利用者:加藤勝憲/アーネスト・C・マニング

The Honourable Ernest Manning PC CC AOE
Ernest Charles Manning, 1943
8th Premier of Alberta
任期 May 31, 1943 – December 12, 1968
君主	George VI Elizabeth II
副総督	John C. Bowen John J. Bowlen John Percy Page Grant MacEwan
前任者	William Aberhart
後任者	Harry E. Strom
Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta
任期 November 4, 1935 – March 21, 1940
前任者	William Ross Hugh Farthing Norman Hindsley
後任者	Andrew Davison William Aberhart James Mahaffey
選挙区	Calgary
任期 March 21, 1940 – June 18, 1959
前任者	William Howson
後任者	District Abolished
選挙区	Edmonton
任期 June 18, 1959 – December 11, 1968
前任者	New District
後任者	William Yurko
選挙区	Strathcona East
Senator for Edmonton West
任期 October 7, 1970 – September 20, 1983
任命者	Pierre Trudeau
個人情報
生誕	Ernest Charles Manning (1908-09-20) 1908年9月20日 Carnduff, Saskatchewan, Canada
死没	1996年2月19日(1996-02-19)（87歳没） Calgary, Alberta, Canada
政党	Social Credit Party of Alberta
協力政党	Social Credit Party of Canada
配偶者	Muriel Aileen Preston (1911–2006)
子供	2, including Preston
署名
兵役経験
所属国	Dominion of canada
所属組織	Canadian Militia
軍歴	1939–1943
最終階級	Captain
部隊	Edmonton Regiment
戦闘	World War II

アーネスト・チャールズ・マニング（Ernest Charles Manning, PC CC AOE, 1908年9月20日 - 1996年2月19日）はカナダの政治家であり、アルバータ州社会信用党の第8代首相を1943年から1968年にかけて務めた。アルバータ州の歴代首相の中で最も長く州首相を務め、カナダ史上2番目に長く州首相を務めた（ノバスコシア州のジョージ・ヘンリー・マレーに次ぐ）。マニングは25年連続で州首相を務めたが、その特徴は強力な社会保守主義と財政保守主義にあった。また、カナダ社会信用党の党員で唯一上院議員を務め、1980年に同党が下院から締め出されたため、1983年に上院議員を引退したときには、同党の最後の国会議員となった。Ernest Charles Manning, PC CC AOE (September 20, 1908 – February 19, 1996) was a Canadian politician and the eighth premier of Alberta between 1943 and 1968 for the Social Credit Party of Alberta. He served longer than any other premier in the province's history and was the second longest-serving provincial premier in Canadian history (after George Henry Murray of Nova Scotia). Manning's 25 consecutive years as premier were defined by strong social conservatism and fiscal conservatism. He was also the only member of the Social Credit Party of Canada to sit in the Senate and, with the party shut out of the House of Commons in 1980, was its last representative in Parliament when he retired from the Senate in 1983.

マニングの息子であるプレストン・マニングは、カナダ西部保守の価値観に基づく右派ポピュリスト政党、カナダ改革党の創設者であり党首であった。1997年から2000年まで公式野党党首を務めた。

Manning's son, Preston Manning, was the founder and leader of the Reform Party of Canada, a right-wing populist party based on Western Canadian conservative values. He served as the leader of the Official Opposition from 1997 to 2000.

Early life and career

Ernest C. Manning, 1935

Manning was born in Carnduff, Saskatchewan, in 1908 to George Henry Manning (1872–1956) and Elizabeth Mara Dixon (1870–1949). George had immigrated from England in 1900 and was followed by his fiancé in 1903. Their Carnduff homestead being inadequate, they moved to a new one in Rosetown, Saskatchewan, in 1909. In his childhood, Ernest was not especially religious and only occasionally attended a Methodist church in town.

