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利用者:Akaniji/知的財産保護法 (2011年)

知的財産保護法 (2011年)
アメリカ合衆国の国章
正式題名"Preventing Real Online Threats to Economic Creativity and Theft of Intellectual Property Act." —S. 968
頭字語(口語)PROTECT IP Act, PIPA, PIA
立法経緯
  • Patrick Leahy (D-VT)議員が2011年5月12日にS 968として元老院に提出。
  • 上院司法委員会で審議。

知的財産保護法 (2011年)（英：PROTECT IP Act; Preventing Real Online Threats to Economic Creativity and Theft of Intellectual Property Act of 2011。知的財産の窃盗と電気通信における経済的な創造性に対する現実的な脅威の防止に関する法律、2011年合衆国元老院法案第968号）は、米国の知的財産に関する法案。法律の目的として、米国政府と著作権者に「権利侵害や模造にあたる品物を専門に扱っている狂暴なウェブサイト」（特に米国外で登録されたもの）への接続を阻止する追加の手段を与えることが明記されている[1]。2011年5月12日に提起された法案で、提起者はパトリック・リエイ（英語版）上院議員（D-VT[2]）[3]と11人の初期の超党派の共同発起人である。米議会予算局（英語版）の試算によれば、法案の履行には、実施の費用と、調査官22人と支援職員26人の新規雇用と訓練で、2016年までに連邦政府の経費として合計4700万ドルを要する[4]。本法案は上院司法委員会（英語版）を通過したが、ロン・ワイデン（英語版）上院議員（D-OR）により保留[5]とされた[6] 。

本法案は、2010年に可決に至らなかった電気通信における権利侵害および偽造の規制に関する法律（英語版）（COICA）を書き換えたものである[7]。2011年10月26日には下院において、この法案に類似した電気通信における海賊版の禁止に関する法律（英語版）（SOPA）[8]が提起されている[9]。

Contents[編集]

The PROTECT IP Act[10] defines infringement as distribution of illegal copies, counterfeit goods or anti-DRM technology, and infringement exists if "facts or circumstances suggest [the site] is used, primarily as a means for engaging in, enabling, or facilitating the activities described". The bill says it does not alter existing substantive trademark or copyright law.[11]

The bill provides for "enhancing enforcement against rogue websites operated and registered overseas", and authorizes the United States Department of Justice to seek a court order in rem against websites dedicated to infringing activities themselves, if through due diligence an individual owner or operator cannot be located.[12] The bill requires the Attorney General to serve notice to the defendant.[13] Once the court issues an order, it could then be served on financial transaction providers, Internet advertising services, Internet service providers, and information location tools to require them to stop financial transactions with the rogue site and stop linking to it.[14] The term "information location tool" is borrowed from the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and is understood to refer to search engines, but could cover other sites that link to content.[15]

「 The Protect IP Act says that an "information location tool shall take technically feasible and reasonable measures, as expeditiously as possible, to remove or disable access to the Internet site associated with the domain name set forth in the order". In addition, it must delete all hyperlinks to the offending "Internet site".[16] 」

Nonauthoritative domain name servers would be ordered to take technically feasible and reasonable steps to prevent the domain name from resolving to the IP address of a website that had been found by the court to be “dedicated to infringing activities.”[17] The website could still be reached by its IP address, but links or users that used the website’s domain name would not reach it. Also search engines—such as the already protesting Google—would be ordered to “(i) remove or disable access to the Internet site associated with the domain name set forth in the [court] order; or (ii) not serve a hypertext link to such Internet site.”[18] Furthermore, trademark and copyright holders who have been harmed by the activities of a website dedicated to infringing activities would be able to apply for a court injunction against the domain name to compel financial transaction providers and Internet advertising services to stop processing transactions to and placing ads on the website, but would not be able to obtain the domain name remedies available to the Attorney General.[19]

Supporters[編集]

The PROTECT IP Act has received bipartisan support in the Senate, with introduction sponsorship by Patrick Leahy (D-VT), and co-sponsorship by 39 Senators.[20]

The bill is also supported by copyright and trademark owners in business, industry and labor groups, spanning all sectors of the economy. Supporters include the National Cable & Telecommunications Association, the Independent Film & Television Alliance, the National Association of Theatre Owners, the Motion Picture Association of America, the Directors Guild of America, the American Federation of Musicians, the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees, the Screen Actors Guild, International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Nashville Songwriters Association International, Songwriters Guild of America, Viacom, Institute for Policy Innovation, Macmillan Publishers, Acushnet, Recording Industry Association of America, Copyright Alliance and NBCUniversal.[21][22]

The U.S. Chamber of Commerce and AFL-CIO have come together in support of the bill. In May and September of 2011, two letters signed by 170 and 359 businesses and organizations, respectively—including names such as National Association of Manufactures (NAM), the Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council, Nike, 1-800 Pet Meds, L’Oreal, Rosetta Stone, Pfizer, Ford Motor Company, Revlon, NBA, and Sony—were sent to Congress endorsing the Act and encouraging the passage of legislation to protect intellectual property and shut down rogue websites.[23][24][25] Support for the bill has also come from noted constitutional expert Floyd Abrams, who issued a letter to Congress asserting that the PROTECT IP Act is constitutionally sound.

