利用者:Jahoda-Truskawka/sandbox

生い立ち (1373年か1374年 – 1382年)[編集]

ヤドヴィガはハンガリー王国の首都ブダで生まれた[1]。ハンガリー王でポーランド王でもあるラヨシュ1世とその2人目の妻であるボスニア出身のエリザベタ・コトロマニッチとの3女であり、末娘であった[2][3]。祖母はエルジュビェタ・ウォキェトクヴナとエルジュビェタ・クヤフスカであり、2人ともクヤヴィ・ピャスト家の娘であるため、ヤドヴィガはクヤヴィ・ピャスト家の血を引いている[4][5]。歴史家のオスカー・ハレツキは、「家系図は、ヤドヴィガが他の王家よりも多くポーランドの血を引いていることを明確に表している」と結論付けた[5]。ヤドヴィガはおそらく1373年10月3日から1374年2月18日の間に生まれたとされている[6]。遠い先祖であるシロンスクのヤドヴィガの名から名付けられた。シロンスクのヤドヴィガはヤドヴィガが生まれた当時のハンガリー王宮で特別に敬われていた[7][8]。

ラヨシュ1世は息子がいなかったため、娘たちが領地を継承する権利を確実にしたいと考えた[3][9]。そのため、ヨーロッパの各王室はラヨシュ1世の3人の娘との結婚を魅力的なものとしてみなした[3]。オーストリア公レオポルド3世は、1374年8月18日に長男のヴィルヘルムをヤドヴィガに求婚させていた[10]。シュラフタの使節は、ラヨシュ1世が貴族の自由の拡大と承認を1374年9月17日のコシツェの特権の中で確かめた後に、娘の1人がポーランド王位を継ぐことを認めた[4][9][11]。シュラフタはラヨシュ1世の要求に応じ、娘の1人であるカタリンに忠誠を誓った[12]。

ラヨシュ1世は1375年3月4日にヤドヴィガをオーストリアのヴィルヘルムへ嫁がせることに同意した[10]。中世の婚約形式に則り、2人の婚約は「将来の婚姻約束(Sponsalia de futuro)」として1378年6月15日にハインブルク・アン・デア・ドナウで祝われた[12][13][14]。この儀式は教会の儀礼なしに、2人が成人する時に結婚初夜を迎える法的枠組みを確立を意味した[15]。レオポルド3世は、ヤドヴィガが父のラヨシュ1世から結婚持参金としてヴェネツィア共和国から征服される予定のトレヴィーゾのみを受け取ることに同意した[16]。この儀式の後、ヤドヴィガはほぼ2年間をオーストリア、主にウィーンに滞在することになった[17]。

1378年暮れにカタリンが亡くなった[3]。ラヨシュ1世は最も影響力のあったポーランド領主らを説得して、1379年9月にカタリンの妹のマーリアへ忠誠を誓わせた[12][18]。マーリアはカジミェシュ3世の曽孫であるジギスムントと婚約していた[14]。ラヨシュ1世はカジミェシュ3世からポーランド王位を継承している[19]。ヤドヴィガとヴィルヘルムの「約束された結婚」は1380年2月12日にズリョム（現スロバキアのズヴォレン）の会合にて2人の父によって確認された[20][21]。ハンガリーの領主もこの文章を承認した。このことはヤドヴィガとヴィルヘルムがラヨシュ1世によるハンガリー統治の後継者であることを暗示した[22]。

1382年7月25日、ポーランド領主と聖職者の使節団はジギスムントに対し未来の王として正式に敬意を払った[23][24]。ポーランドはラヨシュ1世がハンガリーの領主と高位聖職者にもヤドヴィガとヴィルヘルムを自らの後継者として受け入れるよう説得する計画があると思っていた[14]。しかし、ラヨシュ1世は1382年9月10日に亡くなった[25]。ヤドヴィガは父の死に際に立ち会った[23]。

Accession negotiations (1382–84)[編集]

