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Uber, Inc.
種類
 Private
業種 Technology
設立 2009年3月 (15年前) (2009-03)
創業者 Travis Kalanick, Garrett Camp
本社 San Francisco, California, U.S.
事業地域
 Worldwide
主要人物
 Travis Kalanick (CEO)
サービス Taxi, vehicles for hire
ウェブサイト www.uber.com

Uber Technologies Inc. は、国際的に展開するアメリカのモバイル配車サービス企業で、本社はカリフォルニア州のサンフランシスコ。アメリカ合衆国内では、Transportation Network Companyとして事業を行っている。Uberというモバイルアプリを開発、展開、運営しており、顧客がスマートフォンでこのアプリから行き先を指定すると、それが自家用車を運転するUberのドライバーに送信される仕組みになっている[1][2]。このサービスは2015年5月28日時点で、世界58カ国、300の年で運営されている[3][4]。Uberのサービス開始以降、複数の企業がこのビジネスモデルを模倣しているが、このトレンドは"Uberificatoin"とみなされている[5][6]。

2009年、Uberはトラヴィス・カラニックとガレット・キャンプによって"UberCab"という社名で創設され、アプリが翌年の6月に発表された。2012年の初頭には、米国外へ進出している。2014年には相乗りサービスの実験と、その他のアップデートを追加した。同年、KloutはUberを、アメリカで最もパワフルな企業として48番目に格付けしている[7]。2015年末までには、Uberの企業価値は625億ドルに達した見られている[8]。

政府やタクシー会社は、タクシーを運転するライセンスを持っていないドライバーを使うことは安全性に問題があり違法だ、と主張し、Uberの合法性を疑問視している[9]。

沿革[編集]

詳細は「Timeline of Uber」を参照

初期[編集]

Travis Kalanick, co-founder and CEO of Uber, in 2013

Uberは、StumbleUponの設立者だったガレット・キャンプと、トラヴィス・カラニックによって、2009年に創設された[10][11]。同年、シードファンディングによって20万ドルを調達している[12]。2010年には125万ドルの増資を受けた[12]。

2010年夏のベータ版リリースに続き、2011年にはサンフランシスコにおいてUberのサービスとモバイルアプリが公式に開始された[13][14]。

Following a beta launch in the summer of 2010, Uber's services and mobile app officially launched in San Francisco in 2011. Initially, Ryan Graves was appointed as CEO, however, Kalanick replaced him in the role later that year.[13][15] Graves stepped down to become the company's COO.[16]

By the end of 2011, Uber had raised $44.5 million in funding.[17][18] That year, the company changed its name from UberCab to Uber.[19]

Expansion[編集]

The company expanded into a new city each month starting in May 2011, including New York City, Chicago and Washington, D.C.[17][18] The Uber app's coverage expanded to Paris in December 2011.[17] In May 2012, Uber launched a beta test in Philadelphia, followed by an official launch in the city that June.[20] Uber expanded rapidly into overseas markets in 2012 and 2013.[21]

Paris was the first city outside of the U.S. where Uber's service began operating in December 2011 prior to the international LeWeb Internet conference.[22] In 2012 it launched its services in Toronto, Canada,[21] a 90-driver launch in London,[23] a Sydney, Australia launch in November 2012,[24] and a soft launch in Singapore in January 2013.[25] Sydney was Uber's first launch in the Asia Pacific region.[26] Consumers in Johannesburg, South Africa, were able to use Uber after it was launched in September 2013. Uber was then started in Cape Town on October 10, 2013, after a six-week "testing phase".[27][28]

In August, the company began offering its ride services in Seoul.[29] In June 2014, Uber launched its services in Tijuana, Mexico.[30]

In June 2014, Uber announced that it had raised $1.2 billion in funding,[31] and it publicized an $18.2 billion valuation.[32] In summer 2014, Uber announced it had raised $1.5 billion in venture capital.[33]

Following a soft launch of the Uber app in the Sanlitun shopping district in March 2014, an official launch was held in Beijing, China, in mid-July 2014. The company's service operates in China’s four largest cities.[34] In July 2014 Uber announced a nationwide rollout of UberX in India. In addition to a Bangalore presence, Uber's inaugural Indian location that was publicized in August 2013, drivers in Delhi, Hyderabad, Chennai, Mumbai and Pune made UberX available to users in those cities[35] Although the Metropolitan Government of Seoul stated in mid-2014 that it would seek to ban Uber from operating in its jurisdiction, while also developing its own Uber-like app for registered taxis to be launched in December 2014,[36] Uber introduced its UberX service in the city at the end of August 2014. According to the Wall Street Journal, UberX uses a "for-pay rideshare scheme" and "trips cost less than the same journey in an ordinary taxi". At the time of the launch, an Uber representative based in Seoul said that a charge will not apply to rides in Seoul until further notice.[37]