Manning was among the first students of William Aberhart's Calgary Prophetic Bible Institute (CPBI), which opened in 1927, and became its first graduate in April 1930, having heard of it over a radio broadcast. There he met his future wife, Muriel Preston, who was the institute's pianist and later served as the National Bible Hour's musical coordinator. As a student, Manning soon caught the attention of Aberhart and quickly became his assistant at CPBI. "During his second and third years at the institute, Manning lived in the Aberhart home. After graduation, the Aberhart devotee became a teacher at the institute and played a role in the management of the organization's business affairs." In 1930, he began preaching on Aberhart's weekly "Back to the Bible Hour" radio program, a practice that he continued throughout his life, even after he had entered politics. The broadcasts were eventually aired on over 90 radio stations across Canada from Halifax to Vancouver and had a large listening audience.

In 1935, Manning went into the realm of provincial politics as Aberhart's right-hand man. Together, they created the Social Credit Party with the aim of bringing financial relief to Albertans, who were suffering because of the Great Depression.

Early provincial political career

  "Manning followed Aberhart into politics, becoming a key Social Credit organizer, and platform speaker before the 1935 election." In the 1935 provincial election, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta as a Social Credit MLA from Calgary. The Socreds won an unexpected landslide victory in that election by winning 56 of the 62 seats in the Legislative Assembly. The United Farmers of Alberta, which had governed the province for fourteen years, lost every one of its seats and would never return to the legislature. Manning was named to the provincial cabinet at just 26 years old, becoming Alberta's provincial secretary and minister of trade and industry. Manning devoted himself wholly to his work, to such an extent that his health began to suffer. He eventually developed a bout of tuberculosis in November 1936, returning to work after just three month's convalescence. At the 1940 election, he switched seats and was elected from Edmonton, where he would remain for the rest of his political career. In 1943,he became Socred leader and premier of Alberta after Aberhart died.

At the outbreak of World War II, Manning joined the Edmonton Regiment of the Non-Permanent Active Militia, qualifying as a lieutenant. In 1943, he was promoted to the rank of captain. He had to discontinue his military duties when he was appointed Premier of Alberta.

"Manning's take-over of the premiership at Aberhart's sudden death in May 1943 was a foregone conclusion. He had been Aberhart's religious protege and his closest associate in cabinet. He was regarded by Aberhart, who had two daughters, almost as a son." Manning twice honoured Aberhart's 1935 promise to issue a Prosperity Certificate to Albertans. In 1957, his government announced a $20 Alberta Oil Royalty Dividend and issued a $17 dividend the next year. The policy was widely criticized, and the next year, Manning agreed to use oil royalties on public works and social programs instead.

In 1935, Manning had famously entered the Alberta Cabinet as Provincial Secretary at only 26 years old. He was the youngest cabinet minister in all of British parliamentary history since William Pitt the Younger, who had served as the prime minister of Great Britain 152 years earlier. When he became premier at the age of 35, he was the youngest first minister since Pitt. Besides serving as premier, he also held numerous other positions including Provincial Treasurer from 1944 to 1954, Minister of Mines and Minerals from 1952 to 1962, minister of trade and industry, attorney general from 1955 to 1968, and president of the executive council.

Under Manning, Alberta became a virtual one-party province. He led Social Credit to an incredible seven consecutive election victories between 1944 and 1967, usually with more than 50% of the popular vote, and only once had to face more than 10 opposition MLAs. The height of his popularity came in 1963, when the Socreds campaigned under the slogan "63 in '63," a clean sweep of the then 63-seat legislature. They fell short of that goal, but still reduced the opposition to only three MLAs, two Liberals and one running with the support of both the Liberals and Progressive Conservatives, in total. It is still the biggest majority government, in terms of percentage of seats won, in Alberta's history. Social Credit's electoral success was based in part on what was viewed as its good government of the province. Manning himself always held the view that "both God and the people had some say in how long he would be premier — and he was not about to argue with either."

