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Syed Ali Shah Geelani
Geelani in 2009
Member of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly
任期
1987–1990
任期
1977–1982
任期
1972 – 1977[1]
選挙区Sopore[2]
個人情報
生誕 (1929-09-29) 1929年9月29日
Bandipora, Jammu and Kashmir, British Raj
死没2021年9月1日(2021-09-01)（91歳没）
Hyderpora, Srinagar
国籍Indian
政党Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir (until 1993)
Tehreek-e-Hurriyat (until 2020)
出身校Oriental College, Lahore[3]
受賞Nishan-e-Pakistan (2020)[4]

サイイド・アリー・シャー・ギーラーニーSyed Ali Shah Geelani (29 September 1929 – 1 September 2021) was an Islamist,[5] pro-Pakistan[6] separatist leader in Jammu and Kashmir,[7][8] regarded as the father of the Kashmiri jihad.[9][10][11][12] He was previously a member of Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir and one of its top leaders. He left Jamaat and founded Tehreek-e-Hurriyat, a key constituent of the conglomerate All Parties Hurriyat Conference. Geelani served as the Chairman of the Hurriyat Conference until he quit the group in June 2020.[13][14][15] Geelani was also a three-time Member of the Legislative Assembly from the Sopore constituency, elected on a Jamaat-e-Islami ticket in 1972, 1977 and in 1987.[16][17]

Early life

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Syed Ali Geelani was born in 1929 in a village calleld Zurimanj, in the Bandipora tehsil (now Sopore tehsil), North Kashmir.[注釈 1] He was the son of a landless labourer in the canals department. Geelani was educated partly in Sopore and the rest in Lahore (in present-day Pakistan). He studied in a madrasa attached to the Masjid Wazir Khan and later enrolled in the Oriental College. He completed Adib 'Alim, a course in Islamic theology.[19][11][18]

Political activity

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Geelani has been viewed as a key separatist leader in Kashmir.[20] Omar Abdullah, former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, has blamed Geelani for the rise in militancy and bloodshed in Kashmir, while Omar's father and former Union Minister Farooq Abdullah has urged Geelani to follow a path which would "save Kashmiri people from further destruction".[21][22] In October 2013 he was re-elected for the fourth time to serve three-year term as the chairman of Hurriyat Conference (G), a faction of the All Parties Hurriyat Conference, which split up in 2003.[23] He founded the Tehreek-e-Hurriyat party, to which he was separately reelected as chairman for a three-year term in September 2013.[24]

Geelani has called for numerous general strikes or shutdowns, in response to the deaths of unnamed suspected militants, local militants and death of civilians in Kashmir.[25][26]

Syed Ali Shah Geelani received the invitation to participate in the annual meeting of the foreign ministers of member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the Kashmir Contact Group to be held in New York from 27 September 2015.[27]

After the death of Burhan Muzaffar Wani and the ongoing 2016 Kashmir Unrest that lasted for five consecutive months, to restore normalcy in Kashmir, Geelani sent a letter to United Nations listing six Confidence Building measures (CBMS).[28][29][30]

Sedition charge

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On 29 November 2010, Geelani, along with writer Arundhati Roy, activist Varavara Rao and three others,[31] was charged under "sections 124A (sedition), 153A (promoting enmity between classes), 153B (imputations, assertions prejudicial to national integration), 504 (insult intended to provoke breach of peace) and 505 (false statement, rumour circulated with intent to cause mutiny or offence against public peace...) to be read with Section 13 of the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act of 1967". The charges, which carried a maximum sentence of life imprisonment, were the result of a self-titled seminar they gave in New Delhi, "Azadi-the Only Way" on 21 October, at which Geelani was heckled.[32][33]

Electoral politics

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Geelani had appealed to people of Kashmir to boycott the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly elections completely, not accepting the proposals for self-rule or autonomy that had been offered by the People's Democratic Party and the then ruling National Conference.[34][35] But despite repeated boycott appeals, 2014 assembly election recorded record voters' turnout of more than 65% which was highest in 25 years of history.[36][37][38] After record voting percentage in Kashmir, Geelani, along with other separatists, were criticised by Indian media for misleading people of Kashmir and for not representing true sentiments of Kashmiri people.[39][40][41]