The company launched black car services in Warsaw, Poland[38] and uberX services in Seoul.[29] Uber also began its services in Anchorage, Alaska in September, 2014.[39]

Drivers in Warsaw began using the Uber app on August 18, 2014.[40] The service was launched in Montreal in October 2014.[41] The service was introduced in Denmark in November 2014, but only the Uber Black was available in the capital city of Copenhagen, while UberPOP was scheduled to be added at a later stage.[42] On November 28, 2014, Thailand's Department of Land Transport declared Uber's continued operation within Thailand illegal.[43]

Uber unveiled Ice Prince Zamani as the Rider Zero in Lagos, Nigeria in July 2014, signifying its launch in the largest city in Africa and most populous country in Africa.[44]

Uber launched its service in Nairobi, Kenya, on January 21, 2015. Nairobi was Uber's first city in Kenya and in the East African region.[45] On the same day as the Nairobi launch, Uber raised US$1.6 billion in convertible debt from wealth management clients of Goldman Sachs Group Inc.[46]

On September 2, 2015 Uber launched its service in Puebla City, Mexico.[47]

On 19 November 2015 Uber started operating in Vilnius, Lithuania.[48]

Additional funding[編集]

On December 12, 2014, TechCrunch reported that the Chinese search engine Baidu, the mainland's largest, is expected to make a significant investment in Uber.[49] The deal, the details of which were not shared with the media, was confirmed on December 17, 2014, following a Beijing meeting involving Kalanick and Baidu chief executive and chairman Robin Lee, who made a commitment to connect the search engine's map and mobile-search features with Uber’s app. At the time of the arrangement, Uber existed in eight Chinese mainland cities. Kalanick told the media afterward of an absence of "pressing regulatory issues" for Uber in China.[50] In May 2015, Uber revealed plans to raise between $1.5 billion and $2 billion in new funding, raising the value of the company to $50 billion or higher. [51]

Google Ventures invested $258 million in 2013.[52] The Chinese search engine Baidu made an investment in Uber in December 2014 in a deal that also involved connecting Uber with Baidu's mapping apps.[49][53]

Recent history[編集]

As Uber grew internationally, it also began to experience disputes with governments and taxi companies in those regions. In April 2014, Uber was banned by the government in Berlin, although the company remains active in other German cities. The ban is still being discussed as of December 2014.[54] Taxi drivers in London, Berlin, Paris and Madrid staged a large-scale protest against Uber on June 11, 2014.[55]

Also in February 2015, Uber announced a collaboration with Carnegie Mellon to establish the Uber Advanced Technology Center, a new facility in Pittsburgh meant to support research in the development of self-driving vehicles.[56] Additionally, Uber expanded its UberPOOL services to Los Angeles and New York City,[57] expanding further in March, to offer UberPOOL in Austin, Texas, in anticipation of the South by Southwest festival.[58] In April 2015, Uber renamed its UberFRESH program as UberEATS[59] and expanded the service to include Barcelona, Los Angeles, Chicago and New York City.[60][61]

The following month, Uber launched its UberMilitary Families Coalition, a new project to support its existing UberMilitary initiative.[62] The project seeks to partner Uber with existing military family organizations and hire more military dependents, in addition to veterans, as drivers.[62] Also in May 2015, Uber updated its app to include accommodations for drivers who are deaf or hard of hearing.[63]

Uber app software and services[編集]

The Uber app software requires a smartphone.

Pricing and payments[編集]

An Uber ride in Bogotá, Colombia. Visible on the dashboard is a phone running the Uber app.