Opponents[編集]

Oregon Senator Ron Wyden (D) has publicly voiced opposition to the legislation, and placed a Senate hold on it in May 2011, citing concerns over possible damage to freedom of speech, innovation, and Internet integrity.[26]

The legislation is opposed by the Electronic Frontier Foundation,[27] Yahoo!, eBay, American Express, Google,[28] Reporters Without Borders, and Human Rights Watch,[29] as well as numerous other businesses and individuals, pro bono, civil, human rights and consumer rights groups, and education and library institutions.[30] Internet entrepreneurs including Reid Hoffman of LinkedIn, Twitter co-founder Evan Williams, and Foursquare co-founder Dennis Crowley signed a letter to Congress expressing their opposition to the legislation.[31] The Tea Party Patriots have argued that the bill "is bad for consumers".[32] A letter of opposition was signed by 130 technology entrepreneurs and executives and sent to Congress to express their concern that the law in its present form would "hurt economic growth and chill innovation in legitimate services that help people create, communicate, and make money online".[33]

Reception[編集]

Technical issues[編集]

According to Sherwin Siy of Public Knowledge, past attempts to limit copyright infringement online by way of blocking domains have always generated criticism that blocking domains would fracture the Domain Name System (DNS) and threaten global functioning of the Internet, with this bill being no different. By design, all domain name servers world-wide should contain identical lists; with the changes proposed, servers inside the United States would have records different from their global counterparts, making URLs less universal.[34][35]

Five Internet engineers, Steve Crocker, David Dagon, Dan Kaminsky, Danny McPherson and Paul Vixie have prepared a whitepaper[36] suggesting that the DNS filtering provisions in the bill "raise serious technical and security concerns" and would "break the Internet", while other engineers and proponents of the act have called those concerns groundless and without merit.[37][38][39][40][41][42] One particular concern expressed by network experts is that hackers would offer workarounds to private users to allow access to government-seized sites, but these workarounds might also jeopardize security by redirecting unsuspecting users to scam websites. Supporters of the bill, such as the MPAA, have argued that widespread circumvention of the filtering would be unlikely. The CEO of the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation compared the DNS provisions to car door locks, noting that while they aren't foolproof against thieves, we should still use them.[43][42] A browser plugin called MAFIAAFire Redirector already exists that redirects visitors to an alternative domain when a site's primary domain has been seized. The Mozilla Foundation says that United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) requested by phone that Mozilla remove the plugin, a request with which they have not yet complied. Instead, Mozilla's legal counsel has asked for further information from the DHS, including legal justification for the request.[44]

The bill has been described by critics as effectively creating a blacklist.[要出典] However, only a court order specifically addressing a particular domain name triggers the requirement to cut off activity with it (once multiple court orders are in effect a list will form).

Civil liberties issues[編集]

Floyd Abrams said “The Protect IP Act neither compels nor prohibits free speech or communication… the bill sets a high bar in defining when a website or domain is eligible for potential actions by the Attorney General…”.[45] The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation likewise supports the PROTECT IP Act and has said that concerns about the domain name remedy in the legislation are undercut by the already ongoing use of that approach to counter spam and malware.[46]

The bill has been criticized by Abigail Phillips of Electronic Frontier Foundation for not being specific about what constitutes an infringing web site. For example, if WikiLeaks were accused of distributing copyrighted content, U.S. search engines could be served a court order to block search results pointing to Wikileaks. Requiring search engines to remove links to an entire website altogether due to an infringing page would raise free speech concerns regarding lawful content hosted elsewhere on the site.[27]

Google chairman Eric Schmidt has stated that the measures called for in the PROTECT IP Act are overly simple solutions to a complex problem, and that the precedent set by pruning DNS entries is bad from the viewpoint of free speech and would be a step toward less permissive Internet environments, such as China's. As chairman of the company that owns the world's largest search engine, Schmidt has declared "if there is a law that requires DNSs to do X and it's passed by both Houses of Congress and signed by the President of the United States and we disagree with it then we would still fight it."[47]