Personal life

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Geelani lived in Hyderpora, Srinagar. Geelani has 2 sons; Nayeem and Naseem, and four daughters; Anisha, Farhat Jabeen, Zamshida, and Chamshida.[42] Anisha and Farhat are Geelani’s daughters from his second marriage. Nayeem and his wife are both doctors who used to live and practise medicine in Rawalpindi Pakistan, but they returned to India in 2010.[43] Geelani's younger son, Naseem works at an agricultural university in Srinagar.[44] Geelani's grandson Izhaar is a crew member in a private airline in India. Geelani's daughter Farhat is a madani teacher in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and her husband is an engineer there.[45][46] Geelani's other grandchildren are studying in leading schools of India. His cousin Ghulam Nabi Fai is presently in London.[47] Ruwa Shah, daughter of Kashmiri separatist Altaf Ahmad Shah (SAS Geelani's son-in-law) is a journalist.[48][49][50] She previously worked as a journalist in India with organisations including the dawn,[51] IANS, Quint and The Indian Express, since 2014.[52][53]

Health issues, passport suspension and house arrest

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Geelani's passport was seized in 1981 due to accusations of "anti-India" activities. With the exception of his Hajj pilgrimage in 2006, he has not been allowed to leave India.Template:Update inline[54] He was diagnosed with renal cancer, and advised treatment from abroad in the same year. On the then Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's intervention, the government returned Geelani's passport to his son.[55] In 2007, his condition worsened,[56] although in the early stages of the cancer, it was life-threatening and surgery was advised. Geelani was set to travel to either the UK or the United States.[57] However, his visa request was rejected by the American government citing his violent approach in Kashmir conflict and he went to Mumbai for surgery. His supporters and family alleged that this was a "human rights violation".[58]

On 6 March 2014, Geelani fell ill with a severe chest infection, shortly after returning to his home in Srinagar.[59] He has been under house arrest for most of the time since 2010,[60] and was put under house arrest again on his return.[61] In May 2015, Geelani applied for passport to visit his daughter in Saudi Arabia. The Indian government withheld it citing technical reasons, including the fact that he deliberately failed to fill in the nationality column required in the application.[62][63] On 21 July, the Government granted him a passport on humanitarian grounds, with a validity of nine months, after Geelani acknowledged his nationality as an Indian.[64][65]

Death rumour

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On 12 March 2014, rumors of Geelani's death, spread by edits to his Wikipedia entry, "a particular Hindi news channel", and pages on Facebook led the government of Kashmir to suspend internet and phone service, according to some sources.[66][67][68] However, the then Chief Minister Omar Abdullah said that the failures had nothing to do with Geelani's health and were due to a snapped power line as well as an optical fibre cut due to heavy snowfall, which left most of the valley without power. The cuts in Internet service, hours after a statement by Hurriyat that Geelani would be flown to New Delhi for medical treatment, were blamed for spreading the rumours.[69][70][71]

FEMA case

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After the 2019 Pulwama attack, India took stronger action against pro-Pakistan separatists including Geelani. The Enforcement Directorate levied a penalty of ₹14.40 lakh and ordered confiscation of nearly ₹6.8 lakh in connection with a Foreign Exchange Management Act case against him for illegal possession of foreign exchange.[72]

Death

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Geelani reportedly developed breathing complications and died on 1 September 2021 at his Hyderpora residence in Srinagar due to his prolonged illness.[15][73][74]

Honours and awards

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On 14 August 2020, Pakistani President Arif Alvi conferred Nishan-e-Pakistan, Pakistan’s highest civil award on Geelani to recognise his decades-long struggle for Kashmiris’ right to self-determination.[75]

Views

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In February 2014 he said prisoners in Kashmir "are the victims of custodial violence and are harassed in Indian jails especially in Tihar Jail" after an incident where parents of Javaid Ahmad Khan, serving a life sentence, "had travelled thousands of kilometres and invested a lot of money to reach Delhi to meet their jailed son but were denied a meeting with him. "This is state terrorism", he said.[76]

He is viewed as sympathetic to Jamat-e-Islami.[77] His official residence was viewed as Jamat property before he donated it to the Milli Trust.[78]

Geelani called Islamist leader and founder of the Jamaat-e-Islami, Abul A'la Maududi his mentor.

