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James Irwin
1971年に撮影されたアーウィン
NASA astronaut
生誕 James Benson Irwin
(1930-03-17) 1930年3月17日
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
死没 1991年8月8日(1991-08-08)（61歳没）
Glenwood Springs, Colorado, U.S.
階級 Colonel, USAF
宇宙滞在期間 12d 7h 12m
選抜試験 NASA Group 5 (1966)
宇宙遊泳回数 4
3 EVAs on the moon
1 EVA stand-up
宇宙遊泳時間 18h 35m
ミッション Apollo 15
記章
退役 July 31, 1972
受賞 NASA Distinguished Service Medal

James Benson Irwin (March 17, 1930 – August 8, 1991) was an American astronaut, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and a United States Air Force pilot.

ジェームズ・ベンソン・アーウィン(1930年3月17日 - 1991年8月8日)は、アメリカの宇宙飛行士、航空宇宙工学者、テストパイロット、アメリカ空軍のパイロットである。

He served as Lunar Module pilot for Apollo 15, the fourth human lunar landing.

アーウィンはアポロ15号の月着陸船パイロットを務め、4番目の人類による月面着陸を行った。

He was the 8th person to walk on the Moon.

アーウィンは月面を歩行した8人目の人物である[1][2]。



前半生と教育

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Irwin was born March 17, 1930, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, of Scottish, German (maternal side) and Irish descent, to parents James William Irwin (1896–1979), a U.S. Army World War I veteran, and Elsa Mathilda Irwin (née Strebel; 1899–1993) who had German ancestry.

アーウィンは1930年3月17日、ペンシルベニア州のピッツバーグで生まれた[3]。スコットランド系、ドイツ系（母方）、アイルランド系の血を引いている。父はアメリカ陸軍で第一次世界大戦を経験したジェームズ・ウィリアム・アーウィン(1896 - 1979)、母はドイツ系のElsa Mathilda Irwin(旧姓Strebel、1899 - 1993)。

Irwin's paternal grandparents emigrated to the U.S. from Altmore Parish at Pomeroy in County Tyrone, Ireland (now Northern Ireland) around 1859.

アーウィンの父方の祖父母は1859年頃、アイルランド(現在は北アイルランド)のティロン県にあるPomeroyのAltmore小教区からアメリカ合衆国に移住した[4] 。


At about the age of 12, he informed his mother about his desire to go to the Moon, letting her know that he might be the first person to do so (he ended up being the eighth).

12歳の頃、アーウィンは母親に、自分の夢は月に行くことだと伝えた。それを聞いた母親は、息子は人類で初めてそれを成し遂げるかもしれないと感じた[5]（結局、達成したのは8番目であった）。

He graduated from East High School in Salt Lake City, Utah in 1947.

アーウィンは1947年に、ユタ州のソルトレイクシティにあるイースト高校（英語版）を卒業した。

He received a Bachelor of Science degree in naval science from the United States Naval Academy in 1951, and Master of Science degrees in aeronautical engineering and instrumentation engineering from the University of Michigan in 1957.

1951年に海軍兵学校から造船学の分野で学士（理学）の学位を、1957年にミシガン大学から航空宇宙工学と計測工学の分野で修士（理学）の学位を授与された[6]。


He received initial flight training at Hondo Air Base and follow-up training at Reese Air Force Base, Texas.

アーウィンは最初の飛行訓練をテキサス州のホンド航空基地（英語版）で、追加の訓練を同じくテキサス州のReese空軍基地（英語版）で受けた。

He graduated from the Air Force Experimental Flight Test Pilot School (Class 60C) in 1961, and the Aerospace Research Pilot School in 1963 (Class IV).

アーウィンは1961年にAir Force Experimental Flight Test Pilot School（英語版）(60Cクラス)を、1963年にAerospace Research Pilot School(IVクラス)を卒業した。

Prior to joining NASA, he was chief of the Advanced Requirements Branch at Headquarters Air Defense Command.

NASAに加わる前、アーウィンは航空宇宙防衛軍団司令部のthe Advanced Requirements部門におけるチーフだった。

During his time in the United States Air Force he received the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal and two Air Force Commendation Medals.

アメリカ空軍にいる間、アーウィンは空軍殊勲賞（英語版）と、2度の空軍称揚章（英語版）を授与された。

He also received an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award while with the 4750th Training Wing.[6]

さらに第4750訓練航空団（英語版）として、空軍殊勲部隊賞（英語版）も受賞した。



Irwin was also a developmental test pilot for the Lockheed YF-12, the Mach 3 fighter-interceptor variant which preceded the SR-71 Blackbird.