ラヨシュ1世の死後5日後、ヤドヴィガの姉マーリアがハンガリー女王として戴冠した[23][26]。 With the ceremony, their ambitious mother secured the right to govern Hungary on her twelve-year-old daughter's behalf instead of Mary's fiancé, Sigismund.[27][28] Sigismund could not be present at Mary's coronation, because Louis had sent him to Poland to crush a rebellion.[24] After he learnt of Louis's death, he adopted the title "Lord of the Kingdom of Poland", demanding oaths of loyalty from the towns in Lesser Poland.[24] On 25 November, the nobles of Greater Poland assembled at Radomsko and decided to obey nobody but the daughter of the late king as she would settle in Poland.[29] On their initiative, the noblemen of Lesser Poland passed a similar agreement in Wiślica on 12 December.[29] Queen Elizabeth sent her envoys to the assembled lords and forbade them to swear an oath of loyalty to anyone other than one of her daughters, thus invalidating the oath of loyalty that the Polish noblemen had sworn to Sigismund on the late King Louis's demand.[29]

Both Elizabeth's daughters had been engaged to foreign princes (Sigismund and William, respectively) unpopular in Poland.[30] Polish lords who were opposed to a foreign monarch regarded the members of the Piast dynasty as possible candidates to the Polish throne.[30][24] Queen Elizabeth's uncle Władysław the White had already attempted to seize Poland during Louis's reign.[31] However, he had taken monastic vows and settled in a Benedictine abbey in Dijon in Burgundy.[24] Antipope Clement VII, whom King Louis had refused to recognize against Pope Urban VI,[32] released Władysław from his vows, but he did not leave his monastery.[33] Meanwhile, Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia, appeared as a more ambitious candidate.[30] He was especially popular among the nobility and townspeople of Greater Poland.[12][30]

Queen Elizabeth's representatives released the Poles from their oath of fidelity that their representatives had sworn to Mary at an assembly in Sieradz in February 1383.[34] The envoys also announced that she was willing to send Jadwiga to be crowned instead, on condition that she return to Buda after her coronation to live there until her twelfth birthday.[34] The Polish lords accepted the proposal, but they soon realized that thereby the interregnum would be extended by a further three years.[34] At a new meeting in Sieradz, most noblemen were ready to elect Siemowit of Masovia king on 28 March.[34][35] They proposed that Siemowit should marry Jadwiga.[34] A member of the influential Tęczyński family, Jan, convinced them to postpone Siemowit's election.[36] The noblemen agreed to wait for Jadwiga until 10 May, stipulating that she was to live in Poland after her coronation.[36] They also demanded that Dobrzyń and Gniewków (two fiefdoms which her father had granted to Vladislaus II of Opole), and "Ruthenia" (that had passed to Hungary in accordance with a previous treaty)[37] be restored to the Polish Crown.[38]

Meanwhile, Jan Tęczyński and his allies, including Sędziwój Pałuka（ポーランド語版）, seem to have started negotiations with Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania.[39] Siemowit's supporters however, tried to enter Kraków in the retinue of Bodzanta, Archbishop of Gniezno, in May, but the townspeople closed the gates of the city before their arrival.[40] Jadwiga had not arrived in Poland by the stipulated date (10 May).[40] Her mother's envoys stated that the spring floods had hindered Jadwiga's progress over the Carpathian Mountains.[40]

Siemowit of Mazovia took up arms and advanced as far as Kalisz.[40] His supporters assembled in Sieradz in August in order to elect him king, but Archbishop Bodzanta refused to perform his coronation.[41] In a meeting in Kassa, Queen Elizabeth promised the delegates of the Polish provinces to send Jadwiga to Poland before November.[42] The queen mother and the Poles also agreed that if either Jadwiga or Mary died childless, her kingdom would pass to her surviving sister.[42] Siemowit having laid siege to Kalisz, Queen Elizabeth sent Sigismund of Luxemburg at the head of an "improvised army"[42] to Lesser Poland. Siemowit failed to take Kalisz, but news about the appalling behaviour of Sigismund's soldiers increased Sigismund's unpopularity in Poland.[42] Sędziwój Pałuka, who was the castellan of Kalisz and starosta of Kraków, led a delegation to Zadar in Dalmatia to negotiate with Queen Elizabeth, but she had him imprisoned instead.[43] She sent Hungarian soldiers to Poland to garrison them in Wawel Castle in Kraków, but Pałuka escaped and successfully obstructed her soldiers entering the castle.[44]