Uber's pricing is similar to that of metered taxis, although all hiring and payment is handled exclusively through Uber and not with the driver personally. In some cities, if the Uber car is travelling at a speed greater than 11 mph (18 km/h), the price is calculated on a distance basis, otherwise, the price is calculated on a time basis.[64] At the end of a ride, the complete fare is automatically billed to the customer's credit card.[65] Uber has said its prices are the premium that the customers pay for a cab service that is not only reliable, but also punctual and comfortable.[66][67][68]

In May 2015, Uber started testing cash payments in India. The pilot project was started in the Indian city Hyderabad.[69] In September 2015, Uber tied up with Airtel India to allow cab users to pay using Airtel mobile wallet service. It also allows users to use Airtel 4G data at no charges.[70]

Surge pricing[編集]

Uber uses an automated algorithm to increase prices to "surge" price levels, responding rapidly to changes of supply and demand in the market, and to attract more drivers during times of increased rider demand, but also to reduce demand.[71][72] Customers receive notice when making an Uber reservation that prices have increased.[71] The company applied for a U.S. patent on surge pricing in 2013,[73][74] but it was rejected for being obvious.

The practice has often caused passengers to become upset and invited criticism when it has happened as a result of holidays, inclement weather, or natural disasters.[75] During New Year's Eve 2011, prices were as high as seven times normal rates, causing outrage.[76] During the 2014 Sydney hostage crisis, Uber implemented surge pricing, resulting in fares of up to four times normal charges; while it defended the surge pricing at first, it later apologized and refunded the surcharges.[77] Uber CEO Travis Kalanick has responded to criticism by saying: "...because this is so new, it's going to take some time for folks to accept it. There's 70 years of conditioning around the fixed price of taxis."[76][78] Uber released a post detailing why surge pricing is in place and how it works.[79] They emphasized that without surge pricing, Uber would not have its trademark service of pushing a button and getting a ride in minutes. This is detailed in a case study around a sold-out-concert at Madison Square Garden when surge pricing took effect. During this event, the number of people who opened the app increased 4x, but the actual ride requests only rose slightly, enabling ride requests to be completed with the usual ETAs.

Rating score[編集]

Users of the app may rate drivers; in turn, drivers may rate users. A low rating might diminish the availability and convenience of the service to the user.[80]

Reception[編集]

Uber faces competition from lower-cost real-time ridesharing startups such as Lyft, Sidecar (no longer in business),[81] Ola Cabs, Didi Kuaidi and Haxi. To compete at lower price levels, Uber introduced UberGo on Nov 19, 2014,[82] UberTaxi (partnerships with local taxi commissions) and UberX (non-luxury cars such as Toyota Prius hybrids).[83] This move led to dissatisfaction among existing Uber limo drivers who saw their earnings decrease.[84]

In 2011 Marc Andreessen expressed interest in investing in Uber. He told CNET, "Uber is software eats taxis. [...] It's a killer experience. You watch the car on the map on your phone as it makes its way to you."[85] The same year, the New York Times called Uber "clever but costly", noting the cars are "particularly nice by livery standards" and pickup times were slow compared with traditional New York City taxis and black cars.[66]

In 2013 USA Today named Uber its tech company of the year.[86]

However, it has also received negative reception. In October 2014, Uber received an "F" rating from the Better Business Bureau (BBB), which cited complaints over unexpectedly high charges.[87][88]

UberPop and UberPool in Paris[編集]

In the first half of 2014, the UberPop version of the app was launched in Paris, France, whereby users are linked to drivers without professional taxi or chauffeur licenses, while Uber covers supplemental insurance. UberPop was expanded to other European cities over the course of the year.[89]

The UberPool service was then introduced to the Parisian market in November 2014, a month after a French court had deemed the company's UberPop service to be illegal. Uber claimed that UberPool was the next iteration of the UberPop concept. Uber's Western Europe chief told reporters at the time that it was "very confident" about overturning the court decision.[89] At the start of February 2015, the UberPool service was still operational in Paris, France, despite the regulatory opposition in that country.[90] On July 5, 2015, Uber suspended Uberpop in the face of pressure by the French government while awaiting a constitutional court decision on the legality of Uber's service.[91] On September 22, 2015, France’s highest constitutional authority rejected the challenge to a law that bans Uber's low-cost offering Uberpop, keeping the legal pressure on the company.[92] Uber stated that the decision was disappointing but they will continue to work with the French government, trying to find a solution.[93]

Development history[編集]

