利用者:Akira YL/性的奴隷

種類[編集]

成年の商業的性的搾取[編集]

詳細は「Sex trafficking」を参照

Commercial sexual exploitation of adults (often referred to as "sex trafficking")[1] is a type of human trafficking involving the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of people, by coercive or abusive means for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Commercial sexual exploitation is not the only form of human trafficking and estimates vary as to the percentage of human trafficking which is for the purpose of transporting someone into sexual slavery.

The BBC News cited a report by UNODC as listing the most common destinations for victims of human trafficking in 2007 as Thailand, Japan, Israel, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Turkey and the US. The report lists Thailand, China, Nigeria, Albania, Bulgaria, Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine as major sources of trafficked persons.[2]

児童の商業的性的搾取[編集]

詳細は「Commercial sexual exploitation of children」を参照

Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) includes 児童売春 (or child sex trafficking), child sex tourism, child pornography, or other forms of 商業的 sex with children. The Youth Advocate Program International (YAPI) describes CSEC as a form of coercion and violence against children and a contemporary form of slavery.[3][4]

A declaration of the World Congress Against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, held in Stockholm in 1996, defined CSEC as, "sexual abuse by the adult and remuneration in cash or in kind to the child or to a third person or persons. The child is treated as a sexual object and as a commercial object".[4]

児童買春[編集]

詳細は「児童買春」を参照

Child prostitution, or child sex trafficking, is a form of sexual slavery.[5] It is the commercial sexual exploitation of children, in which a child performs the services of prostitution, usually for the financial benefit of an adult.

India's federal police said in 2009 that they believed around 1.2 million children in India to be involved in prostitution.[6] A CBI statement said that studies and surveys sponsored by the Ministry of Women and Child Development estimated about 40% of India's prostitutes to be children.[6]

Thailand's Health System Research Institute reported that children in prostitution make up 40% of prostitutes in Thailand.[7]

In some parts of the world, child prostitution is tolerated or ignored by the authorities. Reflecting an attitude which prevails in many developing countries, a judge from Honduras said, on condition of anonymity: "If the victim [the child prostitute] is older than 12, if he or she refuses to file a complaint and if the parents clearly profit from their child's commerce, we tend to look the other way".[8]

児童セックスツーリズム[編集]

詳細は「Child sex tourism」を参照

Child sex tourism is a form child sex trafficking, and is mainly centered on buying and selling children into sexual slavery.[9][10] It is when an adult travels to a foreign country for the purpose of engaging in commercially facilitated child sexual abuse.[11] Child sex tourism results in both mental and physical consequences for the exploited children, that may include "disease (including HIV/AIDS), drug addiction, pregnancy, malnutrition, social ostracism, and possibly death", according to the State Department of the United States.[11] Thailand, Cambodia, India, Brazil and Mexico have been identified as leading hotspots of child sexual exploitation.[12]

児童ポルノ[編集]

詳細は「Child pornography」を参照

Child pornography, sometimes referred to as 'child abuse images',[13][14][15] refers to images or films depicting sexually explicit activities involving a child. As such, child pornography is often a visual record of 児童性的虐待.[16][17][18] Abuse of the child occurs during the sexual acts which are photographed in the production of child pornography,[16][17][19][20] and the effects of the abuse on the child (and continuing into maturity) are compounded by the wide distribution and lasting availability of the photographs of the abuse.[21][22][23]

Child sex trafficking often involves child pornography.[9] Children are commonly purchased and sold for sexual purposes without the parents knowing. In these cases, children are often used to produce child pornography, especially sadistic forms of child pornography where they may be tortured.[9]

強制売春[編集]

詳細は「Forced prostitution」を参照

Most, if not all, forms of forced prostitution may be viewed as a kind of sexual slavery.[24] The terms "forced prostitution" and "enforced prostitution" appear in international and humanitarian conventions but have been insufficiently understood and inconsistently applied. "Forced prostitution" generally refers to conditions of control over a person who is coerced by another to engage in sexual activity.[25]

The issue of consent in prostitution is hotly debated. Opinion in places such as Europe has been divided over the question of whether prostitution should be considered as a free choice or as inherently exploitative of women.[26] The law in Sweden, Norway and Iceland – where it is illegal to pay for sex, but not to sell sexual services – is based on the notion that all forms of prostitution are inherently exploitative, opposing the notion that prostitution can be voluntary.[27] In contrast, prostitution is a recognized profession in countries such as the Netherlands and Germany.

