利用者:冬扇坊/その2

歴史　

中世

詳細は「ノヴゴロド公国」を参照

その名前に対して、ノヴゴロドはロシアで記録されている最古のスラヴ人の都市である。『ルーシ原初年代記』は859年に初めだという。このときすでにノヴゴロドはギリシアとヴァリャーグの交易路の一大中心地であった。ヴァリャーグ名でホルムガルト（Holmgard　または、Holmgarðr, Hólmgarður, Holmgaard, Holmegård)）は『北方サーガ』において早い時期の存在として言及されているが、歴史的事実がここでは伝説から解放することはできない。 元来は、ホルムガルトは現在の都市、リューリクヴォ・ゴロディシェ（この都市はリューリックに因み比較的現代に命名された。リューリックはここを首都としたと思われる）の南西の城塞に対してのみ言及された。 おおよその記録はゴロディシェのクニャーズ（ゲルマンの王あるいは大公）の宮殿が9世紀の半ばから遡ることを示唆している一方で、街それ自身は9世紀の終わりからのみ遡る。ゆえに「ノヴゴロド（新しい街）」という。 だが、10世紀半ばにはノヴゴロドは大いに発展した中世都市になった。

ロシアのミレニアムのブロンズのモニュメント (1862)

882年、リューリックの後継者ノヴゴロドのオレグがキエフを攻略し、キエフ・ルーシを樹立した。 キエフ・ルーシにおいて、ノヴゴロドは重要性において第2の都市であった。 慣わしとして、キエフ王家の末子かその親族がノヴゴロドを統治するために送られた。 According to a custom, the elder son and heir of the ruling Kievan monarch was sent to rule Novgorod even as a minor. 統治君主にそのような息子がいないとき、ノヴゴロドは、ゴストニュスル, ドブリュニャ, コンスタンティンと オストロミルのようなポサドニックたちによって支配された。 北方サーガにおいて、この都市はガルダリキの首都として取り上げられている（i.e.,東スラヴ国） 4人のヴァイキングの王 —オーラフ1世、オーラフ2世、マグヌス1世とハーラル3世—は根拠地の敵からノヴゴロドに避難してきた。

歴代のノヴゴロド公のうち、ノヴゴロド人はほぼヤロスラフ2世の記憶、―公は彼らの最初に文書化された法令をpromulgatedし、大聖ソフィア大聖堂の建立を支援した。この大聖堂は現存する―を厚遇した。 As a sign of gratitude for helping him to defeat his elder brother and obtain the Kievan throne, Yaroslav conferred numerous privileges on the city. On the other hand, Novgorodians named their central square after Yaroslav.

12世紀の「黄金石の天使」と呼ばれるノヴゴロドのイコン

In 1136, Novgorod merchants and boyars seceded from Kiev, banished their prince and proclaimed the Novgorod Republic. The powerful city state controlled most of Europe's North-East, from today's Estonia to the Ural Mountains. The most important figure in Novgorod was the Posadnik, an official elected by the popular assembly (called Veche) from the city's aristocracy. The Novgorod court was formally presided over by the Prince (also elected by the Veche), but his verdicts had to be confirmed by the Posadnik to become binding. In the 13th century, the city joined the Hanseatic League.

Throughout the Middle Ages, the city thrived culturally. Most of the population was literate and used birch bark letters for communication. It was in Novgorod that the oldest Slavic book written north of Bulgaria and the oldest inscription in a Finnic language were unearthed. When Paris and London were drowning in mud, Novgorod was praised by foreigners for its paved embankments and clean streets. Some of the most ancient Russian chronicles were written in the city. The Novgorod merchant Sadko became a popular hero of Russian folklore.

Novgorod was also the only free province among all that would become Russia. Being the strongest province it was never conquered by Mongolian and remained a cultural center for free russian population, it was also an important trade center.

ロシアの一都市として

The city's downfall was a result of its inability to feed its large population, making it dependent on the Vladimir-Suzdal region for grain. The main cities in this area, Moscow and Tver, used this dependence to gain control over Novgorod. Eventually Ivan III annexed the city to Muscovy in 1478. Novgorod remained the third largest Russian city, however, until the famine of 1560s and Ivan the Terrible sacking the city and slaughtering thousands of its inhabitants in 1570. The city's merchant elite and nobility were deported to Moscow, Yaroslavl, and elsewhere.

City plan of Novgorod, in the early half of the 18th century.

During the Time of Troubles, Novgorodians eagerly submitted to Swedish troops led by Jacob De la Gardie in summer of 1611. The city was restituted to Russia only six years later, by the Treaty of Stolbovo and regained a measure of its former prosperity by the end of the century, when such ambitious buildings as the Cathedral of the Sign and the Vyazhischi Monastery were constructed. The most famous of Russian patriarchs, Nikon, occupied the metropolian see of Novgorod between 1648 and 1652.