アーウィンはまた、SR-71に先行するマッハ3の要撃戦闘機、ロッキードYF-12のdevelopmental test pilotでもあった。

His first flight of that aircraft was on the day that one of his five children was born.

アーウィンのYF-12での最初のフライトは、彼の5人の子供のうち1人が生まれた日のことだった[7]。


In 1961, a student pilot that Irwin was training crashed the plane they were flying on a training mission.

1961年、アーウィンがトレーニングしていた操縦練習生が、訓練任務中に飛行機を墜落させた。

They both survived, but Irwin suffered compound fractures, amnesia, and nearly lost a leg.

2人とも生還したが、アーウィンは複雑骨折や健忘に苦しむこととなり、足も失いかけた[8]。

John Forrest, a U.S. Air Force orthopedic surgeon, was instrumental in preventing the amputation of Irwin's leg.

アメリカ空軍に所属する整形外科医のジョン・フォレストは、アーウィンの足の切断を防ぐのに重要な役割を果たした[9]。


During his military service, he accumulated more than 7,015 hours flying time, of which 5,300 hours were in jet aircraft.

軍に所属していた間、アーウィンは7,015時間以上の飛行を行い、うち5,300時間はジェット機での飛行だった[8]。

私生活

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Irwin was raised in a Christian household but stopped actively practicing the religion at age 10.

アーウィンはクリスチャンの家庭で育ったが、熱心な信者だったのは10歳までだった。

He became a devout born-again Christian after returning from space.

宇宙から帰還した後、アーウィンは信仰を新たにし、再び敬虔なクリスチャンとなった。


In 1952, Irwin married his first wife, who was a Catholic.

1952年、アーウィンはカトリックの女性と最初の結婚をした。

The two had an unhappy marriage made worse by his devotion to his work.

2人は不幸な結婚生活を送り、アーウィンの仕事への献身がそれをさらに悪化させた。

By his own account, the marriage failed after two years due to his poor, borderline cruel treatment of her, and he later stated that finding religion again made familial relationships much easier.

アーウィンの話によれば、妻への劣悪で残酷と言ってもよいほどの扱いが原因で、結婚生活は2年で破綻した。アーウィンは後に、再び信仰の道に戻ったことが、家族関係をより楽なものにしたと語った。


In 1959, Irwin married his second wife, the former Mary Ellen Monroe (born 1938).

1959年、アーウィンは2度目の結婚をした。相手は1938年生まれのMary Ellen Monroe(旧姓)である。

They were married until his death.

2人の結婚生活はアーウィンが亡くなるまで続いた。


Irwin had five children.

アーウィンには5人の子供がいた[10][11]。

NASAでのキャリア

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Irwin was one of the 19 astronauts selected by NASA in April 1966.

アーウィンは、1966年4月にNASAに選抜された19人の宇宙飛行士のうち1人である[12]。

He was chosen as commander, with John S. Bull as lunar module pilot, for LTA-8, an environmental qualification test of the Apollo Lunar Module in a vacuum chamber at the Houston Space Environment Simulation Laboratory.

ヒューストンの宇宙環境シミュレーション実験室の真空チャンバーで行われたアポロ月着陸船のenvironmental qualification testであるLTA-8では船長に選ばれ、月着陸船パイロットのジョン・S・ブル（英語版）と共に試験に臨んだ[13] 。

He then served as a member of the astronaut support crew for Apollo 10, the first mission to carry the full Apollo stack to the Moon and the dry run for the first crewed Moon landing.

Following that assignment, Irwin served as backup lunar module pilot for the second Moon landing mission, Apollo 12.[14]

アポロ15号

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→詳細は「Apollo 15」および「Return of Apollo 15 to Earth」を参照
Irwin and the Lunar Roving Vehicle during Apollo 15
Irwin salutes the United States flag on the Moon on August 1, 1971

Between July 26 and August 7, 1971 – as the Apollo 15 lunar module pilot (LMP) – Irwin logged 295 hours and 11 minutes in space. His extravehicular activity (EVA) on the Moon's surface amounted to 18 hours and 35 minutes of the mission time, an additional 33 minutes was used for Commander David R. Scott to do a stand-up EVA by opening the LM's docking hatch to survey the surroundings and take photographs.[15] Irwin and David Scott's mission was more science-based than previous missions, which meant that they received intensive geological training to meet the demanding nature of the J-Mission profile.[1] This extra training is credited with allowing them to make one of the most important discoveries of the Apollo era, the Genesis Rock.[15]