In November 2011, Geelani called for protests against the alleged "objectionable anti-Islamic" content on the social networking website Facebook, which he described as a "satanic audacity". His call triggered protests in various parts of the Kashmir valley, leading to minor clashes between the protestors and the security forces.[79]

Geelani condemned the killing of Osama Bin Laden by the US.[80] After Bin Laden's death in May 2011, Geelani said that he would lead last rite prayers in absentia in Srinagar for the slain al-Qaeda leader.[81][82] After holding prayers for Osama in congregation of thousands of Kashmiris, a European Union delegation snubbed Geelani by cancelling a scheduled meeting with him.[83][84][85] He further supported 2001 Indian Parliament attack accused Afzal Guru[86] and one of 2008 Mumbai Attacks masterminds and Lashkar-e-Taiba chief Hafiz Saeed.[87]

Kashmir

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Geelani said that while Pakistan supported "the indigenous struggle of the people of Jammu and Kashmir, morally, diplomatically and politically ... this does not mean Pakistan can take a decision on our behalf."[3]

Geelani would only support a dialogue process aimed at resolving Kashmir issue in accordance with the wishes and aspirations of the people of the state. But he believed that dialogue between India and Pakistan starts under diplomatic compulsions, and it is nothing but just a time delaying tactics. He was of the opinion that Kashmiris are not enemies of India or hold any grudge against its inhabitants. We are desirous of a strong India and Pakistan and it is only possible when Kashmir issue is resolved to pave the way for peace, prosperity and development in the region.[88]

He said, "Kashmir is not any border dispute between India and Pakistan which they can solve by bilateral understandings. It is the issue concerning future of 15 million people. The Hurriyat is not in principle against a dialogue process but without involvement of Kashmiri people, such a process has proved meaningless in the past. We don’t have any expectations of it being fruitful in future too."[89] He further stated, "India should immediately and unconditionally release political prisoners, and withdraw cases against youth, which are pending in the courts for the past 20 years."[90]

Separatism and relations with Pakistan

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Geelani has been repeatedly criticised by Indian authorities for inciting violence in the region and working as offshoot of Pakistan.[3][91] Geelani said openly that he was not Indian. "Travelling on the Indian passport is a compulsion of every Kashmiri as Kashmir is an Internationally accepted Disputed region between India and Pakistan" are his words when applying for Indian Passport.[92][93][94] "We are Pakistani; Pakistan is ours,"[95] he said in a big gathering of his supporters.

Sheikh Mustafa Kamal, a senior leader of Jammu & Kashmir National Conference and son of Sheikh Abdullah criticised Geelani for working on "dictations" given by Pakistan. He accused Geelani of being "a double agent" on "the payroll of Pakistan's ISI".[96][97][98]

Pakistan also openly supported Geelani, the three-member delegation from Pakistan High Commission led by Abdul Basit met Geelani at his Malviya Nagar residence in March 2015. Pakistan High Commissioner Abdul Basit assured Geelani of complete support conveying that the country's stand on Kashmir remains unchanged despite regime change in New Delhi.[91][99][100][101] Basit also invited Geelani for Pakistan Day function on 23 March. Pakistan High Commission in New Delhi, ritually invites pro-separatist leadership of Jammu and Kashmir. On 14 August, the Pakistani government awarded him its highest civilian award, the Nishan-e-Pakistan.[4]

Books

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Some of his works include:[102]

  • Rūdād-i qafas, 1993. Author's memoirs of his imprisonment.
  • Navā-yi ḥurriyyat, 1994. Collection of letters, columns and interviews on Kashmir issue.
  • Dīd o shunīd, 2005. Compilation based on answers to the various questions relating to Kashmir issue.
  • Bhārat ke istiʻmārī ḥarbe! : Kurālah Gunḍ se Jodhpūr tak!, 2006. Autobiographical reminiscences with special reference to his struggle for the liberation of Kashmir.
  • Sadāʼe dard : majmuvʻah taqārīr, 2006. Collection of speeches on Kashmir issue.
  • Millat-i maz̤lūm, 2006. Collection of articles and columns on various issues of Jammu and Kashmir with special reference to autonomy and independence movements of Kashmir.
  • Safar-i Maḥmūd z̲ikr-i maẓlūm, 2007. Compilation based on answers to the various questions relating to Kashmir issue.
  • Maqtal se vāpsī : Rāncī jail ke shab o roz, 2008. Autobiographical reminiscences.
  • Iqbāl rūḥ-i dīn kā shanāsā, 2009. Study on the works of Muhammad Iqbal.
  • ʻĪdain, 2011. Collection of sermons delivered on the occasion of Eid ul Fitr, Eid ul Adha, and Friday prayers.
  • Vullar kināre : āp bītī, 2012. Autobiography.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Abdul Hakeem states the birth place as the Khonus village, at the edge of Sopore.[18]