In 1727, Novgorod was made an administrative centre of the Novgorod Governorate of the Russian Empire, which was detached from Saint Petersburg Governorate (see Administrative divisions of Russia in 1727-1728). This administrative division existed until 1927. Between 1927 and 1944 the city was a part of Leningrad Oblast, and then became an administrative center of the newly formed Novgorod Oblast.

During the Second World War, on August 15, 1941, the city was occupied by the German Army. Its historic monuments were systematically annihilated. When the Red Army liberated the city on January 19, 1944, out of 2536 stone buildings, fewer than 40 were still standing. After WWII, the downtown was gradually restored. Its chief monuments have been declared the World Heritage Site. In 1998, the city was officially renamed Velikiy Novgorod, thus partly reverting to its medieval title "Lord Novgorod the Great".

世界遺産「ノヴゴロドとその周辺の文化財」

ノヴゴロドと周辺の文化財 （ロシア）
聖ソフィア大聖堂（神の智慧大聖堂）
英名	Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundingsa
仏名	Monuments historiques de Novgorod et de ses environs
登録区分	文化遺産
登録基準	(2),(4),(6)
登録年	1998年
公式サイト	世界遺産センター（英語）
使用方法・表示

No other Russian or Ukrainian city may compete with Novgorod in the variety and age of its medieval monuments. The foremost among these is the St Sophia Cathedral, built in the 1040s at the behest of Yaroslav the Wise. It is the best preserved of 11th century churches, and the first one to represent original features of Russian architecture (austere stone walls, five helmet-like cupolas). Its frescoes were painted in the 12th century and renovated in the 1860s. The cathedral features famous bronze gates, made in Magdeburg in 1156 and reportedly snatched by Novgorodians from the Swedish capital Sigtuna in 1187.

Novgorod kremlin, traditionally known as Detinets, also contains the oldest palace in Russia (the so-called Chamber of the Facets, 1433), the oldest Russian bell tower (mid-15th cent.), and the oldest Russian clock tower (1673). Among later structures, the most remarkable are a royal palace (1771) and a bronze monument to the Millennium of Russia, representing the most important figures from the country's history (unveiled in 1862). Outside kremlin walls, there are three cathedrals constructed during the reign of Mstislav the Great, the last monarch of united Rus. St Nicholas Cathedral (1113-23), containing frescoes of Mstislav's family, graces Yaroslav's Court (formerly the chief square of Novgorod Republic). The Yuriev Monastery (probably the oldest in Russia, 1030) contains a gloomy Romanesque cathedral from 1119. A similar three-domed cathedral (1117), probably designed by the same masters, stands in the Antoniev Monastery.

There are numerous ancient churches scattered throughout the city. Some of them were blown up by the Nazis and subsequently restored. The most ancient pattern is represented by those dedicated to Sts Peter and Pavel (on the Swallow's Hill, 1185-92), to Annunciation (in Myachino, 1179), to Assumption (on Volotovo Field, 1180s) and to St Paraskeva (at Yaroslav's Court, 1207). The greatest masterpiece of early Novgorod architecture is the Saviour church at Nereditsa (1198).

In the 13th century, there was a vogue for tiny churches of three-paddled design. These are represented by a small chapel in Peryn (1230s) and St Nicholas' on the Lipnya Islet (1292, also notable for its 14th-century frescoes). The next century saw development of two original church designs, one of them culminating in St Theodor's church (1360-61, fine frescoes from 1380s), and another one leading to the Saviour church on Ilyina street (1374, painted in 1378 by Feofan Grek). The Saviour' church in Kovalevo (1345) admittedly reflects Serban influence.

During the last century of republican government, some new temples were consecrated to Sts Peter and Paul (on Slavna, 1367; in Kozhevniki, 1406), to Christ's Nativity (at the Cemetery, 1387), to St John the Apostle's (1384), to the Holy Apostles (1455), to St Demetrius (1467), to St Simeon (1462), and other saints. Generally, they are not thought so innovative as the churches from the previous epoch. Several 12th-century shrines (i.e., in Opoki) were demolished brick by brick and then reconstructed exactly as they used to be.

Novgorod's conquest by Ivan III in 1478 decisively changed the character of local architecture. Large commissions were thenceforth executed by Muscovite masters and patterned after cathedrals of Moscow Kremlin: e.g., the Saviour Cathedral of Khutyn Monastery (1515), the Cathedral of the Sign (1688), the Nicholas Cathedral of Vyaschizhy Monastery (1685). Nevertheless, some parochial churches were still styled in keeping with traditions of local art: e.g., the churches of Holy Wives (1510) and of Sts Boris and Gleb (1586).

In Vitoslavlitsy, a location on the bank of the Volkhov River, on the road to the Yuriev Monastery, a picturesque museum of wooden architecture was established in 1964. Over 20 wooden buildings (churches, houses and mills) dating from the 14th to the 19th century were transported there from all around the Novgorod region.