In 1949 the 国際連合総会UN General Assembly adopted the 人身売買及び他人の売春からの搾取の禁止に関する条約 (the 1949 Convention). The 1949 Convention supersedes a number of earlier conventions that covered some aspects of forced prostitution. Signatories are charged with three obligations under the 1949 Convention: prohibition of trafficking, specific administrative and enforcement measures, and social measures aimed at trafficked persons. The 1949 Convention presents two shifts in perspective of the trafficking problem in that it views prostitutes as victims of the procurers, and in that it eschews the terms "white slave traffic" and "women," using for the first time race- and gender-neutral language.[28] Article 1 of the 1949 Convention provides punishment for any person who "[p]rocures, entices or leads away, for purposes of prostitution, another person" or "[e]xploits the prostitution of another person, even with the consent of that person." To fall under the provisions of the 1949 Convention, the trafficking need not cross international lines.[28]

強制結婚[編集]

強制結婚A forced marriage is a marriage where one or both participants are married, without their freely given consent.[29] Forced marriage is a form of sexual slavery.[30][31] Causes for forced marriages include customs such as 花嫁代償bride price and花嫁の持参金 dowry; poverty; the importance given to female premarital virginity; 家の名誉"family honor"; the fact that marriage is considered in certain communities a social arrangement between the extended families of the bride and groom; limited education and economic options; perceived protection of cultural or religious traditions; assisting immigration.[32][33][34][35][36] Forced marriage is most common in parts of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.[37]

人道に対する罪[編集]

The 国際刑事裁判所ローマ規程Rome Statute Explanatory Memorandum, which defines the jurisdiction of the 国際刑事裁判所International Criminal Court, recognizes rape, sexual slavery, forced prostitution, 強制妊娠, 強制断種, "or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity" as 人道に対する罪 if the action is part of a widespread or systematic practice.[38][39] Sexual slavery was first recognized as a crime against humanity when the 旧ユーゴスラビア国際戦犯法廷International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia issued arrest warrants based on the ジュネーヴ諸条約Geneva Conventions and Violations of the Laws or Customs of War. Specifically, it was recognised that Muslim women in フォチャFoča (southeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina) were subjected to systematic and widespread gang rape, torture and sexual enslavement by Bosnian Serb soldiers, policemen, and members of paramilitary groups after the takeover of the city in April 1992.[40] The indictment was of major legal significance and was the first time that sexual assaults were investigated for the purpose of prosecution under the rubric of torture and enslavement as a crime against humanity.[40] The indictment was confirmed by a 2001 verdict by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia that rape and sexual enslavement are crimes against humanity. This ruling challenged the widespread acceptance of rape and sexual enslavement of women as an intrinsic part of war.[41] The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia found three Bosnian Serb men guilty of rape of ボシュニャク人Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) women and girls – some as young as 12 and 15 years of age – in Foča, eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. The charges were brought as crimes against humanity and war crimes. Furthermore, two of the men were found guilty of the crime against humanity of sexual enslavement for holding women and girls captive in a number of de facto detention centers. Many of the women had subsequently disappeared.[41]

In areas controlled by Islamic militants, non-Muslim women are enslaved in occupied territories. Many Islamists see the abolition of slavery as forced upon Muslims by the West and want to revive the practice of slavery.[42][43][44] (See: Slavery in 21st-century Islamism). In areas controlled by カトリック教会＃聖職者と組織Catholic priests, clerical abuse of nuns, including sexual slavery, has been acknowledged by the ローマ教皇Pope.[45][46]