However, an ominous sign came during Manning's last victory, when the once-moribund Progressive Conservatives, led by Peter Lougheed won six seats, mostly in Calgary and Edmonton. More seriously, the PCs did well enough across the rest of the province to hold Social Credit to 45 percent of the vote, its lowest vote share since 1940. Manning retired in 1968, and Social Credit was knocked out of office three years later. It has never come within sight of power again. By the time Manning left the legislature, only he, Alfred Hooke, and William Tomyn were left from the original 1935 caucus. Of that trio, Hooke was the only MLA to see the government right through from its beginning to its very end in 1971 (Tomyn served a break from 1952 to 1959).

Social Credit policy

Under Manning, the party largely abandoned social credit theories. He had been a devoutly loyal supporter of Aberhart from the very beginning and so it is not clear why he was so willing to abandon his party's traditional ideology. One likely explanation may have been pragmatic; many of Social Credit's policy goals infringed on responsibilities reserved to the federal government under the British North America Act. Manning, however, honoured Aberhart's 1935 promise to issue a Prosperity Certificate to Albertans twice. In 1957, his government announced a $20 Alberta Oil Royalty Dividend and issued a $17 dividend the next year. The policy was widely criticized, and the next year, Manning agreed to use oil royalties on public works and social programs instead.

Development of oil sands

Athabasca Oil Sands.

In 1945 the Abasand plant again burned down; this time, it was not rebuilt. The huge discoveries of conventional oil at Leduc and Redwater cast even more doubt upon the development of the oil sands because of the difficulty in accessing and processing the bitumen and the numerous technical problems. Manning, however, was not dissuaded since he was convinced that the oil sands would grant the province incredible wealth. He even went so far as to convince the entire Alberta Legislature to visit the Bitumount plant in 1949 since he believed that they would agree to continue development after it had witnessed the success in separating the oil sands. Manning also commissioned a petroleum engineer by the name of Sidney Robert Blair to prepare a report on the economic feasibility of the separation process. With Pew's support, Sun Oil's majority-owned subsidiary, Great Canadian Oil Sands (GCOS), filed an application for a commercial oil sands project in Canada in 1962, the first-ever constructed.

At the opening ceremonies for the Great Canadian Oil Sands plant, Pew repeated Manning's belief of the need for the oil sands. Telling his audience, "No nation can long be secure in this atomic age unless it be amply supplied with petroleum.... It is the considered opinion of our group that if the North American continent is to produce the oil to meet its requirements in the years ahead, oil from the Athabasca area must of necessity play an important role."

The Flag of Alberta adopted on June 1, 1968

Around the time of the upcoming centennial celebration of Canadian Confederation, petitions were submitted in November 1966 to Manning by the Social Credit Women's Auxiliaries of the Alberta Social Credit League to give Alberta its own unique flag. The flag was designed and approved as the official provincial flag by the Alberta legislature on June 1, 1968.

Social conservatism and faith

Manning's deep Christian faith gave him a sense of charity to the poor and needy, but unlike the longtime premier of neighbouring Saskatchewan, Tommy Douglas, Manning did not espouse a socialistic doctrine or use socialist rhetoric regarding the solving of societal issues. On the contrary, he was an outspoken critic of government involvement in society. Denouncing socialism and communism before, while, and after serving premier, Manning remained a staunch anticommunist all his life. Instead, he encouraged strong religious, individual, and corporate initiatives in addressing and solving social issues. Manning believed that the "government was there to motivate and give direction, not to intervene and carry the load."

His views on health care and social issues were heavily shaped by his elder son, Keith, who suffered from cerebral palsy. "He and his wife Muriel lovingly raised. Keith had suffered oxygen deprivation at birth." Manning improved health services in his province but opposed universal public health insurance. Alberta only signed on to the national medicare system after Manning's retirement as premier.

Mannings's faith also heavily influenced his approach to politics. He was always prudent and careful in practicing politics by "always practicing Christian-based reconciliation and conflict resolution."