At a general assembly in Radomsko in early March, the delegates of all the Polish provinces and towns decided to elect Siemowit king, if Jadwiga did not come to Poland within two months.[44] They set up a provisional government,[44] stipulating that only the "community of lords and citizens" had the authority to administer Poland during the interregnum.[45] Queen Elizabeth, who was only informed of the decision by an informal message, realized that she could not any longer postpone Jadwiga's coronation and so sent her to Poland.[44] The exact date of Jadwiga's arrival is unknown, because the main source for the history of Poland during this period – Jan of Czarnków's chronicle – ended prior to this event.[46]

Reign[編集]

Coronation (1384)[編集]

The interregnum that followed Louis's death and caused such internal strife came to an end with Jadwiga's arrival in Poland.[47][48] A large crowd of clerics, noblemen and burghers gathered at Kraków "to greet her with a display of affection",[49] according to the 15th-century Polish historian, Jan Długosz.[48] Nobody protested when Archbishop Bodzanta crowned her on 16 October 1384.[46][50] According to traditional scholarly consensus, Jadwiga was crowned king.[51] Thereby, as Robert W. Knoll proposes, the Polish lords prevented her eventual spouse from adopting the same title without their consent.[52] Stephen C. Rowell, who says that sources that contradict the traditional view outnumber those verifying it, suggests that sporadic contemporaneous references to Jadwiga as king only reflect that she was not a queen consort, but a queen regnant.[51]

Bodzanta, Archbishop of Gniezno, Jan Radlica, Bishop of Kraków, Dobrogost of Nowy Dwór, Bishop of Poznań, and Duke Vladislaus II of Opole were Jadwiga's most trusted advisers during the first years of her reign.[53] According to a widely accepted scholarly theory, Jadwiga, who was still a minor, was "a mere tool" to her advisers.[7][54] However, Halecki refutes this view, contending that Jadwiga matured quickly and her personality, especially her charm and kindness, only served to strengthen her position.[54] Already in late 1384 she intervened on Duke Vladislaus's behalf to reconcile him with her mother's favourite, Nicholas I Garai.[55]

Refusal of William (1385)[編集]

The Polish lords did not want to accept Jadwiga's fourteen-year-old fiancé, William of Habsburg, as their sovereign.[56][57] They thought that the inexperienced William and his Austrian kinsmen could not safeguard Poland's interests against its powerful neighbours, especially the Luxemburgs which controlled Bohemia and Brandenburg, and had a strong claim on Hungary.[58][59] According to Halecki, the lords of Lesser Poland were the first to suggest that Jadwiga should marry the pagan duke Jogaila of Lithuania.[60]

Jogaila sent his envoys – including his brother, Skirgaila, and a German burgher from Riga, Hanul – to Kraków to request Jadwiga's hand in January 1385.[58][61] Jadwiga refused to answer, stating only that her mother would decide.[62] Jogaila's two envoys left for Hungary and met Queen Elizabeth.[62][63] She informed them that "she would allow whatever was advantageous to Poland and insisted that her daughter and the prelates and nobles of the Kingdom had to do what they considered would benefit Christianity and their kingdom",[64] according to Jan Długosz's chronicle.[65] The nobles from Kraków, Sandomierz and Greater Poland assembled in Kraków in June or July and the "majority of the more sensible"[64] voted for the acceptance of Jogaila's marriage proposal.[66]

A bearded man on his knees by a young woman who stands at a door holding an axe
Dymitr of Goraj by Jan Matejko depicts Jadwiga trying to break the castle gate to join William

In the meantime, William's father, Leopold III hurried to Buda in late July 1385, demanding the consummation of the marriage between William and Jadwiga before 16 August.[67] Queen Elizabeth confirmed the previous agreements about the marriage, ordering Vladislaus II of Opole to make preparations for the ceremony.[68][69] According to canon law, Jadwiga's marriage sacrament could only be completed before her twelfth birthday if the competent prelate testified her precocious maturity.[69] Demetrius, Archbishop of Esztergom, issued the necessary document.[70] William went to Kraków in the first half of August, but his entry to Wawel Castle was barred.[71] Długosz states that Jadwiga and William would only be able to meet in the nearby Franciscan convent.[71]