誘拐婚[編集]

詳細は「誘拐婚」を参照
The Rape of the Sabine Women, by Nicolas Poussin, Rome, 1637–38 (Louvre Museum)

個人と集団で違うことがある（集団＝Raptio）

Bride kidnapping, also known as marriage by abduction or marriage by captive, is a form of forced marriage practised in some traditional cultures. Bride kidnapping has reportedly occurred in countries spanning Central Asia, the Caucasus region, parts of Africa, and among the Hmong in southeast Asia, the Tzeltal in Mexico, and the Romani in Europe.[要出典] Though the motivations behind bride kidnapping vary by region, the cultures with traditions of marriage by abduction are generally patriarchal with a strong social stigma against sex or pregnancy outside marriage and 嫡出illegitimate births.[47][48] In most cases, however, the men who resort to capturing a wife are often of lower social status, whether because of poverty, disease, poor character or criminality. In some cases, the couple collude together to elope under the guise of a bride kidnapping, presenting their parents with a fait accompli.[47][49] These men are sometimes deterred from legitimately seeking a wife because of the payment the woman's family expects, the bride price (not to be confused with a dowry, paid by the woman's family).[47][50]

The Mongol invasion of Hungary. The Mongols, with captured women, are on the left, the Hungarians, with one saved woman, on the right.

Bride kidnapping is distinguished from raptio in that the former refers to the abduction of one woman by one man (and/or his friends and relatives), and is often a widespread and ongoing practice. The latter refers to the large-scale abduction of women by groups of men, most frequently in a time of war (see also war rape).[要出典] The Latin term raptio refers to abduction of women, either for marriage or enslavement (particularly sexual slavery). In カトリック教会カノン法, raptio refers to the legal prohibition of matrimony if the bride was abducted forcibly (Canon 1089 カノン法#カトリック教会).

The practice of raptio is surmised to have existed since anthropological antiquity. In新石器時代のヨーロッパ Neolithic Europe, excavation of a線帯文土器文化 Linear Pottery culture site at Austria, unearthed the remains of numerous slain victims. Among them, young adult females and children were clearly under-represented, suggesting that perhaps the attackers had killed the men but abducted the young females.[51]

武力紛争と戦争時における性的奴隷[編集]

Rape and sexual violence have accompanied warfare in virtually every known historical era.[52] Before the 19th century, military circles supported the notion that all persons, including unarmed women and children, were still the enemy, with the belligerent (nation or person engaged in conflict) having conquering rights over them.[53] "To the victor goes the spoils" has been a war cry for centuries and women were included as part of the spoils of war.[54] Institutionalised sexual slavery and enforced prostitution have been documented in a number of wars, most notably the Second World War (See #During the Second World War) and in the War in Bosnia.