Business and innovation issues[編集]

A legal analysis by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) notes concerns by opponents such as American Express and Google that the inclusion of a private cause of action would result in stifled Internet innovation, protect outdated business models and at the cost of an overwhelming number of suits from content producers.[48] "Legislation should not include a private right of action that would invite suits by 'trolls' to extort settlements from intermediaries or sites who are making good faith efforts to comply with the law," Google vice-president and Chief Counsel Kent Walker has said in Congressional testimony. [49]

"Rogue sites jeopardize jobs for film and TV workers," according to the Motion Picture Association of America, which cites several government and independent industry studies on the effects of online piracy, including a report[50] by Envisional Ltd. that concluded one quarter of the content on the internet infringes copyright.[51][52][53] The Recording Industry Association of America points to a 2007 study[54] by the Institute for Policy Innovation that found that online piracy caused $12.5 billion dollars in losses to the U.S. economy as well as more than 70,000 lost jobs.[55][56]

"If we need to amend the DMCA, let's do it with a negotiation between the interested parties, not with a bill written by the content industry's lobbyists and jammed through Congress on a fast track," urged venture capitalist and Business Insider columnist Fred Wilson in an October 29th editorial on the changes that the current House and Senate versions of the proposed legislation would make to the safe harbor provisions of the DMCA. "Companies like Apple, Google, Facebook, and startups like Dropbox, Kickstarter, and Twilio are the leading exporters and job creators of this time. They are the golden goose of the economy and we cannot kill the golden goose to protect industries in decline," he said. [57]

関連項目[編集]