Contemporary or nearly contemporaneous records of the completion of the marriage between William and Jadwiga are contradictory and unclear.[72][68] The official accounts of the municipal authorities of Kraków record that on 23 August 1385 an amnesty was granted to the prisoners in the city jail on the occasion of the celebration of the Queen's marriage.[73] On the other hand, a contemporary Austrian chronicle, the Continuatio Claustroneubuzgis states that the Poles had tried to murder William before he consummated the marriage.[74] In the next century, Długosz states that William was "removed in a shameful and offensive manner and driven from the castle" after he entered "the Queen's bedchamber"; but the same chronicler also mentions that Jadwiga was well aware that "many people knew that ... she had for a fortnight shared her bed with Duke William and that there had been physical consummation".[75][76]

On the night when William entered the queen's bedchamber, a group of Polish noblemen broke into the castle, forcing William to flee, according to Długosz.[74] After this humiliation, Długosz continues, Jadwiga decided to leave Wawel and join William, but the gate of the castle was locked.[74] She called for "an axe and [tried] to break it open",[77] but Dymitr of Goraj convinced her to return to the castle.[78][68] Oscar Halecki says that Długosz's narrative "cannot be dismissed as a romantic legend";[79] Robert I. Frost writes that it is a "tale, almost certainly apocryphal".[68] There is no doubt, however, that William of Austria was forced to leave Poland.[80]

Marriage to Jogaila (1385–92)[編集]

Jogaila signed the Union of Krewo in August 1385, promising Queen Elizabeth's representatives and the Polish lords' envoys that he would convert to Catholicism, together with his pagan kinsmen and subjects, if Jadwiga married him.[81][82] He also pledged to pay 200,000 florins to William of Habsburg in compensation. William never accepted it.[83] Two days after the Union of Krewo, the Teutonic Knights invaded Lithuania.[84]

The Aeltere Hochmeisterchronik and other chronicles written in the Knights' territory accused the Polish prelates and lords of forcing Jadwiga to accept Jogaila's offer.[85] According to a Polish legend, Jadwiga agreed to marry Jogaila due to divine inspiration during her long prayers before a crucifix in Wawel Cathedral.[79] Siemowit IV of Mazovia resigned his claim to Poland in December.[86]

The Polish lords' envoys informed Jogaila that they would obey him if he married Jadwiga on 11 January 1386.[87][88] Jogaila went to Lublin where a general assembly unanimously declared him "king and lord of Poland" in early February.[89][90][91] Jogaila went on to Kraków where he was baptized, receiving the Christian name, Władysław, in Wawel Cathedral on 15 February.[80][92] Three days later, 35-year-old Władysław-Jogaila married 12-year-old Jadwiga.[93][92] Władysław-Jogaila styled himself as dominus et tutor regni Poloniae ("lord and guardian of the Kingdom of Poland") in his first charter issued after the marriage.[94]

Archbishop Bodzanta crowned Władysław-Jogaila king on 4 March 1386.[86] Poland was transformed into a diarchy – a kingdom ruled over by two sovereigns.[94] Jadwiga and her husband did not speak a common language, but they cooperated closely in their marriage.[89] She accompanied him to Greater Poland to appease the local lords who were still hostile to him.[95] The royal visit caused damage to the peasants who lived in the local prelates' domains, but Jadwiga persuaded her husband to compensate them, saying: "We have, indeed, returned the peasants' cattle, but who can repair their tears?",[96] according to Długosz's chronicle.[95] A court record of her order to the judges in favour of a peasant also shows that she protected the poor.[95]

Pope Urban VI sent his legate, Maffiolus de Lampugnano, to Kraków to enquire about the marriage of the royal couple.[97] Lampugnano did not voice any objections, but the Teutonic Knights started a propaganda campaign in favour of William of Habsburg.[98] Queen Elizabeth pledged to assist Władysław-Jogaila against his enemies on 9 June 1386,[97] but Hungary had sunken into anarchy.[37] A group of Slavonian lords captured and imprisoned Jadwiga's mother and sister on 25 July.[99] The rebels murdered Queen Elizabeth in January 1387.[100][101] A month later, Jadwiga marched at the head of Polish troops to Ruthenia where all but one of the governors submitted to her without opposition.[102][103]