During the initial development of the Uber app, the company created a think tank consisting of a nuclear physicist, a computational neurosurgeon, and a machinery expert who worked on predicting demand for private hire car drivers and where demand is highest.[11][94] Later in 2012, Uber launched its Uber Garage initiative in Chicago. The experimental program allowed Uber to partner with local taxi cab drivers, alerting them when an app user requested a ride.[95][96] The company also introduced uberX in 2012, a service option which allows local drivers to respond to notifications on the Uber app by driving customers in their own non-luxury cars.[97] During 2013, Uber offered its first non-car option when it launched UBERChopper rides from New York City to the Hamptons for $3000 each.[98]

In August 2014, Uber launched UberPOOL, a carpooling service, in San Francisco and UberFRESH, a lunch delivery service, in Santa Monica.[99][100]

Uber CEO Travis Kalanick has spoken about his desire to eventually move to using self-driving cars for Uber vehicles.[101] By May 2015 the company had hired a large number of CMU researchers from the vehicle autonomy department, to work at Uber's Advanced Technologies Center in Pittsburgh.[102]

Product expansion[編集]

In 2014, the company experimented with online food orders, pilot testing uberFRESH in Santa Monica, California.[103] In April 2014, Uber announced a courier package delivery service called Uber Rush, with pickup from anywhere in Manhattan.[104] While Rush only offers delivery,[105] the Uber Essentials or Corner Store service, starting testing in Washington D.C. in August 2014, allows online ordering from a list of about 100 items.[106][107] In April 2012, Uber launched the Uber Garage initiative, a project to experiment with other ideas for urban transportation services. The first project from Uber Garage was to give Uber users the option to hire a regular taxi driver, or a crowd-sourced Uber driver.[108]

The startup announced a new carpooling service called UberPool at the start of August 2014, after a beta testing phase in the San Francisco Bay Area. UberPool matches riders with another rider who is traveling in the same direction—the app will share the first name of the other rider and who is getting picked up first. If a match cannot be found, riders are offered a discount on a regular Uber trip.[109][110] In December 2014, Uber expanded the UberPool concept to New York City. The Uber blog announcement offered riders the possibility of reducing their journey costs by 20 to 50 percent, explaining: "On any given day, the vast majority of UberX trips in NYC have a 'lookalike' trip—a trip that starts near, ends near, and is happening around the same time as another trip".[111]

In June 2015, in Istanbul, Uber launched a water-taxi service called UberBOAT, allowing users to travel by Beneteau boats across the city’s central Bosporus strait.[112]

In November 2015 Uber signed a global partnership deal with Dutch satellite navigation company TomTom to provide maps and traffic data for the Uber driver app across 300 cities.[113]

Requirements for driving[編集]

In some markets, where leasing arrangements for vehicles are available, the only requirement for driving for Uber, other than appropriate age, health, and ability to drive, is passing a background check. Both a smartphone, called a "device" by Uber, and a vehicle may be leased.[114]

Marketing[編集]

Uber, led by David Plouffe, an experienced political operative, expands its operations though commencing operation, then engaging in a political campaign which mobilizes public support for the service. If, as is usually the case, its mode of doing business does not conform to local regulations, Uber, supported by a small army of lobbyists, mounts a campaign to change them.[115] Customers and potential customers are mobilized through social media including using the Uber app itself.[116] Bradley Tusk, a former campaign manager for Michael Bloomberg, has played a significant role in advising Uber with respect to cities.[117]

In July 2012, in honor of National Ice Cream Month, Uber launched an "Uber Ice Cream" program in the U.S. so that users in seven cities could summon an ice cream truck for on-demand delivery, while purchases were billed to users' accounts.[118]

In July 2014, Uber partnered with Blade to offer "UberCHOPPER" helicopter rides from New York City to the Hamptons for US$3,000,[119][120] including availability during the July 4 holiday weekend.[121]

DeLorean "time machine" provided by Uber

Short-term promotions in the second half of 2013 included: the September hire of ice-cream trucks to deliver ice cream;[122] rides in the DeLorean DMC-12 car from the Back to the Future film franchise, that were also launched in September;[123] an October National Cat Day promotion for which Uber drivers delivered kittens;[124] and a Christmas-tree delivery service.[125]

In March 2015, Uber offered luxury car-rental service in collaboration with Dream Drive in Singapore until 20 May 2015.[126]

In November 2015, Uber offered Hot air balloon rides to customers in Hyderabad, India for INR 1,000 in collaboration with GrabOn.[127]

On September 4, 2013, Uber announced its first sports deal. The company held a promotion with the NFL Players Association to promote safe rides for NFL players.[128]