Anticommunism

For the 1944 election, Manning campaigned on the labour protections that the party had implemented and used support from the Alberta Federation of Labour to fend off left-wing challenges from the socialist Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and the communist Labour-Progressive Party. Though other unions, particularly those affiliated with the Canadian Congress of Labour, took issue with the Social Credit Party's workers' protections, divisions within the unions and their leadership prevented any effective endorsement of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. During the campaign, Manning engaged in red-baiting on a number of instances by likening the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation to "the socialism of Germany." Saying in one "letter to a CCFer, who... had naively written to suggest CCF-Social Credit electoral co-operation: 'it's an insult to suggest to the Canadian people who are sacrificing their sons to remove the curse which the socialism of Germany has brought in the world that their own social and economical security can be attained only by introducing some form of socialism in Canada. the premise embodied in your proposed resolution, namely, that there is such a thing as democratic socialism, contradicts itself in that it attempts to associate two concepts of life which are diametrically opposed and opposite.'" He also said that socialists were trying to "enslave the ordinary people of the world, whose only real salvation lay in the issuance of Social Credit."

In the election, Manning led the Alberta Social Credit Party to retain a solid majority in the Legislative Assembly.

His government was starkly right-wing by attacking a number of unions with charges of communism, censoring films sympathetic to the New Left, and international co-operation by allegating their connection to communism.

Manning also fought against the media and education system in the belief that they were full of Marxists and sympathetic to the communist cause. He stated that it is "evident, in my view, in the news media, which are very heavily slanted, as a general rule favorably slanted, to socialist philosophy. This isn't by chance, it's because communism has been smart enough to see... that there are always a goodly number of men in that field who are sympathetic to the socialistic and even communistic philosophy. You even have the same thing, to varying degrees, in the field of education. It isn't by chance that you find these agitations of Marxism and so forth in many of our universities. It isn't by chance."

Red Scare

The Manning administration, now re-elected with a resounding majority of seats as a result of the 1944 election, devoted itself to an antisocialist crusade. In 1946, Manning's government began a Red Scare by censoring communist propaganda films in the hopes of "eliminating communist thought from Alberta-shown movies." Alberta's government quickly began banning films, including those produced by the British government that supported the United Nations, and Hollywood films such as The Wild One and Blackboard Jungle. The government's attempts at film censorship continued until the 1960s.

Manning's administration also sought to disrupt Labour strikes by denouncing them as communist, totalitarian, and anti-Christian. In January 1948, a coal miners' strike broke out, with thousands of miners threatening the provincial electrical grid since most electricity was generated from coal. That strike alone accounted for 30% of all of the time that was lost to strikes in Canada in 1948. In Alberta, the time lost was even worse since it was responsible for well over 99% of all of the time lost by strikes for the entire year.

Manning acted swiftly to avert the crisis by rewriting the province's labour laws in March to allow the government to shut down the strike. Labour was greatly weakened by the charges of communism, and Manning's stalwart defiance of union threats caused the unions to attempt to persuade legislators, instead of protesting using strikes or violence. Manning's steadfast defiance in the face of union threats halted the rise of militant unionism in Alberta, like in other areas such as Quebec and the Rust Belt.

In 1945, the Wetaskiwin MP Norman Jaques "spoke for most of the party establishment when he charged... that communists had infiltrated the CBC 'as they have every other organization.'" In 1951, the province's Minister of Municipal Affairs, Clarence Gerhart, claimed that there were hundreds of communist spies among Albertan workers.

Anti-internationalism

A favorite target of Social Credit was the United Nations.

Federal politics

Manning also used his strong provincial standing to influence the federal Socreds. He told the 1961 federal leadership convention that Alberta would never accept francophone Catholic Réal Caouette of Quebec as the party's leader even though Caouette led the party's strongest branch east of Manitoba. Robert N. Thompson of Alberta won the election, but Manning's objections to Caouette led to suspicions that the vote was fixed. Indeed, Caouette later claimed that he had enough support to win, but all of the Quebec delegates voted for Thompson after Manning told him, "Tell your people to vote for Thompson because the West will never accept a Roman Catholic French Canadian leader."