Duke Vladislaus of Opole also had a claim on Ruthenia but could not convince King Wenceslaus of Germany to intervene on his behalf.[104] Jadwiga confirmed the privileges of the local inhabitants and promised that Ruthenia would never again be separated from the Polish Crown.[104] After the reinforcements that Władysław-Jogaila sent from Lithuania arrived in August, Halych, the only fortress to resist, also surrendered.[105] Władysław-Jogaila also came to Ruthenia in September.[105] Voivode Petru II of Moldavia visited the royal couple and paid homage to them in Lviv on 26 September.[105] Władysław-Jogaila confirmed the privileges that Jadwiga had granted the Ruthenians in October.[104] She also instructed her subjects to show the same respect for her husband as for herself: in a letter addressed to the burghers of Kraków in late 1387, she stated that her husband was their "natural lord".[89][106]

On William's demand, Pope Urban VI initiated a new investigation about the marriage of Jadwiga and Władysław-Jogaila.[107] They sent Bishop Dobrogost of Poznań to Rome to inform the pope of the Christianization of Lithuania.[108] In his letter to Bishop Dobrogost, Pope Urban jointly mentioned the royal couple in March 1388, which implied that he had already acknowledged the legality of their marriage.[108] However, Gniewosz of Dalewice, who had been William of Habsburg's supporter, spread rumours about secret meetings between William and Jadwiga in the royal castle.[108] Jadwiga took a solemn oath before Jan Tęczyński, stating that she had only had marital relations with Władysław-Jogaila.[109] After all witnesses confirmed her oath, Gniewosz of Dalewice confessed that he had lied.[110] She did not take vengeance on him.[110]

Strife with Sigismund (1392–95)[編集]

Jadwiga's brother-in-law, Sigismund, who had been crowned King of Hungary,[111] started negotiations with the Teutonic Knights about partitioning Poland in early 1392.[112] Jadwiga met Mary in Stará Ľubovňa in May and returned to Kraków only in early July.[113] She most probably accompanied her husband to Lithuania, according to Oscar Halecki, because she was far from Kraków till the end of August.[114] On 4 August, Władysław-Jogaila's cousin, Vytautas, who had earlier fled from Lithuania to the Teutonic Knights, paid homage to Władysław-Jogaila near Lida in Lithuania on 4 August.[114]

Negotiations between Sigismund and the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, Konrad von Wallenrode, continued with the mediation of Vladislaus of Opole.[115] However, Hungary's southern border was exposed to Ottoman incursions, preventing Sigismund from taking military measures against Poland.[116] Wallenrode died on 25 July 1393.[117] His successor, Konrad von Jungingen, opened negotiations with the Poles.[117] During the discussions, Pope Boniface IX's legate, John of Messina, supported the Poles.[117]

Jadwiga was a skilful mediator, famed for her impartiality and intelligence.[103] She went to Lithuania to reconcile her brother-in-law, Skirgaila, with Vytautas in October 1393.[118] Relations between Poland and Hungary remained tense.[119] Sigismund invaded Moldavia, forcing Stephen I of Moldavia to accept his suzerainty in 1394.[119] Soon after the Hungarian troops left Moldavia, Stephen sent his envoys to Jadwiga and Jogaila, promising to assist Poland against Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and the Teutonic Knights.[119]

On 17 May 1395, Mary died after a riding accident.[120] According to the 1383 agreement between their mother and the Polish lords, Jadwiga was her childless sister's heir in Hungary.[121] Vlad I of Wallachia, a Hungarian vassal, issued an act of submission on 28 May, acknowledging Jadwiga and her husband as Mary's legitimate successors.[122] The widowed king's close supporter, Stibor of Stiboricz, expelled Vlad from Wallachia.[123] Władysław-Jogaila gathered his troops on the Polish-Hungarian border, but Eustache Jolsvai（ハンガリー語版）, Palatine of Hungary, and John Kanizsai（ハンガリー語版）, Archbishop of Esztergom, stopped his invasion of Hungary.[120][123] In September, Konrad von Jungingen told the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire that the union of Poland, Lithuania and Hungary under Władysław-Jogaila's rule would endanger Christendom.[124] However, most of Sigismund's opponents, who were especially numerous in Croatia, supported the claim of Ladislaus of Naples, the last male member of the Capetian House of Anjou.[125] On 8 September, the most influential Hungarian lords declared that they would not support any change in government while Sigismund was far from Hungary fighting against the Ottoman Turks.[124] Before the end of the year, peace negotiations between the representatives of Hungary and Poland ended with an agreement.[126] Jadwiga adopted the title "heir to Hungary", but she and her husband took no further action against Sigismund.[127]