  1. ^ Lemke, Melinda Anne (2015). Politics, policy, and normative state culture: Texas trafficking policy and education as a medium for social change. Dissertation (Thesis). p. 2. doi:10.15781/T2HS79. University of Texas Librariesより。
  2. ^ “UN highlights human trafficking”. BBC News. (2007年3月26日). オリジナルの2011年3月26日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20110326061046/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6497799.stm 2010年4月6日閲覧。 
  3. ^ “Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) and Child Trafficking”. Youth Advocate Program International (2013年12月16日). 2012年6月29日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年7月8日閲覧。
  4. ^ a b Clift, Stephen; Carter, Simon (2000). Tourism and Sex. Cengage Learning EMEA. pp. 75–78. ISBN 978-1-85567-636-7 
  5. ^ Flowers, R. Barri (2011). Prostitution in the Digital Age: Selling Sex from the Suite to the Street: Selling Sex from the Suite to the Street. ABC-CLIO. p. 34. ISBN 978-0313384615. https://books.google.com/books?id=cbxvF88mUxMC&pg=PA34 2017年10月28日閲覧。 
  6. ^ a b “Official: More than 1M child prostitutes in India”. CNN. (2009年5月11日). オリジナルの2010年3月29日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20100329064348/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/05/11/india.prostitution.children/index.html 2010年4月6日閲覧。 
  7. ^ “Trafficking in Minors for Commercial Sexual Exploitation - Thailand”. 2005年12月22日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年6月26日閲覧。
  8. ^ “Child prostitution: the ugliest part of tourism”. Thepanamanews.com. 2012年6月25日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年7月8日閲覧。
  9. ^ a b c Christiane Sanderson (2004). The Seduction of Children: Empowering Parents and Teachers to Protect Children from Child Sexual Abuse. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 53. ISBN 978-1846420603. https://archive.org/details/seductionofchild0000sand 2017年10月28日閲覧。 
  10. ^ Territo, Leonard; Kirkham, George (2010). International Sex Trafficking of Women & Children: Understanding the Global Epidemic. Looseleaf Law Publications. p. 435. ISBN 978-1932777864. https://books.google.com/books?id=z0aiWVfPiakC&pg=PA435 2017年10月28日閲覧。 
  11. ^ a b “The Facts About Child Sex Tourism”. Fact Sheet. US Dept of State, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (2008年2月29日). 2019年1月13日閲覧。
  12. ^ “RIGHTS-MEXICO: 16,000 Victims of Child Sexual Exploitation”. IPS. 2012年3月26日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年6月16日閲覧。 “International organisations fighting child sex tourism say Mexico is one of the leading hotspots of child sexual exploitation, along with Thailand, Cambodia, India, and Brazil.”
  13. ^ Richard Wortley; Stephen Smallbone (2006). Situational Prevention Of Child Sexual Abuse, Volume 19 of Crime prevention studies. Criminal Justice Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-881798-61-3 
  14. ^ Christiane Sanderson (2004). The seduction of children: empowering parents and teachers to protect children from child sexual abuse. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-84310-248-9 
  15. ^ Yaman Akdeniz (2008). Internet child pornography and the law: national and international responses. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-7546-2297-0 
  16. ^ a b David Finkelhor (1993-11-30). “Current Information on the Scope and Nature of Child Sexual Abuse.”. Future of Children v4 n2 (Sum–Fall 1994): 31–53. オリジナルの17 October 2015時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20151017000553/http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ497143 2015年12月20日閲覧。. 
  17. ^ a b Christopher James Hobbs; Helga G. I. Hanks; Jane M. Wynne (1999). Child Abuse and Neglect: A Clinician's Handbook. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-443-05896-7. "Child pornography is part of the violent continuum of child sexual abuse" 
  18. ^ Ian O'Donnel; Claire Milner (2007). Child Pornography: Crime, computers and society. Willan Publishing. p. 123 
  19. ^ Kerry Sheldon; Dennis Howitt (2007). Sex Offenders and the Internet. John Wiley and Sons. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-470-02800-1. "'Child pornography is not pornography in any real sense; simply the evidence recorded on film or video tape – of serious sexual assaults on young children' (Tate, 1992, p.203) ... 'Every piece of child pornography, therefore, is a record of the sexual use/abuse of the children involved.' Kelly and Scott (1993, p. 116) ... '...the record of the systematic rape, abuse, and torture of children on film and photograph, and other electronic means.' Edwards(2000, p.1)" 