Apollo 15 landed in the Moon's Hadley-Apennine region, noted for its mountains and rilles.[1] As a J-Mission, they would spend more time on the Moon than previous missions, to allow for three EVAs. As well, Irwin was the first automobile passenger on the Moon as Scott drove the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) carried along for this mission in the lunar module (LM) Falcon's Descent Stage.[1] Scott and Irwin's stay on the Moon was just under three days at 66 hours and 54 minutes.[1]

Once the rendezvous procedure was completed between Falcon and the Endeavour CSM, Irwin and Scott were busy moving items like rock samples into the CSM and preparing the lunar module for final separation. During this intense period of work the earliest symptoms of a heart condition appeared.[16] Both Scott and Irwin had been working with no sleep for 23 hours, during which they conducted a final moonwalk, performed the ascent from the lunar surface, rendezvoused with Endeavour, and encountered the problems that delayed the lunar module jettison maneuver.[17] The astronauts' physiological vital signs were being monitored back on Earth, and the flight surgeons noticed some irregularities in Irwin's heart rhythms.[17] Irwin's heart had developed bigeminy.[18] Charles Berry stated to Chris Kraft, deputy director of the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) at the time: "It's serious, [i]f he were on Earth. I'd have him in ICU being treated for a heart attack."[18] However, Berry concluded that since Endeavour's cabin atmosphere was 100% oxygen when in space, Irwin was in the best of circumstances.[18] Specifically, "In truth, ... he's in an ICU. He's getting one hundred percent oxygen, he's being continuously monitored, and best of all, he's in zero g. Whatever strain his heart is under, well, we can't do better than zero g."[18]

During the post-trans-Earth injection (TEI) phase of the mission there wasn't much more for Irwin to do other than provide help with Al Worden's EVA to retrieve film magazines from the CSM's SIM bay, by donning a pressure suit and monitoring him. He was able to rest and apparently recover during the rest of the mission.[16] The flight surgeons continued to monitor his EKG until splashdown, but his heart rhythm was normal.[18] This incident was not discussed during the mission debriefing sessions, and the condition did not appear when he returned to Earth.[19]

NASA退役後のキャリア

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→「Apollo 15 postage stamp incident」も参照

After the return of Apollo 15 to Earth, it was discovered that without authority the crew had taken 398 commemorative first day covers to the Moon of which a hundred were then sold to a German stamp dealer. The profits of the sale were intended to be used to establish trust funds for the children of Apollo 15's crew. NASA had turned a blind eye to similar activities on earlier flights,[20] but on this occasion the administration reprimanded the astronauts, and they never received any funds from the sales. Irwin had announced his intent to retire from the Air Force and resign from NASA prior to the reprimand.[21] During a subsequent investigations by NASA, the Attorney General, and Congress, the astronauts surrendered the covers still in their possession; they were returned in 1983. Slate magazine opined that the action effectively exonerated the astronauts.[22][23]

I felt the power of God as I'd never felt it before.
Irwin, describing his experience during the Apollo 15 lunar mission.[14]

By his own admission, Irwin was not a committed Christian during his years at NASA. After his retirement as a colonel in 1972, Irwin founded the High Flight Foundation.[2] He spent the next 20 years as a "Goodwill Ambassador for the Prince of Peace", stating that "Jesus walking on the earth is more important than man walking on the moon".[24] He said that his experiences in space had made God more real to him than before.[21] Irwin and his wife stated that his Christian rebirth, which happened while he was in space, saved their marriage and made their lives much happier.[25]

Beginning in 1973, Irwin led several expeditions to Mount Ararat, Turkey, in search of the remains of Noah's Ark.[2] In 1982, he was injured during the descent and had to be transported down the mountain on horseback.[26] In More Than Earthlings, Irwin wrote expressing his view that the Genesis creation narrative was real, literal history.[27][28]

死

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Grave of Irwin at Arlington National Cemetery

Irwin suffered three major heart attacks. One occurred less than two years after Apollo 15, when Irwin was 43, while he was playing handball; he underwent an emergency triple bypass operation. Two months later he suffered a subsequent heart attack while skiing in Colorado. Irwin suffered another heart attack on June 6, 1986, when he collapsed during a run and was found pulseless on a curb.[29] Doctors from NASA doubted the incidents were related to space travel, and noted that pre-flight testing indicated him having a tendency for cardiac arrhythmias during strenuous exercise.[21]