Conflict with the Teutonic Knights (1395–99)[編集]

The relationship between Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights remained tense.[128] Jadwiga and her Polish advisers invited the Grand Master, Konrad von Jungingen, to Poland to open new negotiations in June 1396.[129] Conflicts with Vladislaus of Opole and Siemowit of Masovia, who had not given up their claims to parts of Ruthenia and Cuyavia, also intensified.[130] To demonstrate that the territories were under Jadwiga's direct control, Władysław-Jogaila granted the Duchy of Belz (in Ruthenia) and Cuyavia to her in early 1397.[131] However, Jadwiga and her Polish advisers wanted to avoid a war with the Teutonic Order.[132] In response, Władysław-Jogaila replaced most Polish "starostas" (aldermen) in Ruthenia with local Orthodox noblemen.[132] According to German sources, Władysław-Jogaila and Vytautas jointly asked Pope Boniface IX to sanction Vytautas' coronation as king of Lithuania and Ruthenia.[132]

Jadwiga and Jungingen met in Włocławek in the middle of June, but they did not reach a compromise.[133] The Teutonic Order entrusted Vladislaus of Opole with the task of representing their claims to Dobrzyń against Jadwiga.[134] Jadwiga and her husband met Sigismund of Hungary, who had returned there after his catastrophic defeat in the Battle of Nicopolis, on 14 July.[135] They seem to have reached a compromise, because Sigismund offered to mediate between Poland, Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights.[136] On Jadwiga's request, Wenceslaus of Bohemia granted permission for the establishment of a college for Lithuanian students in Prague on 20 July 1397.[137] Jadwiga, who had spent "many sleepless nights" thinking of this project, according to herself, issued a charter of establishment for the college on 10 November.[137]

She opened new negotiations with the Teutonic Knights, but Konrad von Jungingen dispatched a simple knight to meet her in May 1398.[138] Władysław-Jogaila's cousin Vytautas also entered into negotiations with the Teutonic Knights because he wanted to unite Lithuania and Ruthenia under his rule and to receive a royal crown from the Holy See.[139] According to the chronicle of John of Posilge, who was an official of the Teutonic Order, Jadwiga sent a letter to Vytautas, reminding him to pay the annual tribute that Władysław-Jogaila had granted her as dower.[132][140] Offended by Jadwiga's demand, Vytautas sought the opinion of the Lithuanian and Ruthenian lords who refused Jadwiga's claim to a tribute.[132] On 12 October 1398, he signed a peace treaty with the Teutonic Knights, without referring to Władysław-Jogaila's right to confirm it.[139] Oscar Halecki says that Posilge's "sensational story" is either an invention based on gossip or a guess by the chronicler.[141]

Pregnancy and death (1399)[編集]

Jadwiga was childless for over a decade, which, according to chronicles written in the Teutonic lands, caused conflicts between her and her husband.[142] She became pregnant in late 1398 or early 1399.[143] Sigismund, King of Hungary, came to Kraków in early March to negotiate for a campaign to defend Wallachia against the Ottoman Turks.[144] Vytautas, in order to bolster his authority over the Rus' principalities, decided to launch an expedition against Timur, who had subdued the Golden Horde.[145] According to Jan Długosz's chronicle, Jadwiga warned the Polish noblemen not to join Vytautas' campaign because it would end in failure.[145] Halecki says that the great number of Polish knights who joined Vytautas's expedition proves that Długosz's report is not reliable.[146]

