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利用者:安息香酸/sandbox

en:Byzantine Navy oldid=1156191513より翻訳。

新たなるムスリムの覇権

[編集]
サラセン人海賊の船団がクレタ島に向けて進軍している様子を描いた細密画。11世紀の歴史家ヨハネス・スキュリツェスの著作マドリード・スキュリツェス（英語版）に描かれている。

ビザンツ艦隊の地中海での覇権は9世紀まで続いたが、この頃になるとムスリム艦隊が再び勢力を増していき、ビザンツの覇権は終焉を迎えた。そしてふたたびムスリム勢力が地中海の覇権を握り最盛期を迎えた[1][2]。790年ごろにビザンツ艦隊はアンタリヤ湾（英語版）でムスリム艦隊に大敗を喫しており、またアッバース朝のカリフであるハールーン・アッラシードの治世の下でビザンツ領クレタ島・キプロス島に対する襲撃が活性化していることから、この頃には既にビザンツ艦隊の覇権に陰りが見え始めていたともいえる[3]。また9世紀になると、地中海周辺には新たな勢力が誕生しつつあった。カロリング帝国である。 

Around the Mediterranean, new powers were rising, foremost amongst them the Carolingian Empire, while in 803, the Pax Nicephori recognized the de facto independence of Byzantine Venice, which was further entrenched by the repulsion of a Byzantine attack in 809.[4] At the same time, in Ifriqiya, the new Aghlabid dynasty was established, which immediately engaged in raids throughout the central Mediterranean.[4]

The Byzantines, on the other hand, were weakened by a series of catastrophic defeats against the Bulgars, followed in 820 by the Revolt of Thomas the Slav, which attracted the support of a large part of the Byzantine armed forces, including the thematic fleets.[5] Despite its suppression, the revolt had severely depleted the Empire's defences. As a result, Crete fell between 824 and 827 to a band of Andalusian exiles. Three successive Byzantine recovery attempts failed over the next few years, and the island became a base for Muslim piratical activity in the Aegean, radically upsetting the balance of power in the region.[6][7] Despite some Byzantine successes over the Cretan corsairs, and the razing of Damietta by a Byzantine fleet of 85 ships in 853,[8] Arab naval power in the Levant was steadily reviving under Abbasid rule.[9] Further Byzantine attempts to recover Crete, in 843 and 866, were complete failures.[10]

"During that time [...] the Muslims gained control over the whole Mediterranean. Their power and domination over it was vast. The Christian nations could do nothing against the Muslim fleets, anywhere in the Mediterranean. All the time, the Muslims rode its wave for conquest."
Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddimah, III.32[11]

The situation was even worse in the West. A critical blow was inflicted on the Empire in 827, as the Aghlabids began the slow conquest of Sicily, aided by the defection of the Byzantine commander Euphemios and the island's thematic fleet.[9][12] In 838, the Muslims crossed over into Italy, taking Taranto and Brindisi, followed soon by Bari. Venetian operations against them were unsuccessful, and throughout the 840s, the Arabs were freely raiding Italy and the Adriatic, even attacking Rome in 846.[12] Attacks by the Lombards and Lothair I failed to dislodge the Muslims from Italy, while two large-scale Byzantine attempts to recover Sicily were heavily defeated in 840 and 859.[13] By 850, the Muslim fleets, together with large numbers of independent ghazi raiders, had emerged as the major power of the Mediterranean, putting the Byzantines and the Christians in general on the defensive.[9][14]

The same period, when a battered Byzantium defended itself against enemies on all fronts, also saw the emergence of a new, unexpected threat: the Rus' made their first appearance in Byzantine history with a raid against Paphlagonia in the 830s, followed by a major expedition in 860.[15][16]

  1. ^ Christides 1981, p. 76.
  2. ^ Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, p. 41.
  3. ^ Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, pp. 41–42.
  4. ^ a b Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, p. 45.
  5. ^ Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, pp. 45–46.
  6. ^ Christides 1981, pp. 76–106.
  7. ^ Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, pp. 46–47.
  8. ^ Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, p. 47.
  9. ^ a b c Gardiner 2004, p. 92.
  10. ^ Christides 1981, p. 92.
  11. ^ Ibn Khaldūn & Rosenthal 1969, p. 120.
  12. ^ a b Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, p. 48.
  13. ^ Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, pp. 48–49.
  14. ^ Pryor 1988, pp. 102–105.
  15. ^ Lewis & Runyan 1985, p. 30.
  16. ^ Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, p. 60.
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