In January 2015, Uber announced a marketing program Kalanick called "principled confrontation" that included reaching compromises with local municipalities to compromise on new tax regulations. Since implementing this program, Uber has seen 17 new cities pass pro-Uber ordinances.[129] Uber had worked out an arrangement with the city of Boston to share quarterly data on the duration, locations, and times of day in which riders used the app to travel in or out of the city. This information was first delivered to the city in February 2015, and the report kept all individual user data private.[130]

On March 10, 2015, Travis Kalanick, Uber’s founder and chief executive announced a partnership between Uber and the UN Women. They had intended to invest in local communities where the UN Women’s group was located hoping to create 1,000,000 jobs for women globally by 2020. However, after pressure from trade unions and women's rights organizations, UN Women declined to participate, citing Uber's legal status, safety, and privacy concerns.[131]

Benefits[編集]

Uber gives consumers a choice between regulated taxi cab companies and other forms of transportation and can potentially provide drivers with "flexible and independent jobs".[132] Users can track the car picking them up on their smartphone, which allows them to know when it will arrive. A receipt will be automatically sent to their email.[133]

As Uber does not require cars to be hailed, this means that it can more easily pick up customers in less built up neighbourhoods. For this reason, Bloomberg Review said that Uber helps the poor by making it easier for them to get a taxi.[134] It also helps reduce congestion as "because Ubers can’t accept street hails, they do much less unnecessary driving-around than either yellow cabs (who are cruising for hails) or individuals (who are looking for a parking spot)." This assumes that there is no extra traffic created by people who would otherwise have used public transport or walked.[135] One study showed that having Uber in a city reduced drunk driving rates.[136]

Competitive effects[編集]

Uber and other ride-sharing companies have brought a new element of competition to the taxi industry. One result has been a decline in the value of the limited-issue taxi licenses that have traditionally restricted the number of authorized taxis in a given locale. According to the Wall Street Journal, taxi medallion prices are plunging in some U.S. cities. For example, in New York medallions were valued at more than US$1.3 million in 2013 have decreased in value to US$700,000 to 800,000 in 2015, and in Chicago prices of more than US$360,000 in 2013 have decreased to US$240,000 in 2015.[137]

Knock-on effects to the competition by ride-sharing companies include adverse changes to the financial position of lenders who have made taxi medallion loans that are too large a part of the total loan portfolio of the financial institution. Historically, some lenders have loaned up to 90 percent of a medallions value. U.S. companies Signature Bank, Progressive Credit Union (85% of the total US$625 million loan portfolio was dedicated to taxi medallions in 2015), and Melrose Credit Union (which in 2015 has US$2 billion connected to taxi medallions) are all coming under solvency pressure. In addition, CitiGroup has initiated foreclosure proceedings on 46 taxi medallions.[137]

Criticism[編集]

詳細は「Legal status of Uber's service」を参照
Taxi company protesting against Uber - Budapest, 2016.01.18
Uber drivers on strike at Montparnasse, Paris, 3 February 2016

Uber is the subject of ongoing protests and legal action from taxi drivers, taxi companies, and governments around the world who are trying to stop Uber from operating in their areas. These groups say that Uber presents unfair competition to taxis because the company does not pay taxes or licensing fees; that it endangers passengers; and that drivers are untrained, unlicensed and uninsured.[要出典]

As of mid-2015, protests had been staged in Germany, India, Spain, Colombia, France, Italy, Denmark, Canada, China and England, among other nations, and dangerous incidents involving passengers have been documented.[138][139] Uber executives were arrested in France in June 2015. In December 2014, Uber was banned in Spain and in two cities in India. Uber continues to be involved in disputes with several governmental bodies, including local governments in the U.S., Australia and Brazil.

Governments have been largely unable to stop Uber's operations in their jurisdictions because its operations are conducted primarily over the Internet. At city jurisdictions, this might be easier to achieve.[140] In addition, Uber is said to use extremely aggressive tactics such as bullying and hiring investigators to "dig up dirt" on journalists who criticize them.[141] Portland, Oregon's transportation commissioner called Uber management "a bunch of thugs".[142] A commissioner in Virginia who opposed Uber was flooded with emails and calls after Uber distributed his personal contact information to all of its users in the state.[143]

The Australian New South Wales government created a taskforce to look into the Uber problem stating that the existing regulatory framework is "difficult to enforce", and therefore not as effective as it could be. The taskforce also noted that ride sharing services "appear to meet the criteria of a public passenger service" under the 1990 Act. This is despite the fact Uber has reaffirmed that it is not a taxi service and should not have to operate under taxi regulation.[144][145]