On the occasion of the expected birth to the royal couple, Jogaila's cousin Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, sent expensive gifts, including a silver cradle, to the royal court on behalf of himself and his wife, Anna.[147] The first horoscopes written for Jadwiga's and Jogaila's child predicted a son in mid-September 1398.[148] However, a girl was delivered on 22 June 1399 at Wawel Castle. Reports of the time stated that the child was born prematurely.[149] According to the horoscope, she was actually born slightly late. However, a due date of 18 June would rule out the suspicion of pregnancy as early as mid-September.[150]

The newborn princess was named Elizabeth Bonifacia (ポーランド語: Elżbieta Bonifacja, リトアニア語: Elżbieta Bonifacija), after Jadwiga's mother and Pope Boniface IX who, in a letter of 5 May 1399, had agreed to be godfather under the condition that the infant be called Boniface or Bonifacia. She was baptised by Piotr Wysz Radoliński, Bishop of Kraków.[151] However, the infant died after only three weeks, on 13 July 1399.[152] Jadwiga, too, was on her deathbed. Stanisław of Skarbimierz expressed hope that she would survive, describing her as the spiritual mother of the poor, weak, and ill of Poland.[153] She advised her husband to marry Anna of Cilli, Casimir the Great's granddaughter[154]—which he did—and died on 17 July 1399, four days after her newborn daughter.[152][146]

Jadwiga and her daughter were buried together in Wawel Cathedral, on 24 August 1399,[152][146] as stipulated in the Queen's last will. On 12 July 1949, 550 years later, their tomb was opened; nothing remained of the child's soft cartilage.[155]

後世への影響[編集]

功績[編集]

歴史学者であるオスカー・ハレツキとS・ハリソン・トムソンによると、ヤドヴィガはボレスワフ1世とカジミェシュ3世に匹敵する偉大なポーランド王の1人だったとされる[156]。ヨガイラとの結婚はのちの時代のルブリン合同への道を開き、東欧に巨大なポーランド・リトアニア共和国を成立させるに至った[156]。ヤドヴィガが愛していた婚約者ヴィルヘルムとではなく「年配の」ヨガイラと結婚したことは、自国のための犠牲であるとポーランド歴史学でよくいわれる[7]。ヤドヴィガがチュートン騎士団との平和に尽力したことで、ポーランドが騎士団との決戦の準備を整えることが出来た、と伝記作家は強調している[157]。

ヨガイラのポーランド王としての地位はヤドヴィガとの結婚に基づいていたので、ヤドヴィガが跡継ぎを残せず死んだことで、ヨガイラはその地位を弱めた[158]。葬儀の6日後、ヨガイラは妻の死後はリトアニアに戻ると明言して、ポーランドを離れルテニアに向かった[152]。ポーランドの領主はヨガイラとの交渉を始めるため、リヴィウに使節を送った[152]。使節は彼に対し新たな忠誠を誓い、王としての地位を確認した[152]。領主の要求に基づき、ヨガイラはアンナ・ツィレイスカとの結婚に同意した[152]。 2人は1402年1月29日に式を挙げた[159]。

ヤドヴィガの文化事業や慈善事業は非常に価値のあるものであった[157]。具体的には、新しい病院、学校、教会を設立し、古くなっているものについては修復した[157]。ヤドヴィガは教会の礼拝において現地語の仕様を推奨し、特にポーランド語での讃美歌を奨励した[157]。また、聖書はヤドヴィガの命令でポーランド語に翻訳された[157]。

カジミェシュ3世は1364年にクラクフ大学を設立していたが、その死後は機能していなかった[160]。ヨガイラとヤドヴィガは共同してボニファティウス9世にクラクフにて神学部を設立する認可を求めた[161]。教皇は1397年1月11日にその要請を認めた[162][163]。ヤドヴィガはクラクフの中央通りに大学のための建物を購入した[163]。しかしながらこの学部はヤドヴィガの死後1年後にようやく設立された。ヨガイラは1400年7月26日に大学再建の憲章を公布した[160][162][163] 。ヤドヴィガの遺言に従い、大学再建の費用の一部はヤドヴィガの宝飾品の売却金によって賄われた[161]。

列聖[編集]