On August 8, 1991, Irwin suffered another heart attack after a bicycle ride. Attempts at resuscitation were unsuccessful, and Irwin died later that day. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.[30] He and his wife, Mary Ellen, to whom he was married for three decades, had five children.[21]

Of the 12 men who have walked on the Moon, Irwin was the first to die. The James Irwin Charter Schools were founded in Colorado in his honor.[31]

A patch cut by Irwin from a backpack abandoned on the Moon during the Apollo 15 mission was auctioned at Christie's in 2001 for $310,500 in a consignment of material from Irwin's estate that garnered "a combined $500,000".[32]

Organizations

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Irwin was a member of the Air Force Association and the Society of Experimental Test Pilots.[6] He was also a Freemason, initiated in Tejon Lodge No. 104 in Colorado Springs.[33][34] He was the third Freemason to set foot on the Moon, after Buzz Aldrin and Edgar Mitchell.

Irwin was a member of Civitan International, a nonprofit organization promoting community service, scientific research, and service to people with intellectual and developmental disabilities.[35]

Awards and honors

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Irwin's other awards include: Belgium's Order of Leopold in 1971; Kitty Hawk Memorial Award, 1971; New York Police Department St. George Association's Golden Rule Award in 1972; Christian Service Award; Milan Hulbert Trophy of SWAP International in 1973.[6]

He was also awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Astronautical Engineering from the University of Michigan in 1971; an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the William Jewell College in 1971; and an Honorary D.Sc. from the Samford University in 1972.[6]

He was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1983,[14][36] and posthumously into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame, on October 4, 1997.[37][38]

In 1973, When Irwin visited the city of Minden, Louisiana, to address a gathering at the First Baptist Church, Mayor Tom Colten declared "James Irwin Day" and made Irwin an "honorary citizen of Minden."[39]

In media

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In the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon Irwin was played by Gareth Williams.[40]

Bibliography

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  • To Rule the Night: The Discovery Voyage of Astronaut Jim Irwin (with William A. Emerson, Jr., 1973)
  • More Than Earthlings (1983)
  • More Than an Ark on Ararat: Spiritual Lessons Learned While Searching for Noah's Ark (with Monte Unger, 1985)
  • Destination: Moon (1989)
  • Flight Of The Falcon: The Thrilling Adventures Of Colonel Jim Irwin (1991)

