利用者:Fluoros jp/下書き置場/パヴロワ (食品)
| パヴロワ | |
|---|---|
 苺、パッションフルーツ、キウイフルーツとクリームのトッピングされた典型的なパヴロワ | |
| フルコース | デザート |
| 発祥地 | ニュージーランド[1] |
| 主な材料 | 卵白，砂糖，果物 |
Pavlova is a meringue-based dessert named after the Russian ballet dancer Anna Pavlova.[2] It is a meringue dessert with a crisp crust and soft, light inside.[1] The name is pronounced [pævˈloʊvə] or [pɑːvˈloʊvə], unlike the name of the dancer, which was [ˈpɑːvləvə].[3][4][5]
The dessert is believed to have been created in honour of the dancer either during or after one of her tours to Australia and New Zealand in the 1920s. The nationality of its creator has been a source of argument between the two nations for many years, but formal research indicates New Zealand as the source.[1]
The dessert is a popular dish and an important part of the national cuisine of both countries, and with its simple recipe, is frequently served during celebratory and holiday meals. It is a dessert most identified with the summer time, but is eaten all year round in many Australian and New Zealand homes.
Origin
[編集]
Keith Money, a biographer of Anna Pavlova, wrote that a hotel chef in Wellington, New Zealand, created the dish when Pavlova visited there in 1926 on her world tour.[6]
Professor Helen Leach, a culinary anthropologist at the University of Otago in New Zealand, has compiled a library of cookbooks containing 667 pavlova recipes from more than 300 sources.[7] Her book, The Pavlova Story: A Slice of New Zealand’s Culinary History, states that the first Australian pavlova recipe was created in 1935 while an earlier version was penned in 1929[1] in a rural magazine.[2]
The Australian website "Australian Flavour" gives the earlier date of 1926 for its creation, suggesting that Home Cookery for New Zealand, by Australian writer Emily Futter, contained a recipe for "Meringue with Fruit Filling". This recipe was similar to today's version of the dessert.[8] It has been claimed that Bert Sachse created the dish at the Esplanade Hotel in Perth, Australia in 1935.[7][9] In defence of his claim as inventor of the dish, a relative of Sachse's wrote to Leach suggesting that Sachse may have accidentally dated the recipe incorrectly. Leach replied they would not find evidence for that "because it's just not showing up in the cookbooks until really the 1940s in Australia." (However, a 1937 issue of the Australian Women's Weekly contains a "pavlova sweet cake" recipe.[10]) A 1935 advertisement for a chromium ring used to prevent the dessert collapsing indicates that the term "pavlova cake" had some currency in Auckland at that time.[11] Of such arguments, Matthew Evans, a restaurant critic for The Sydney Morning Herald, said that it was unlikely that a definitive answer about the pavlova's origins would ever be found. "People have been doing meringue with cream for a long time, I don't think Australia or New Zealand were the first to think of doing that."[12]
The first known recorded recipe named "pavlova" was published in the fifth Australian edition of Davis Dainty Dishes in 1926.[1] However this "pavlova" recipe was not meringue based, but was instead a multi-coloured gelatine dish.
An article in Melbourne's The Argus from 17 November 1928 claims an "American ice-cream" was named after Pavlova: "Dame Nellie Melba, of course, has found fame apart from her art in the famous sweet composed of peaches and cream, while Mme. Anna Pavlova lends her name to a popular variety of American ice-cream."[13]
Preparation and consumption
[編集]Pavlova is made by beating egg whites (and sometimes salt) to a very stiff consistency before folding in caster sugar, white vinegar or another acid (e.g. cream of tartar or lemon juice), cornflour, and sometimes vanilla essence, and slow-baking the mixture, similar to meringue.[14]
The pavlova has a crisp and crunchy outer shell, and a soft, moist marshmallow-like centre, in contrast to meringue which is usually solid throughout. It has been suggested the addition of cornflour is responsible for the marshmallow centre, although it has been debated that the cornflour is just another egg white stabiliser in addition to the acid.[15] The consistency also makes the pavlova significantly more fragile than meringue. Because the pavlova is notorious for deflating if exposed to cold air, when cooking is complete it is left in the oven to fully cool down before the oven door is opened.