References

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  1. ^ “Disillusionment or Pakistan push? Story behind Syed Ali Shah Geelani's Hurriyat exit”. ThePrint (1 July 2020). 1 October 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  2. ^ Prabhash K. Dutta (29 June 2020). “Syed Ali Shah Geelani: Hartal man of Kashmir politics or soft peddler of terrorism?”. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  3. ^ a b c Asad Hashim. “Profile: Syed Ali Shah Geelani”. Al Jazeera English. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  4. ^ a b “President Alvi confers Nishan-e-Pakistan on Kashmiri leader Syed Ali Shah Geelani” (14 August 2020). Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  5. ^ Garner, Chechnya and Kashmir: The Jihadist Evolution (2013), p. 423: "The Jamaat-e-Islami's ideologue, Saeed Ali Shah Geelani, played a key role in political discourse, aiming to discredit and displace the JKLF's agenda and provide a religious rationale for advocating Kashmir's accession to Pakistan. Geelani was one of the first to place the Kashmiri struggle within an Islamist paradigm."
  6. ^ Sumantra Bose, Syed Ali Shah Geelani: The man who fought for Kashmir’s freedom, BBC News, 2 September 2021.
  7. ^ "Syed Ali Shah Geelani emerging as most powerful separatist in Kashmir, The Times of India, 14 April 2015 Archived 9 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
  8. ^ Kaveree Bamzai (30 October 2010). “Syed Ali Shah Geelani: The Man who Hates India”. India Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20101108-syed-ali-shah-geelani-the-man-who-hates-india-744614-2010-10-30 
  9. ^ The ‘father of jihad’ in Kashmir, led separatist politics for 3 decades…A chapter ends with the death of Ali Shah Geelani, PressWire18, 2 September 2021.
  10. ^ PTI, Why India banned Jamaat-e-lslami and the 'Amir-e-Jihad' Geelani connection, Business Standard, 9 March 2019.
  11. ^ a b Praveen Swami, The Sunset of Kashmir’s Jihadist Patriarch, Syed Ali Shah Geelani, News18, 29 June 2020 (updated 1 September 2021).
  12. ^ Jamal, Shadow War (2009), pp. 141–143: "Among top leaders of the organization [Jamaat-i-Islami] in 1989, only Syed Ali Shah Geelani was willing to publicly support armed jihad. ... A pro-militancy constituency secretly arranged for Syed Ali Shah Geelani to address the group [of leaders]. When negotiations stalled, Geelani appeared suddenly, made an impassioned speech and, according to accounts of the meeting, succeeded in pushing the group toward openly supporting the jihad [which ended with the creation of Hizbul Mujahideen]."
  13. ^ “Disillusionment or Pakistan push? Story behind Syed Ali Shah Geelani's Hurriyat exit”. ThePrint (1 July 2020). 3 July 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  14. ^ “Syed Ali Geelani springs surprise, says, 'I quit from Hurriyat Forum'”. 5 Dariya News. オリジナルの9 July 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183135/https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/298288-Syed-Ali-Geelani-springs-surprise-says-I-quit-from-Hurriyat-Forum 
  15. ^ a b Ashraf Wani; Kamaljit Kaur Sandhu (2 September 2021). “Kashmiri separatist leader Syed Ali Shah Geelani dies in Srinagar”. India Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jammu-kashmir-leader-syed-ali-shah-geelani-died-srinagar-1848181-2021-09-01 
  16. ^ "Sopore Election 2014, Results, Candidate List and winner of Sopore Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Constituency, Jammu And Kashmir" Archived 26 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine.. elections.in. Retrieved on 23 July 2016.
  17. ^ “Masarat Alam: Successor to Geelani with 'anti-India sentiment'”. Hindustantimes.com (10 March 2015). 9 March 2015時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  18. ^ a b Hakeem, Paradise on Fire (2014), p. 25.
  19. ^ Sikand, Jama'at-i-Islami of Jammu and Kashmir (2002), p. 719.
  20. ^ Indian police arrest Syed Ali Geelani in Kashmir Archived 15 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine., Dawn, 8 September 2010.
  21. ^ “Farooq, Omar lash out at Geelani”. The Hindu (Chennai, India). (29 April 2007). オリジナルの19 December 2007時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20071219050314/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/29/stories/2007042902651000.htm 
  22. ^ “Farooq asks Geelani to adopt a path which can save people”. The Hindu (Chennai, India). (8 September 2007). オリジナルの12 September 2007時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20070912183659/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200709081922.htm 