関連項目

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出典

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  1. ^ a b c d e Reynolds, David West (2002). Apollo: The Epic Journey to the Moon. Tehabi Books. pp. 166–189. ISBN 0-15-100964-3. https://archive.org/details/apolloepicjourne00reyn/page/166 
  2. ^ a b c “Astronaut-turned-evangelist dies of heart attack”. Eugene Register-Guard. Associated Press ((Oregon)): p. 7A. (August 10, 1991). https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MkdWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1eoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6982%2C2190550 
  3. ^ “A Who's Who on Apollo Crew”. Daily News (New York, New York): p. 12. (July 26, 1971). https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28980440/daily_news/ 
  4. ^ Allen, Sam (1985). To Ulster's Credit. Killinchy, UK. p. 123 
  5. ^ Interview with Jim Irwin's parents after his selection to NASA (1966, published at YouTube on January 17, 2018)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p “Biographical Data: James Irwin”. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (August 1991). April 2, 2021閲覧。
  7. ^ “Living With an American Hero | Latest Space News”. Echoesofapollo.com. August 10, 2011時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。April 23, 2015閲覧。
  8. ^ a b Flight of the Falcon: The Thrilling Adventures of Colonel Jim Irwin
  9. ^ “From Ike to athletes to Elmirans, surgeon touched many”. Star Gazette (September 18, 2015). December 10, 2017閲覧。
  10. ^ Wilford, John Noble (August 10, 1991). “James B. Irwin, 61, Ex-Astronaut; Founded Religious Organization”. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/10/us/james-b-irwin-61-ex-astronaut-founded-religious-organization.html 
  11. ^ “James Benson Irwin”. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  12. ^ Thompson, Ronald (April 5, 1966). “19 New Spacemen Are Named”. The High Point Enterprise (High Point, North Carolina): p. 2A. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28240973/the_high_point_enterprise/ 
  13. ^ “The Moon-Walker's New Clothes”. NASA (January 19, 1968). December 10, 2017閲覧。
  14. ^ a b c “International Space Hall of Fame :: New Mexico Museum of Space History :: Inductee Profile”. Nmspacemuseum.org. 2015年4月23日閲覧。
  15. ^ a b Woods, David (September 14, 2006). “Mountains of the Moon”. Apollo 15 Lunar Surface Journal. NASA. February 15, 2007閲覧。
  16. ^ a b Chaikin, Andrew (1998). A Man on the Moon. Toronto: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-027201-1 
  17. ^ a b Woods, David (May 28, 2004). “Apollo 15 Flight Summary”. Apollo Flight Journal. National Aeronautic and Space Administration. March 24, 2007時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。February 15, 2007閲覧。
  18. ^ a b c d e Kraft, Chris; Schefter, James L. (March 2001). Flight: My life in Mission Control. New York: Penguin Group. pp. 342–34. ISBN 0-525-94571-7. https://archive.org/details/flight00chri/page/342 
  19. ^ “Apollo 15 Technical Crew Debriefing”. NASA (August 14, 1971). January 26, 2017時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。December 10, 2017閲覧。
  20. ^ Worden, Al (July 2011). Falling to Earth: An Apollo 15 Astronaut's Journey to the Moon. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1588343093 
  21. ^ a b c d Wilford, John Noble (August 10, 1991). “James B. Irwin, 61, Ex-Astronaut; Founded Religious Organization”. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/10/us/james-b-irwin-61-ex-astronaut-founded-religious-organization.html September 17, 2016閲覧。 
  22. ^ “U.S. Returns Stamps to Former Astronauts”. The New York Times. Associated Press: p. 11. (July 30, 1983). オリジナルのJune 22, 2018時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20180622172049/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/30/us/us-returns-stamps-to-former-astronauts.html December 21, 2018閲覧。 
  23. ^ “The Bizarre, Tangled Tale of the Only Sculpture on the Moon”. Slate Magazine (December 16, 2013). April 29, 2019閲覧。
  24. ^ “Colonel James B. Irwin – About Us & Board”. Highflightfoundation.org. December 11, 2017時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。April 23, 2015閲覧。
  25. ^ Irwin, Mary; Harris, Madalene (1978) (英語). The Moon is Not Enough. Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 9780310370505. OCLC 3845054 
  26. ^ Howe, Marvine (September 18, 1983). “Rush To Climb Ararat Gives Town A Lift”. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/18/world/rush-to-climb-ararat-gives-a-town-a-lift.html September 17, 2016閲覧。 
  27. ^ “Colonel James Irwin: Creationist Astronaut”. Institute for Creation Research (from Acts & Facts. 42 (11)) (2013年). August 2, 2016閲覧。
  28. ^ Irwin, James B. (July 1983). More Than Earthlings: An Astronaut's Thoughts for Christ-Centered Living. Baptist Sunday School Board. ISBN 978-0805452556 
  29. ^ “Ex-Astronaut Apparently Has Heart Attack While Jogging”. The New York Times. (June 8, 1986). https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/08/us/ex-astronaut-apparently-has-heart-attack-while-jogging.html September 17, 2016閲覧。 
  30. ^ Arlington National Cemetery
  31. ^ “James Irwin Charter Schools”. James Irwin Charter Schools. April 14, 2024閲覧。
  32. ^ “Irwin backpack patch sale”. Antiques Roadshow Insider 7 (2): 11. (February 2007). 
  33. ^ “Masonic Astronauts”. Freemason Information (March 2015). August 20, 2018閲覧。
  34. ^ “Freemasons in Space”. Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. August 20, 2018閲覧。
  35. ^ “Civitan International Clergy Week”. Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. p. 4 (1974年). January 29, 2023閲覧。
  36. ^ Sheppard, David (October 2, 1983). “Space Hall Inducts 14 Apollo Program Astronauts”. El Paso Times (El Paso, Texas): p. 18. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29964158/el_paso_times/ 
  37. ^ “James B. Irwin | Astronaut Scholarship Foundation”. Astronautscholarship.org. April 23, 2015閲覧。
  38. ^ Meyer, Marilyn (October 2, 1997). “Ceremony to Honor Astronauts”. Florida Today (Cocoa, Florida): p. 2B. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28283877/florida_today/ 
  39. ^ Pop McDonald, "Mayor Makes Col. James Irwin an 'Honorary Citizen of Minden,'" Minden Press-Herald, February 26, 1973, p. 1.
  40. ^ “From the Earth to the Moon, Full Cast and Crew”. IMDb. December 4, 2017閲覧。

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