Pavlova is traditionally decorated with a topping of whipped cream and fresh soft fruit such as kiwifruit, passionfruit, and strawberries.[16] Factory-made pavlovas can be purchased at supermarkets and decorated as desired. A commercial product is available that includes pre-mixed ingredients for baking the meringue shell, requiring only the addition of water and sugar.
Leftover decorated pavlova can be refrigerated overnight, but the dessert will absorb moisture and lose its crispness. Undecorated pavlova can be left overnight in the oven, or for several days in an airtight container, to be decorated when ready.
In culture
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World's largest pavlova
[編集]Te Papa, New Zealand's national museum in Wellington, celebrated its first birthday in February 1999 with the creation of the world's largest pavlova, named "Pavzilla", which was cut by the Prime Minister of the time, Jenny Shipley. This record was broken by students at the Eastern Institute of Technology in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand in March 2005. Their creation 'Pavkong' stretched 64 metres long in comparison to Te Papa's 45 metre long pavlova.[17] In August 2010, chef Aaron Campbell displayed a 50 square metre rugby-themed pavlova, with the Bledisloe Cup in the centre, in the ChristChurch Cathedral in Christchurch, to raise money for the official charity of the All Blacks.[18]
NZI advertising campaign
[編集]In 2007, insurance company NZI ran a humorous series of television advertisements in New Zealand[19] highlighting what are locally considered to be historic New Zealand icons being adopted elsewhere, including the pavlova playing on its status as a common feature of the friendly trans-Tasman rivalry. NZI's parent company is Australian owned.
Further reading
[編集]- Leach, Helen M. (1997). “The pavlova cake: the evolution of a national dish”. In Walker, Harlan. Food on the Move: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery, 1996. Devon, England: Prospect Books. pp. 219–223. ISBN 0-907325-79-3
See also
[編集]References
[編集]- ^ a b c d e Leach, Helen, The Pavlova Story: A Slice of New Zealand's Culinary History, University of Otago Pr, 30 August 2008, ISBN 978-1-877372-57-5
- ^ a b Boylen, Jeremy (reporter) (2004-08-20).Pavlova George Negus Tonight, Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
- ^ Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition (2005). Melbourne, The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. ISBN 1-876429-14-3
- ^ Orsman, H.W. (ed.) (1979) Heinemann New Zealand dictionary. Auckland: Heinemann Educational Books (NZ)
- ^ Dictionary.com, "pavlova," in Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Source location: Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pavlova. Available: http://dictionary.reference.com. Accessed: 26 April 2009.
- ^ “Pavlova, History of Pavlova”. WhatsCookingAmerica.net (1935年4月2日). 2010年11月16日閲覧。
- ^ a b Pavlova palaver, by Susette Goldsmith, New Zealand Listener (reviewing The Pavlova Story: A Slice of New Zealand’s Culinary History, By Helen Leach)
- ^ “'Australian Flavour', Pavlova Time Line”. AustralianFlavour.net (2007年11月8日). 2010年11月16日閲覧。
- ^ See, for example, M.Symons (1982) "One continuous picnic: a history of eating in Australia." Adelaide:Duck Press.
- ^ “These are... OUT of the BOX!”. The Australian Women's Weekly (Australia: National Library of Australia): p. 39 Supplement: 16 Pages of Cookery. (10 July 1937) 6 January 2011閲覧。
- ^ Auckland Star, 5 September 1935, p. 21"
- ^ “Antipodean palaver over pavlova”. BBC News. (2005年7月19日) 2009年7月17日閲覧。
- ^ “IN THE PAPERS.”. The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848-1954) (Melbourne, Vic.: National Library of Australia): p. 5 Supplement: The Argus. Saturday Camera Supplement.. (17 November 1928) 6 January 2011閲覧。
- ^ “Pavlova Recipe”. Elise.com. 2010年11月16日閲覧。
- ^ “How to Make Perfect Pavlova and Meringues”. Foodlovers.co.nz. 11 July 2014閲覧。
- ^ “Contains Pavlova Toppings”. InMamasKitchen.com. 2010年11月16日閲覧。
- ^ “Students make world's biggest Pavlova”. The New Zealand Herald. (2005年3月21日)
- ^ “Charitable Kiwi chef whips up giant pavlova”. NewZealand.com (2010年8月6日). 2010年11月16日閲覧。
- ^ “Complaint 06/153”. Advertising Standards Complaints Board (2006年5月19日). 17 November 2010閲覧。