Lawsuits by private entities[編集]

On December 31, 2013, Uber driver Syed Muzaffar ran over and killed six year old Sofia Liu in San Francisco, severely injuring her mother and brother in the same incident. The driver was logged in and waiting for a fare, but not carrying a passenger, at the time of the accident. Liu's family filed a wrongful death claim against Uber, claiming that this made Uber responsible for the driver's actions.[146][147][148] Uber deactivated Muzaffar's account after the accident. Syed Muzaffar was arrested on the scene, and was charged with misdemeanor vehicular manslaughter on December 8, 2014.[149] Uber said in a written statement that all drivers had undergone a "stringent" background check, and that Muzaffar's was "clear". Muzaffar had been arrested in Florida in 2004 on a reckless driving charge, but California law prohibited private background check services like Uber's from reporting arrests and crimes more than seven years old.[150] Syed Muzaffar's vehicular manslaughter trial was scheduled to start August 5, 2015. In July, 2015, Uber reached a settlement with the family for an undisclosed sum.[151]

In September 2014, a class-action was filed by Atlanta, Georgia taxicab drivers and CPNC holders as the plaintiff class, against Uber Technologies, Inc., its subsidiary Raiser LLC (which operates UberX), and in a rare move, all of both companies' drivers as a defendant class in the Superior Court of Fulton County, Georgia, for restitution of all metered fares collected via the Uber and UberX apps for trips originating within the Atlanta city limits.[152]

In December 2014, Checker Cab Philadelphia and 44 other taxi companies in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania filed a lawsuit in the Federal Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, alleging that Uber was operating illegally in the city.[153] On March 3, 2015, U.S. District Judge Nitza I. Quinones Alejandro denied a motion for a preliminary injunction against Uber.[154]

On January 29, 2015, a 25 year old Delhi woman who claims to have been raped by Uber driver Shiv Kumar Yadav in her city filed a lawsuit against the company for negligence in US courts.[155] The plaintiff filed a motion for voluntary dismissal of the case on September 1, 2015, which was granted September 2, 2015.[156]

In May 2015, the Milan Court banned Uberpop alleging "unfair competition" and violation of the local jurisdiction regulating taxi services. The lawsuit was originally initiated by the Italian taxi drivers union.[157]

In July 2015, a $400M class-action lawsuit was filed against UberX and UberXL in Toronto, Canada on behalf of Ontario taxi and limo drivers, brokers and owners. The statement of claim alleged that UberX and UberXL violated section 39.1 of the province’s Highway Traffic Act by having unlicensed drivers picking up passengers and transporting them for compensation.[158]

In January 2016, a $1.5M lawsuit was filed against Uber in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by Sergei Lemberg on behalf of a Philadelphia taxicab medallion owner. The suit claimed that Uber engaged in tortious interference with a prospective business advantage and engaged in false advertising under the Lanham Act.[159]

National Federation of the Blind lawsuit[編集]

A lawsuit was filed in the U.S. state of California on September 9, 2014 by the state chapter of the National Federation of the Blind, in response to the reported denial of services to "more than 30" blind customers—the lawsuit claimed that the conduct was in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and California state law. The Washington Post published a direct quote from the complaint, in which the Federation claims that its constituency "face the degrading experience of being denied a basic service that is available to all other paying customers." Two cases were described in the Post article: First, a California UberX driver allegedly stored a service dog in the trunk of his vehicle and refused to acknowledge the blind passenger's concern upon the latter's realization of what had occurred; second, a driver allegedly cursed at a blind passenger during a verbal exchange, in which the latter was explaining the nature of the guide dog. According to the complaint, the driver suddenly accelerated, and nearly injured the dog, while also striking the passenger’s blind friend with an open car door.[160]

Uber responded to a number of blind passengers who reported their experiences, stating that since Uber drivers were independent contractors, the company was unable to oversee their conduct. The Federation replied in a public statement that Uber closely monitored its drivers' work practices through the Uber app, that Uber advised blind passengers to notify drivers about their guide animals in advance, and that the Federation was proceeding with the filing of the lawsuit after Uber refused to enter into a negotiation with them to resolve the issue.[160]

Protests[編集]

