], publishes in "Domestic Manners of the Americans" her account of a visit the previous year to see one of the inclined planes of the Morris Canal. In 1924 the canal was abandoned and later dismantled. The Morris Canal's design was reused for the planes on the Elbląg Canal[8] (see below).
  • 1834 - 1857 - The Allegheny Portage Railroad, consisting of 36 miles of track traversing 10 incline planes and the first railroad tunnel in the United States, opens in Pennsylvania as part of the Main Line of Public Works allowing barge traffic to travel between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh over the 1,399 foot (426 m) Allegheny Front. In 1857 a new railway between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh had taken over the function of the canal.
  • 1837 - 1865 – The extension to the Kidwelly and Llanelly Canal, Wales opens in 1837, including two counterbalanced inclined planes and one single-track one.[9] The canal is replaced by a railway in 1869,
  • 1849 - 1942 – Inclined plane built on the Monkland Canal near Blackhill, Scotland to supplement existing locks.[5]
  • 1860–present – The first four inclined planes of the Elbląg Canal in Germany (East Prussia), nowadays Poland, were opened in 1860.[5] A fifth incline was added later to replace five wooden locks. This canal reused the design from the Morris Canal for its inclined planes.[8]
  • 1885 - 1948 – Keage Incline on Lake Biwa Canal in Kyoto, Japan. By 1948 a railway and road had taken over the function of the canal.
  • 現在は使われていないフォクストン・インクラインの軌道
    1900 - 1926 – Foxton Inclined Plane was built in England to help overcome shortcomings of the Foxton locks on the Grand Union Canal. Mothballed in 1911 and seeing only occasional use and dismantled in 1926.[5]
  • 1917 - 1923 – Big Chute Marine Railway in Ontario, Canada was built as part of the Trent-Severn Waterway. Replaced in 1923 by larger inclined plane able to carry boats up to 60 feet.
  • 1919 - 1965 – Swift Rapids Marine Railway in Ontario, Canada was built. Replaced in 1965 by canal lock.
  • 1923 - 2003 – Big Chute Marine Railway in Ontario, Canada replaced smaller lift built in 1917. Replaced in 1978 by even larger lift but continued operation until 2003.
  • 1969–present – In 1969 the Saint-Louis-Arzviller inclined plane replaces a ladder of seventeen locks over a distance of four kilometers on the Marne-Rhine Canal in France.[5]
  • 1973–present – Montech water slope the first of its kind was built on the Canal latéral à la Garonne in France.
  • 1978–present – Big Chute Marine Railway in Ontario, Canada adds inclined plane carrying boats up to 100 feet in length. The smaller 1923 inclined plane lift continues operation alongside the new lift until 2003.
  • 1983 - 2001 – Fonserannes water slope was the second water slope. It was built on the Canal du Midi in France.

Other examples[編集]

With caissons[編集]

Ronquières inclined plane
  • The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal in Washington, D.C. later had an inclined plane built to move boats into the Potomac River so that they could bypass Georgetown which was becoming congested with traffic. The inclined plane was two miles (3 km) upriver from Georgetown.
  • Foxton Inclined Plane
  • Ronquières inclined plane on the Brussels Charleroi Canal in Belgium.
  • The electric "ship elevator" at the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric dam,[10][11] ship capacity up to 1500 tons, maximum ship size 80 × 17 × 2 metres, elevation 104 metres. This is not an inclined plane (funicular) properly said but a rack railway.

Without caissons[編集]

Inclined plane on Dahme Flood Relief Canal, showing the cradle at rest
Inclined plane on the Elbląg Canal, showing a vessel entering the cradle.

関連項目[編集]

関連資料[編集]

  • Tew, David (1984). Canal Inclines and Lifts. Sutton Books. ISBN 0-86299-031-9 
  • Uhlemann, Hans-Joachim (2002). Canal lifts and inclines of the world (English Translation ed.). Internat. ISBN 0-9543181-1-0 

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ a b Foxton Locks and Inclined Plane A Detailed History. Department of Planning and Transportation, Leicestershire County Council. pp. 3. ISBN 0-85022-191-9 
  2. ^ a b David Tew. Canal Inclines and Lifts 
  3. ^ a b c d Hans-Joachim Uhlemann. Canal Lifts and Inclines of the World 
  4. ^ a b Hadfield's British Canals eighth edition Joseph Boughey Page 49 ISBN 0-7509-0017-2
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. (1989). Ship lifts: report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent .... PIANC. ISBN 978-2-87223-006-8. http://books.google.ca/books?id=hv48DrHv_l4C&dq=%22Ship+lifts%22+China&source=gbs_navlinks_s 2011年12月14日閲覧。 
  6. ^ David Minor (1996年7月). “A CANAL CHRONOLOGY”. EZnet. http://home.eznet.net/~dminor/Canals.html 2011-12-162011-12-16閲覧. "1788 -- An inclined plane is used for the first time to raise canal boats, on England's Ketley Canal." 
  7. ^ H. W. Dickinson (1913年). “Robert Fulton: Engineer and Artist”. London Publishing. http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/dickinson/chapter3.html 2011-12-162011-12-16閲覧。 
  8. ^ a b “Railroad Extra, the Morris Canal and its Inclined Planes”. 2014年2月6日閲覧。
  9. ^ Raymond Bowen (2001).
  10. ^ “Прохождение судами Енисейского пароходства судоподъемника Красноярской ГЭС - Фотогалерея”. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  11. ^ From River to River - photo gallery, 2007
  12. ^ “Photo Documentary of Morris Canal”. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。

外部リンク[編集]

Category:水運施設 en:Canal inclined plane rev. 19:12, 18 July 2016

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