By then, however, all but four members of the Social Credit federal caucus came from Quebec. In 1963, virtually all of the Socred MPs from Quebec followed Caouette into the Ralliement des créditistes and left behind a Social Credit rump in English Canada.

"In 1967, Manning's book Political Realignment: A Challenge to Thoughtful Canadians was published. This book is an outline of his views regarding the reorganization of the Canadian federal party system."

Senate and death

After retirement from provincial politics in 1968, Manning established his own consulting firm, Manning Consultants Limited, with his son Preston. In 1970, Ernest was appointed to the Senate, the only Socred ever to serve in that body. The same year, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. He retired from the Senate in 1983 since he had reached the mandatory retirement age of 75. He died in Calgary in 1996.

Personal life

In 1936, Manning married Muriel Aileen Preston, the pianist at the Prophetic Bible Institute. They had two sons.

Their first son, William Keith, commonly called Keith, was born on May 2, 1939. Keith suffered from cerebral palsy. For stretches of time, he lived at a hospital in upstate New York, the Red Deer School Hospital, and a nursing home in Edmonton. He married fellow nursing home resident Marilyn Brownell, and died from cardiac arrest on June 29, 1986.

Their second son, Ernest Preston, commonly called Preston, was born on June 10, 1942. Preston went on to found the Reform Party of Canada. Following in his father's footsteps, he fought against the federal government and the heavily-eastern-centred federal politics that he said controlled the national agenda.

Legacy

Manning was appointed as the first member of Alberta Order of Excellence on September 23, 1981. Manning was also invested as a Companion of the Order of Canada by Governor-General Michener in 1970.

A high school and a business park road in Calgary, a freeway road in Edmonton and town in Northern Alberta are named after Ernest Manning. A person with a similar name, Ernest Callaway Manning, is the namesake of E. C. Manning Provincial Park in British Columbia.

In 1980, the Ernest C. Manning Awards Foundation was created, and the Manning Innovation Awards were started in 1982, with the purpose of promoting and honouring Canadian innovation.

In 2013, the federal riding of Edmonton Manning was established in Manning's name.

Works

• Manning, Ernest (1967). A white paper on human resources development. Edmonton: Government of Alberta; Alberta. Office of the Premier. OCLC 858331098. https://archive.org/details/ableg_33398004633334 

関連文献

 

• Bell, Edward (2004). “Ernest Manning”. In Rennie, Bradford James. Alberta premiers of the twentieth century. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. ISBN 978-0-88977-151-2. https://archive.org/details/albertapremierso0000unse/page/147 
• Brennan, Brian (2008). The Good Steward. Calgary, Alberta: Fitzhenry & Whiteside. ISBN 9781897252161 
• Byfield, Ted, ed (2001). Leduc, Manning & the Age of Prosperity 1946–1963. Edmonton: United Western Communications. ISBN 0-9695718-9-5. https://archive.org/details/leducmanningageo09byfi 
• Mackey, Lloyd (1997). Like Father, Like Son: Ernest Manning and Preston Manning. Toronto: ECW Press. ISBN 1550222996. https://archive.org/details/likefatherlikeso0000mack 
• Perry, Sandra E.; Craig, Jessica J. (2006). The Mantle of Leadership : Premiers of the Northwest Territories and Alberta. Edmonton, Alberta: Legislative Assembly of Alberta. ISBN 0-9689217-2-8. https://archive.org/details/centennialseries02perr 

外部リンク

公職
先代 William Ross Hugh Farthing Norman Hindsley	MLA Calgary #1 1935–1940	次代 Andrew Davison William Aberhart James Mahaffey
先代 William Howson	MLA Edmonton #1 1940–1959	次代 District Abolished
先代 New District	MLA Strathcona East 1959–1968	次代 William Yurko

[[Category:カナダの反共主義者]] [[Category:1996年没]] [[Category:1908年生]] [[Category:未査読の翻訳があるページ]]