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利用者:Akaniji/ヨハン・ルドルフ・グラウバー

ヨハン・ルドルフ・グラウバー
生誕 1604年[1]
ドイツ・マイン河畔カールシュタット[1]
死没 1670年[1]または1968年[2]
オランダ・アムステルダム[1]
居住 オランダ・アムステルダム[2]
研究分野 無機化学
主な業績 グラウバー塩
プロジェクト:人物伝
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ヨハン・ルドルフ・グラウバー（Johann Rudolph Glauber, 1604年 - 1670年3月10日）は、ドイツの錬金術師、化学者。塩（えん）の研究により、実証を重視する化学への端緒を開いた錬金術師である[3]。特に硫酸ナトリウムの工業的生産と下剤としての営業に成功したことで知られ[要出典]、このことから硫酸ナトリウムは「グラウバー塩」とも呼ばれる[4]。

執筆予定[編集]

  • 生涯
    • 錬金術師になるまで
    • 家庭的な側面
  • 業績
  • 著書
Johann Rudolf Glauber
ファイル:Johann Rudolf Glauber.jpg
生誕 1604?
Karlstadt am Main, Germany
死没 1670年3月10日(1670-03-10)（66歳没）
Amsterdam, Netherlands
国籍 German-Dutch
主な業績 "Glauber's salt"
プロジェクト:人物伝
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Johann Rudolf Glauber ( 1604 (?) – March 10, 1670), a German-Dutch alchemist and chemist. Some historians of science have described him as one of the first chemical engineers[5]. His discovery of sodium sulfate in 1625 led to the compound being named after him: "Glauber's salt".

Life[編集]

Born in 1604 in Karlstadt am Main, the son of a barber, he was one of a large family and did not finish school, but is thought to have studied pharmacy and visited a number of laboratories.[6] He himself said that he was glad that he had not suffered the grind of high school but had instead learned by experience. He lived in Vienna (1625), Salzburg, Giessen, Wertheim (1649-1651), Kitzingen (1651-1655), Basel, Paris, Frankfurt am Main, Cologne and Amsterdam (1640-1644, 1646-1649, 1656-death). He worked first manufacturing mirrors and later for two periods as Apothecary to the court in Giessen, the second time as the Chief Apothecary, leaving because of the Thirty Years War. In Amsterdam he built up a business manufacturing pharmaceuticals (including chemicals such as Glauber's salt). This led to both great financial success and in 1649 bankruptcy, which is the reason for his move from Amsterdam to Wertheim.

He married twice, and with his second wife Helena Cornelius (married 1641) had eight children.

In 1660 he became seriously ill, which has been attributed to poisoning from the various heavy metals used in his work[7], and in 1666 was crippled by a fall from a wagon and was confined to bed for the rest of his life. As a result he had to sell off books and equipment to provide for his family. He died on 16 March 1670 in Amsterdam.

Work[編集]

Glauber carried out studies on the chemistry of wine production and had commercial success by licensing improvements. He was also an apothecary, supplying medicines, and known for providing free medical treatment to the poors. However, he is known for his contributions to inorganic chemistry and the fact that he was able to live from the proceeds of chemical production based upon his discoveries, and was thus an industrial chemist. His improvements to chemical processes and equipments (notably furnaces and distillation devices[8]) make him an early chemical engineer.[5]

In particular he was first to produce concentrated hydrochloric acid. He also made an improved process for the manufacture of nitric acid in 1648, by heating potassium nitrate with concentrated sulphuric acid. His production of sodium sulfate, which he called sal mirabilis or "wonderful salt", brought him fame and the honour of being named "Glauber's salt". It was an effective but relatively safe laxative at a time when purging (emptying the digestive tract) was a popular treatment for many diseases.

The chemical garden (or silica garden) was first observed and described by Glauber in 1649.[8] In its original form, the chemical garden involved the introduction of ferrous chloride (FeCl2) crystals into a solution of potassium silicate (K2SiO3, water glass).

He was the first to synthesize and isolate antimony trichloride, arsenic trichloride, tin tetrachloride and zinc chloride.

In addition he wrote about 40 books. A visionary one is Dess Teutschlands Wohlfahrt (Germany's Prosperity) in which he proposed the chemical industries as a means for Germany's economic recovery after the Thirty Years War.

See also[編集]

Selected publications[編集]