  23. ^ “All Parties Hurriyat Conference”. South Asia Terrorism Portal (2014年). 12 September 2019時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  24. ^ “Geelani re-elected Hurriyat (G) chairman”. Rising Kashmir. 6 October 2014時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  25. ^ “Partial shutdown in Kashmir against Lolab killings” (28 February 2014). 14 January 2016時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  26. ^ “Hurriyat calls for shutdown on Sunday against Naidkhai killing”. Authint Mail (15 March 2014). 14 January 2016時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  27. ^ "Syed Ali Shah Geelani decides to participate in OIC meet in New York" Archived 12 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine.. India Today. Retrieved on 23 July 2016.
  28. ^ "Repeal AFSPA, release prisoners for peace and resolution, says Geelani" Archived 18 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine..India Today . Retrieved on 23 July 2016.
  29. ^ "Kashmir unrest: Syed Ali Shah Geelani lists measures for return of peace - Firstpost" Archived 2 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine.. firstpost.com. 17 July 2016. Retrieved on 23 July 2016.
  30. ^ "Separatist leader Geelani asks UN, world to intervene over Kashmir violence" Archived 2 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine.. hindustantimes.com. 17 July 2016. Retrieved on 23 July 2016.
  31. ^ Kujal Majumder. “Sedition FIR puts Delhi Police in a tough spot”. Tehelka.com. 15 March 2014時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  32. ^ Press Trust of India (29 November 2010). “Sedition case registered against Arundhati Roy, Geelani”. NDTV. 4 October 2012時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  33. ^ Manoj Mitta (5 December 2013). “Judge ignores key ruling in Roy sedition case”. Times of India. オリジナルの12 November 2012時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20121112044804/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Judge-ignores-key-ruling-in-Roy-sedition-case/articleshow/7045710.cms 
  34. ^ Ishfaq Tantry (1 April 2014). “Kashmir: To Vote Or Not To Vote Is The Question”. Free Press Kashmir. 6 April 2014時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  35. ^ "Syed Ali Shah Geelani's J&K election boycott call resonates in his hometown Sopore" Archived 4 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine.. in.com. 3 December 2014.
  36. ^ "Jammu and Kashmir registers highest voter turnout in 25 years, Jharkhand breaks records" Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine.. deccanchronicle.com.
  37. ^ "J&K polls: 76 percent voter turnout recorded in the final phase". in.com. 20 December 2014. Retrieved on 23 July 2016.
  38. ^ "Jammu and Kashmir Registers Highest Voter Turnout in 25 Years, Jharkhand Breaks Records" Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine.. ndtv.com. Retrieved on 23 July 2016.
  39. ^ "High Voter Turnout in Jammu & Kashmir Assembly Elections: A Debilitating Blow to Separatists and Resilient Boost for Indian Democracy" Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine.. eptoday.com. 5 December 2014. Retrieved on 23 July 2016.
  40. ^ "J&K polls: Valley opts for ballot over bullet with 71 percent voting in first phase" Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine.. indianexpress.com. 25 November 2014. Retrieved on 23 July 2016.
  41. ^ "Ballot over bullet: Brisk voting in J&K and Jharkhand showcases faith in democracy" Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine.. indiatimes.com. 26 November 2014. Retrieved on 23 July 2016.
  42. ^ “NIA: 14 properties of Geelani, kin worth Rs 150 crore under NIA lens”. The Times of India. 12 September 2017時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  43. ^ “Geelani's son back from Pak after 12 yrs — Indian Express”. archive.indianexpress.com. 6 June 2017時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  44. ^ “NIA grills Geelani's sons, JKLF chief's aide in terror funding case”. Hindustan Times (28 August 2017). 11 January 2018時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  45. ^ “As Valley kids suffer, separatists' wards thrive in safe havens”. The Tribune. (19 September 2010). オリジナルの9 September 2014時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20140909122930/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100919/main2.htm 
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  49. ^ Shah, Ruwa. “Kashmiri separatist leader Altaf Ahmad Shah's daughter says he is denied proper healthcare in Tihar”. The Caravan. 17 June 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
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Bibliography

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