A protest against Uber in Portland, Oregon in January 2015

On January 13, 2014, cab drivers in Paris attacked an Uber driver's car near Charles de Gaulle Airport, protesting competition from the transportation startup.[161] On June 11, 2014, in a concerted action, taxis blocked roads in major European cities in protest against what they perceive as a threat to their livelihoods from companies such as Uber. The cabbies contended that Uber and similar smartphone app-based services have an unfair advantage because they are not subject to the same kinds of fees and regulations placed on taxis.[162][163]

On June 25, 2015, cab drivers in Paris "locked down" Paris in an anti-Uber protest.[164] Musician Courtney Love got caught in the protest and live tweeted as her Uber cab was violently attacked and she and her driver were held hostage.[165]

On July 24, 2015 a thousand taxi drivers in Rio de Janeiro blocked traffic during the morning rush hour protesting Uber's expansion there. (Lawmakers have voted to ban Uber in São Paulo and Brasilia.).[166]

On August 21, 2015 Uber started operations in Costa Rica. That same day the government asked the taxis for "help" to locate all Uber drivers.[要出典] This call resulted in traps set by the taxis and even the vandalism of an Uber driver's car. Uber stated that it will help and pay for all the inconvenience caused to their drivers.[167]

Sabotage against competitors[編集]

Uber issued an apology on January 24, 2014, after documents were leaked to the Valleywag and TechCrunch publications saying that, earlier in the month, Uber employees in New York City deliberately ordered rides from Gett, a newly established competitor, only to cancel them later. The purpose of the fake orders was two-fold: wasting drivers' time to obstruct legitimate customers from securing a car, and offering drivers incentives — including cash — to join Uber.[168] Uber later issued a statement about the incident on its website.[169]

In August 2014, Lyft, another ridesharing service, reported to CNNMoney that 177 Uber employees had ordered and cancelled approximately 5,560 rides since October 2013, and that it had found links to Uber recruiters by cross-referencing the phone numbers involved. The CNN Money report identified one Lyft passenger who canceled 300 rides from May 26 to June 10, 2014, and who was identified as an Uber recruiter by seven different Lyft drivers. On this occasion, Uber did not issue an apology, but suggested in a statement on its website that the recruitment attempts were possibly independent parties trying to make money.[170][171] A Lyft spokesperson stated to CNN Money: "It's unfortunate for affected community members that they have used these tactics, as it wastes a driver's time and impacts the next passenger waiting for that driver."[170]

Operation SLOG[編集]

In August 2014, the online publication The Verge reported that a secret Uber project, called "Operation SLOG" — which recruits members with the assistance of TargetCW, a San Diego, California-based employment agency — appeared to be an extension of the company's activities in relation to Lyft. As reported, on July 9, 2014 following Lyft's expansion into New York City, Uber sent an email offering what it called a "huge commission opportunity" to several contractors based on the "personal hustle" of the participants.[172] Those who responded met with Uber marketing managers who attempted, according to one of the contractors, to create a "street team" to gather intelligence about Lyft’s launch plans and recruit their drivers to Uber. Recruits were given two Uber-branded iPhones (one a backup, in case the person was identified by Lyft) and a series of valid credit card numbers to create dummy Lyft accounts.[172] After being contacted for comment, Target CW warned its contractors against talking to the media, stating that it represented a violation of a non-disclosure agreement they signed.[172]

Contractors or employees[編集]

Uber contracts with their driver partners under legal arrangements as contractors, and not employees. Since taxation, work hours, overtime benefits, and so forth may be treated differently by various political jurisdictions globally, this designation has been controversial.[173]

In the United States, the Federal government labor agency issued guidelines in July 2015 to deal with, what it considers, "misclassification" of workers. It argues that any "worker who is 'economically dependent' on the employer should be treated as an employee. By contrast, a worker must be in business for himself or herself to be an independent contractor."[174] The guideline is non-binding, but is expected to have some influence in various court cases which may establish new common law around the issue.[174][175]

In a class action lawsuit filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on August 16, 2013 Uber drivers plead that they were employees who had been misclassified as independent contractors and violations of the California Labor Code and demanded that they be given any tips Uber had collected on their behalf and payment of business expenses such as gas and maintenance of their vehicles.[176] The District Judge, Edward M. Chen, ruled in the plaintiffs' favor with respect to a motion for summary judgement by defendants on March 11, 2015 holding that whether Uber drivers were employees was a disputed fact to be resolved by the jury.[177] September 1, 2015 Chen certified the class but generally limited it to drivers in California hired before June 2014 (when an opt-out arbitration clause was included in the contract) who had directly contracted with Uber. [178][179]