  20. ^ Eva J. Klain; Heather J. Davies; Molly A. Hicks (2001). Child Pornography: The Criminal-justice-system Response. National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. "Because the children depicted in child pornography are often shown while engaged in sexual activity with adults or other children, they are first and foremost victims of child sexual abuse." 
  21. ^ Richard Wortley; Stephen Smallbone. “Child Pornography on the Internet”. Problem-Oriented Guides for Police No. 41: 17. "The children portrayed in child pornography are first victimized when their abuse is perpetrated and recorded. They are further victimized each time that record is accessed." 
  22. ^ Kerry Sheldon; Dennis Howitt (2007). Sex Offenders and the Internet. John Wiley and Sons. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-470-02800-1. "...supplying the material to meet this demand results in the further abuse of children Pictures, films and videos function as a permanent record of the original sexual abuse. Consequently, memories of the trauma and abuse are maintained as long as the record exists. Victims filmed and photographed many years ago will nevertheless be aware throughout their lifetimes that their childhood victimization continues to be exploited perversely." 
  23. ^ Wells, M.; Finkelhor, D.; Wolak, J.; Mitchell, K. (2007). “Defining Child Pornography: Law Enforcement Dilemmas in Investigations of Internet Child Pornography Possession”. Police Practice and Research 8 (3): 269–282. doi:10.1080/15614260701450765. オリジナルの4 June 2011時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20110604112922/http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/CV96.pdf 2008年7月1日閲覧。. 
  24. ^ Machteld Boot (2002). Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes: nullum crimen sine lege and the subject matter jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court. Intersentia nv. p. 514. ISBN 978-90-5095-216-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=6QjrSHfoEiAC&pg=PA514 
  25. ^ “Report of the Special Rapporteur on systemic rape”. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1998年6月22日). 2013年1月12日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2009年11月10日閲覧。
  26. ^ “Spain divided over semi-legal prostitution”. Digitaljournal.com (2007年8月29日). 2012年6月25日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年7月8日閲覧。
  27. ^ Bob Wallace, The Ban on Purchasing Sex in Sweden: The So-Called 'Swedish Model', Office of the Prostitution Licensing Authority, pp. 1–2, http://www.pla.qld.gov.au/Resources/PLA/reportsPublications/documents/THE%20BAN%20ON%20PURCHASING%20SEX%20IN%20SWEDEN%20-%20THE%20SWEDISH%20MODEL.pdf 
  28. ^ a b Kathryn E. Nelson (2002) Sex trafficking and forced prostitution: comprehensive new legal approaches. Houston Journal of International Law
  29. ^ Ethics – Forced Marriages: Introduction Archived 3 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine.. BBC.
  30. ^ 引用エラー: 無効な <ref> タグです。「iclklamberg.com」という名前の注釈に対するテキストが指定されていません
  31. ^ 引用エラー: 無効な <ref> タグです。「juridicas.unam.mx」という名前の注釈に対するテキストが指定されていません
  32. ^ Reasons for forced marriage – Analysis of Data Collected from Field Workers – Report on the Practice of Forced Marriage in Canada: Interviews with Frontline Workers: Exploratory Research Conducted in Montreal and Toronto in 2008. Justice.gc.ca. Retrieved on 29 October 2015.
  33. ^ The Causes, Consequences and Solutions to Forced Child Marriage in the Developing World Archived 8 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine.. Testimony Submitted to U.S. House of Representatives Human Rights Commission By Anju Malhotra (15 July 2010). International Center for Research on Women
  34. ^ Ending Violence Against Women & Girls. Evidence, Data and Knowledge in the Pacific Island Countries. Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography. UNIFEM Pacific, August 2010
  35. ^ Gulnara Shahinian (10 July 2012). Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences Archived 21 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine.. Human Rights Council Twenty-first session
  36. ^ Ethics – Forced Marriages: Motives and methods Archived 4 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine.. BBC (1 January 1970). Retrieved on 2015-10-29.
  37. ^ Welcome to the Archived 16 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine.. Better Care Network. Retrieved on 29 October 2015.