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ “Senate bill amounts to death penalty for Web sites”. CNet (2011年5月12日). 2011年11月7日閲覧。
  2. ^ 略語凡例
    議員名直後の(X-YY)
    Xは政党、YYは州名。DはDemocratic Party（民主党）、RはRepublican Party（共和党）など。州名の略号はアメリカ合衆国の州を参照。
  3. ^ “S. 968: Preventing Real Online Threats to Economic Creativity and Theft of Intellectual Property Act of 2011”. GovTrack. 2011年5月22日閲覧。
  4. ^ CBO Scores PROTECT IP Act; The Hill; August 19, 2011
  5. ^ 米国上院の保留制度についてはen:Senate holdを参照。日本語の解説としては松橋（2003年）や松橋（2004年）などがある。
  6. ^ Wyden, Ron. “Overreaching Legislation Still Poses a Significant Threat to Internet Commerce, Innovation and Free Speech.”. Sovreign. 2011年5月28日閲覧。
  7. ^ “Americans face piracy website blocking”. BBC. (2011年5月13日). http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-13387795 2011年5月24日閲覧。 
  8. ^ Stop Online Piracy Act, 112th Cong., Oct 26, 2011. Retrieved Nov 7, 2011.
  9. ^ Feds to Blacklist Piracy Sites Under House Proposal; Wired; October 26, 2011
  10. ^ Bill Text - Protect IP Act
  11. ^ See PROTECT IP Act of 2011, S. 968, 112th Cong. § 6; “Text of S. 968,” Govtrack.us. May 26, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.
  12. ^ PROTECT IP Act of 2011, S. 968, 112th Cong. § 3(b)(1); “Text of S. 968,” Govtrack.us. May 26, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.
  13. ^ PROTECT IP Act of 2011, S. 968, 112th Cong. § 3(c)(1); “Text of S. 968,” Govtrack.us. May 26, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.
  14. ^ PROTECT IP Act of 2011, S. 968, 112th Cong. § 3(d)(2); “Text of S. 968,” Govtrack.us. May 26, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.
  15. ^ 17 U.S.C. § 512 (d).
  16. ^ PROTECT IP Act of 2011, S. 968, 112th Cong. § 3(d)(2)(D); “Text of S. 968,” Govtrack.us. May 26, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011. Bill Text - Protect IP Act
  17. ^ PROTECT IP Act of 2011, S. 968, 112th Cong. § 3(d)(2)(A)(i); “Text of S. 968,” Govtrack.us. May 26, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.
  18. ^ PROTECT IP Act of 2011, S. 968, 112th Cong. § 3(d)(2)(D); “Text of S. 968,” Govtrack.us. May 26, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.
  19. ^ PROTECT IP Act of 2011, S. 968, 112th Cong. § 4(d)(2); “Text of S. 968,” Govtrack.us. May 26, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.
  20. ^ Bill Summary & Status 112th Congress (2011 - 2012), “S.968 Cosponsors,” Bill Summary & Status
  21. ^ Spence, Kate (2011年5月12日). “A Broad Coalition Indeed!”. 2011年6月11日閲覧。
  22. ^ In Support of "Protect IP Act"; May 25, 2011
  23. ^ Chamber Presses Gas Pedal on IP Push; Politico - Morning Tech; September 22, 2011
  24. ^ Endorsement by 170 Businesses; Chamber of Commerce Global IP Center; May 25, 2011
  25. ^ Letter to Congress in Support of Legislation; Chamber of Commerce Global IP Center; September 22, 2011
  26. ^ “Wyden Places Hold on Protect IP Act”. wyden.senate.gov (2011年5月26日). Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  27. ^ a b Phillips, Abigail. “The "PROTECT IP" Act: COICA Redux”. 2011年5月22日閲覧。
  28. ^ Gaitonde, Rahul (2011年5月27日). “Senate Committee Passes PROTECT IP Act But Wyden Issues Quick Halt”. Broadband Breakfast. 2011年5月28日閲覧。
  29. ^ The Undersigned (2011), Public Interest Letter to Senate Committee on the Judiciary in Opposition to S. 968, PROTECT IP Act of 2011, pp. 1–2, http://www.publicknowledge.org/files/docs/Publicinterest%20968letter.pdf 2011年5月30日閲覧。 
  30. ^ Policing the Internet; Los Angeles Times; June 7, 2011
  31. ^ Tech Entrepreneurs Oppose Online Copyright Bill; The Hill; September 8, 2011
  32. ^ Tea Party Group Slams Online Copyright Bill; The Hill; September 26, 2011
  33. ^ Opinion File pdfs; Los Angeles Times; September 4, 2011
  34. ^ Siy, Sherwin. “COICA v. 2.0: the PROTECT IP Act”. Policy Blog. Public Knowledge. 2011年5月24日閲覧。
  35. ^ Senate Panel Approves Controversial Copyright Bill; PC World; May 26, 2011
  36. ^ PROTECT IP Technical Whitepaper; May 12, 2011
  37. ^ Debunking DNS Filtering Concerns; High Tech Forum; June 24, 2011
  38. ^ New tools to combat thieves online; The Daily Caller; October 25, 2011
  39. ^ Engineers: Protect IP Act would break DNS; PC World - Australia; July 15, 2011
  40. ^ David Kravets (2011年5月31日). “Internet Researchers Decry DNS-Filtering Legislation”. Wired.com. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  41. ^ Declan McCullagh (2011年6月7日). “Protect IP copyright bill faces growing criticism”. CNet News. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  42. ^ a b Stopping the Pirates Who Roam the Web; The New York Times; June 17, 2011
  43. ^ Internet Bill Could Help Hackers, Experts Warn; NationalJournal; July 14, 2011
  44. ^ Mozilla fights DHS over anti-MPAA, RIAA utility; CNET News; May 6, 2011
  45. ^ Letter from Floyd Abrams, to Chairman Leahy, Ranking Member Grassley, and Senator Hatch, (May 23, 2011), Letter of Support (accessed June 23, 2011)
  46. ^ Hearings Before the Committee on Judiciary Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, Competition, and the Internet; Page 10; March 14, 2011
  47. ^ Halliday, Josh (2011年5月18日). “Google boss: anti-piracy laws would be disaster for free speech”. The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/may/18/google-eric-schmidt-piracy 2011年5月24日閲覧。 
  48. ^ Brian Yeh, Jonathan Miller (July 7, 2011), [http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41911.pdf A Legal Analysis of S. 968, the PROTECT IP Act], Congressional Research Service, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41911.pdf 
  49. ^ Nate Anderson (April 6, 2011), “Google: don't give private "trolls" Web censorship power”, Law and Disorder, http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/04/google-private-web-censorship-lawsuits-would-create-trolls.ars 
  50. ^ Technical Report: An Estimate of Infringing Use of the Internet; Envisional Ltd.; January 26, 2011
  51. ^ Rogue Websites; Motion Picture Association of America; March 30, 2011
  52. ^ Industry Reports; Motion Picture Association of America; March 30, 2011
  53. ^ The Cost of Content Theft by the Numbers; Motion Picture Association of America
  54. ^ Executive Summary; Institute for Policy Innovation;
  55. ^ Piracy according to the RIAA
  56. ^ Scope of the Problem; Recording Industry Association of America
  57. ^ Fred Wilson (October 29, 2011), “Protecting The Safe Harbors Of The DMCA And Protecting Jobs”, A VC, http://articles.businessinsider.com/2011-10-29/tech/30338451_1_online-piracy-negotiation-dmca 

参考文献[編集]

外部リンク[編集]

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