Threatening journalists[編集]

At a private dinner in November 2014, Emil Michael, senior vice president of Uber, suggested that Uber hire a team of opposition researchers and journalists, with a million-dollar budget, to dig into the personal lives and backgrounds of media figures who reported negatively about Uber. Specifically, he targeted Sarah Lacy, editor of the technology website PandoDaily, who has accused Uber of sexism and misogyny.[180] The controversy made national news and stirred criticism against Uber. "The comments, reportedly made by senior vice president for business Emil Michael at a New York dinner attended by BuzzFeed editor-in-chief Ben Smith," wrote a Washington Post columnist, "ignited a powder keg of criticism about a company already perceived as cut-throat — landing Uber on the front pages of The Washington Post, USA Today and the New York Times."[181]

Michael issued a public apology.[182] Later, he sent an email to Lacy: "I was at an event and was venting, but what I said was never intended to describe actions that would ever be undertaken by me or my company toward you or anyone else. I was definitively wrong and I feel terrible about any distress I have caused you."[183]

Speaking with the Australian media publication The Conversation on November 20, 2014, European PR agency FINN partner Raf Weverbergh said that Uber does not realize exactly how upset journalists are in the wake of the Michael incident. On the same date, the publication reported that more journalists deleted their Uber apps. Uber's Brisbane spokesperson stated that journalists will not be investigated by the company in the Australian state of Queensland, in light of the legislative difficulties that were occurring at the time.[184]

User privacy[編集]

Kalanick received a letter, dated November 19, 2014, from Senator Al Franken, Chairman of the United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law, over user privacy. In addition to a list of 10 questions, Franken stated that the company had a "troubling disregard for customer privacy" and that he was "especially troubled because there appears to be evidence of practices inconsistent with the policy [Uber spokesperson] Ms. Hourajian articulated" and that "it appears that on prior occasions your company [Uber] has condoned use of customers’ data for questionable purposes." Franken concluded his letter by asking for a response by December 15, 2014.[185]

Concerns have been raised about internal misuse of the company's data, in particular the ability of Uber staff to track the movements of its customers, known as "God View". In addition to the aforementioned use of the service to track journalists and politicians, a venture capitalist disclosed in 2011 that Uber staff were using the function recreationally and viewed being tracked by Uber as a positive reflection on the subject's character.[186] An individual who had interviewed for a job at Uber said that he was given unrestricted access to Uber's customer tracking function as part of the interview process, and that he retained that access for several hours after the interview ended.[187]

On February 27, 2015, Uber admitted that it had suffered a data breach more than nine months before. Driver names and license plate information on approximately 50,000 drivers were inadvertently disclosed.[188] Uber discovered this leak in September 2014 but waited more than five months to notify the people affected.[189]

Safety[編集]

On August 4, 2014, the company announced the scheduled removal of a driver from the service pending a medical review, after the driver suffered an epileptic seizure while driving that resulted in a crash with a pedestrian in San Francisco. The 56-year-old driver was hospitalized after hitting three parked cars and then a man on the sidewalk; an Uber spokesperson said in the announcement that the driver "has an outstanding record of service and safety with no prior incidents."[190]

In December 2014, the New York Times reported on concerns regarding the manner in which the Uber app notifies drivers about new requests for pick-up from customers.[191] When a customer makes a request, drivers are notified on an official Uber mobile app and are provided the customer's location. In order to accept the request, the driver has approximately 15 seconds to tap the phone to accept the request.[192] An Uber driver reported that drivers can be temporarily suspended for ignoring these requests.[191] Deborah Hersman of the National Transportation Safety Board criticized the 15-second system, saying that it presents a significant distraction to drivers, as drivers are financially motivated to respond to fares while driving.[191] In response, Uber has stated that the app "was designed with safety in mind," and that drivers are not required to physically look at the device to accept a fare.[191]

According to South Carolina State Law (Governor's Action: June 24, 2015, Signed), Uber Transportation Network Company Partner vehicles must pass annual safety inspections and post an Uber emblem in the lower right (passenger) side of the windshield. This is a safety provision that was added to the South Carolina Statutes (SC Statutes A88, R126, H3525), Chapter 23, Title 58 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: Section 58-23-1610.)

See also[編集]

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