  • Dess Teutschlands Wohlfahrt 1656-1661
  • Operis mineralis Oder Vieler künstlichen und nutzlichen metallischen Arbeiten Beschreibung, 1651-1652
  • Opera omnia (Collected Works), 7 vols 1669
  • De Auri Tinctura sive Auro Potabili Vero: Was solche sey/ vnnd wie dieselbe von einem falschen vnd Sophistischen Auro Potabili zu vnterscheiden vnd zu erkennen … wozu solche in Medicina könne gebraucht werden. Beschrieben vnd an Tag gegeben Durch Joh. Rud. Glauberum 1646
  • Furni Novi Philosophici Oder Beschreibung einer New-erfundenen Distilir-Kunst: Auch was für Spiritus, Olea, Flores, und andere dergleichen Vegetabilische/ Animalische/ und Mineralische Medicamenten/ damit … können zugericht und bereytet werden, 2 vols. 1646-1647
  • Miraculum Mundi, oder Außführliche Beschreibung der wunderbaren Natur/ Art/ vnd Eigenschafft/ deß Großmächtigen Subiecti: Von den Alten Menstruum Vniversale oder Mercurius Philosophorum genandt. . - an Tag geben/ vnd jetzo auff das newe corrigiret vnd verbesert Durch Iohann Rudolph Glaubern, 7 vols. 1653-1658
  • Johann Rudolf Glauberi Apologia oder Verthaidigung gegen Christoff Farners Lügen und Ehrabschneidung, 2 vols 1655
  • Zweyte Apologia, oder Ehrenrettung gegen Christoff Farnern, Speyerischen Thom-Stiffts Schaffnern zu Löchgaw, unmenschliche Lügen und Ehrabschneidung 1656
  • Tractatus De Medicina Universali, Sive Auro Potabili Vero. Oder Außführliche Beschreibung einer wahren Universal Medicin: wie auch deroselben Wunderbahrlichen grossen Krafft und Wirckung. . - Der jetzigen blinden Welt … wolmeinend beschrieben und an Tag gegeben Durch Johan. Rudolph. Glauber, 2 vols. 1657
  • Tractatus de natura salium, 2 vols 1658-1659
  • Tractatus de signatura salium, metallorum, et planetarum, sive fundamentalis institutio, evident. monstrans, quo pacto facillime non solum salium, metall., atque planetarum … supputari queant (1658)
  • Opera chymica: Bücher und Schrifften, so viel deren von ihme bißhero an Tag gegeben worden; jetzo vom neuen übersehen und vermehret (Collected Works), 2 vols 1658-1659
  • Explicatio oder Außlegung über die Wohrten Salomonis: In herbis, verbis, et lapidibus, magna est virtus, 2 vols. 1663-1664
  • Libellus dialogorum, sive colloquia, nonnullorum Hermeticae medicinae, ac tincturae universalis 1663
  • Novum lumen chimicum: oder e. new-erfundenen u.d. Weldt noch niemahlen bekand-gemachten hohen Secreti Offenbarung 1664
  • Von den dreyen Anfangen der Metallen, alß Schwefel, Mercurio und Salz der Weisen 1666
  • Tractatus de tribus principiis metallorum, videlicet sulphure, mercurio et sale philosophorum, quemadmodzum illa in medicina, alchymia aliisque artibus associatis utiliter adhiberi valeant 1667
  • Glauberus Concentratus Oder Laboratorium Glauberianum: Darinn die Specification, vnd Taxation dehren Medicinalischen/ vnd Chymischen Arcanitäten begriffen; Sambt Aller dehren künstlichen Oefen vnd Instrumenten … Durch Den Authorem … obgedachter Raritäten … an tag gegeben 1668
  • De Elia artista 1667
  • De tribus lapidibus ignium secretorum: Oder von den drey Alleredelsten Gesteinen 1667
  • De lapide animali 1669
  • Libellus ignium: Oder Feuer-Buechlein, Darinnen von unterschiedlichen frembden und biß Dato noch gantz unbekandten Feuern gehandelt: Wozu sie dienen und was für unglaubliche Dinge und unaußsprechlicher Nutzen dem Menschlichen Geschlecht dadurch kommen und zu wegen gebracht werden koenne. Zu Gottes Ehre und Dienst deß Nechsten wolmeinend beschrieben und an Tag gegeben durch Joh. Rudoph. Glauberum 1663

External sources[編集]

Further reading[編集]

  • [1]John T. Young (1998) Faith, Medical Alchemy and Natural Philosophy: Johann Moriaen, Reformed Intelligencer, and the Hartlib Circle (Aldershot: Ashgate) Chapter 6: Universal Medicines: Johann Rudolph Glauber and his Reception in England

Notes and references[編集]

  1. ^ a b c d Dietrich, H.; Eschnauer, H. R.; Görtges, S.; Kreck, M.; Patz, C.-D.; Schwedt, G. (2005), “Vinum Glauberi" von Johann Rudolph Glauber - von Tresterwein und Weinsäure = Vinum Glauberi" - Wine made from grape pomace”, Deutsche Lebensmittel Rundschau (ハンブルク: B. BEHR'S Verlag) 101 (10): 457-463, ISSN 0012-0413, http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17172704 2009年11月2日閲覧。 
  2. ^ a b 嘉陽 英朗 (2002), “畑の錬金術 16-17世紀イギリス農学と錬金術化学”, 経済論叢別冊 調査と研究 (京都大学経済学会) 25: 51, http://hdl.handle.net/2433/44545 2009年10月31日閲覧。 
  3. ^ Leicester, Henry M.; Klickstein, Herbert S., eds. (1968), A Source Book in Chemistry, 1400-1900, Source Books in the History of the Sciences, Harvard University Press, pp. 30-31, ISBN 978-0-674-82230-6 
  4. ^ 石綿敏雄, ed. (1990), “グラウバー塩”, 基本外来語辞典, 東京堂出版, ISBN 4-490-10272-0 
  5. ^ a b Herman Skolnik in W. F. Furter (ed) (1982) A Century of Chemical Engineering ISBN 0-306-40895-3 page 230 "Some historians of science consider Glauber as one of the first chemical engineers as he developed processes for the manufacture of sulfuric,nitric, acetic, and hydrochloric acids"
  6. ^ This section incorporates material from the German Wikipedia and the Galileo Project which are referenced to German sources
  7. ^ Mercury was used in silvering mirrors and also in medicine. Arsenic and antimony were used in medicines. Lead was used in the preparation of acids. These are all cumulative poisons.
  8. ^ a b Johann Rudolf Glauber, Furni Novi Philosophici. (English translation = New scientific furnaces, or description of a new art of distillation: also by which spirits, oils, essences and other animal/vegetable/mineral medicaments can be prepared), Amsterdam, 1646
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