  38. ^ As quoted by Guy Horton in Dying Alive – A Legal Assessment of Human Rights Violations in Burma Archived 13 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. April 2005, co-Funded by The Netherlands Ministry for Development Co-Operation. See section "12.52 Crimes against humanity", Page 201. He references RSICC/C, Vol. 1 p. 360
  39. ^ “Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court”. United Nations. 2013年10月19日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年10月18日閲覧。
  40. ^ a b “Rape as a Crime Against Humanity”. Michael Sells for "Community of Bosnia" (1997年5月). 2009年1月9日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  41. ^ a b “Bosnia and Herzegovina : Foca verdict – rape and sexual enslavement are crimes against humanity”. Amnesty International (2001年2月22日). Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  42. ^ EconomistStaff (2014年10月18日). “Jihadists Boast of Selling Captive Women as Concubines”. The Economist. オリジナルの2014年10月20日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20141020082720/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21625870-jihadists-boast-selling-captive-women-concubines-have-and-hold 2014年10月20日閲覧。 
  43. ^ Abdelaziz, Salma (2014年10月13日). “ISIS states its justification for the enslavement of women”. CNN. オリジナルの2017年6月21日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20170621204748/http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/12/world/meast/isis-justification-slavery 2014年10月13日閲覧。 
  44. ^ Mathis-Lilly, Ben (2014年10月14日). “ISIS Declares Itself Pro-Slavery”. Slate. オリジナルの2014年10月19日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20141019203700/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2014/10/13/isis_yazidi_slavery_group_s_english_language_publication_defends_practice.html 2014年10月20日閲覧。 
  45. ^ Staff (2019年2月6日). “Pope admits clerical abuse of nuns including sexual slavery”. BBC News. オリジナルの2019年2月8日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20190208232551/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47134033 2019年2月9日閲覧。 
  46. ^ The Associated Press (2019年2月5日). “Pope Publicly Acknowledges Clergy Sexual Abuse of Nuns”. The New York Times. オリジナルの2019年2月9日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20190209232249/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/02/05/world/europe/ap-eu-rel-vatican-nun-abuse-.html 2019年2月9日閲覧。 
  47. ^ a b c Brian Stross (1974). “Tzeltal Marriage by Capture”. Anthropological Quarterly 47 (3): 328–346. doi:10.2307/3316984. JSTOR 3316984. 
  48. ^ Sabina Kiryashova, Azeri Bride Kidnappers Risk Heavy Sentences Archived 6 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine.; Gulo Kokhodze & Tamuna Uchidze, Bride Theft Rampant in Southern Georgia Archived 6 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine., where "great social stigma attaches to the suspicion of lost virginity.". Compare with Barbara Ayres, Bride Theft and Raiding for Wives in Cross-Cultural Perspective, Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 3, Kidnapping and Elopement as Alternative Systems of Marriage (Special Issue) (July 1974), pp. 245. ("There is no relationship between bride theft and status distinctions, bride price, or attitudes toward premarital virginity. The absence of strong associations in these areas suggests the need for a new hypothesis.".)
  49. ^ George Scott, The Migrants Without Mountains: The Sociocultural Adjustment Among the Lao Hmong Refugees In San Diego (Ann Arbor, MI: A Bell And Howell Company, 1986), pp. 82–85 (Hmong culture); Alex Rodriguez, Kidnapping a Bride Practice Embraced in Kyrgyzstan, Augusta Chronicle, 24 July 2005 (Kyrgyz culture);
  50. ^ Craig S. Smith (30 April 2005), Abduction, Often Violent, a Kyrgyz Wedding Rite Archived 6 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine., N.Y. Times.
  51. ^ Eisenhauer, U., Kulturwandel und Innovationsprozess: Die fünf grossen 'W' und die Verbreitung des Mittelneolithikums in Südwestdeutschland. Archäologische Informationen 22, 1999, 215–239; an alternative interpretation is the focus of abduction of children rather than women, a suggestion also made for the mass grave excavated at Thalheim. See E Biermann, Überlegungen zur Bevölkerungsgrösse in Siedlungen der Bandkeramik (2001)
  52. ^ Bernard M. Levinson (2004). Gender and Law in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-567-08098-1. https://books.google.com/?id=2rZnXQwPX8gC 
  53. ^ Askin, 26–27
  54. ^ Askin, 10–21
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