オスカー・ハレツキはヤドヴィガは東欧、中欧に向けて「キリスト教世界の普遍的遺産を伝えた。その頃、キリスト教は西欧では衰えていたが、東欧から中欧にかけてプレ・ルネサンス世界と融合しながら栄え始めた」と記した[5]。ヤドヴィガはエルジェーベトとその姪たちであるポーランドのキンガ、ヨレンタ、サロメアなどの13世紀のハンガリーとポーランドで尊敬されていた王女と関係があった[164]。ヤドヴィガは信心深いことで名声のある家柄に生まれ、毎日ミサに通っていた[165][156][7] 。家系の伝統に従い、ヤドヴィガはとりわけ聖母マリアに信仰をささげた[166]。ヴァヴェル大聖堂に置かれていた聖杯には、聖母マリアにポーランドを庇護下に置くよう願う碑文がヤドヴィガの要望によって彫られた[166]。

ヤドヴィガは死後すぐからポーランドで崇敬を受けた[167]。再建されたクラクフ大学の初代学長であったスタニスワフは「ヤドヴィガは最もキリスト教的な女王であった」と葬儀のために書いた説教の中で説いた[167]。ザトールのパヴェルはヤドヴィガの墓に置かれた蝋人形について言及した[167]。15世紀初頭に書かれた説教では、ヤドヴィガは救済や慈悲といった聖人女性の伝統的な美徳の典型例である、と強調されていた[167]。クラクフ大学の再建に対する貢献も15世紀初頭の学者によって同様に言及されている[167]。

ヤドヴィガが聖人であることを正当化する為に、数々の奇跡について伝説が作られた。有名なものは「ヤドヴィガの足跡」である。「ヤドヴィガの足跡」の伝説によると、ヤドヴィガが足につけていた宝石を、困窮して助けを求めていた石工に施した。彼女去ったあと、ヤドヴィガが来る前から固まっていたはずの、作業場にある漆喰の床にヤドヴィガの足跡があることを石工が見つけた、といわれている。この足跡として知られるものは、現在クラクフにある聖母マリア訪問教会（ポーランド語:Kościół Karmelitów Nawiedzenia NMP na Piasku）で見ることができる [168]。

また別の伝説では、ヤドヴィガが聖体の祝日に列席していた時に銅細工師の息子が川に落ちて溺死したが、ヤドヴィガがマントで少年の体を覆うと、 少年は息を吹き返したという[169]。

1979年6月8日にヨハネ・パウロ2世はヤドヴィガの石棺に祈り、 1986年8月8日には典礼秘跡省が正式にヤドヴィガの列福を承認した。 1997年6月8日に教皇はクラクフでヤドヴィガを列聖した[170]。

ヤドヴィガを扱った作品[編集]

Hedvigis. Dziedziczka królestwa (2021) はクシシュトフ・コノプカによる、ヤドヴィガの幼少期と治世について描いたポーランドの歴史小説である。ヤドヴィガと姉のマーリア、母の物語を扱っている[171]。

ポーランドの歴史テレビ番組Korona królówの第3シーズンにおいてヤドヴィガ女王が主役となっている。ダグマラ・ブリィジェクによって演じられた。幼少期のヤドヴィガはナタリア・ヴォルスカとアメリア・ザヴァツカによって演じられた[172]。

ヤドヴィガはポーランドの指導者として戦略ビデオゲームのCivilization VIに登場する[173]。RTSゲームのAge of Empires II Definitive Edition Dawn of the Dukesにはヤドヴィガを題材とするキャンペーンが実装されている。[174]

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 56.
  2. ^ Wolf 1993, p. xliii.
  3. ^ a b c d Engel 2001, p. 169.
  4. ^ a b Duczmal, Małgorzata (1996). Jagiellonowie. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. p. 305. ISBN 83-08-02577-3 
  5. ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 78.
  6. ^ Sroka 1999, pp. 54–55.
  7. ^ a b c d Gromada 1999, p. 434.
  8. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 89.
  9. ^ a b Davies 2005, p. 90.
  10. ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 58.
  11. ^ Sedlar 1994, pp. 39–40.
  12. ^ a b c d Frost 2015, p. 8.
  13. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 65, 93.
  14. ^ a b c Engel 2001, p. 170.
  15. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 65.
  16. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 64–65.
  17. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 93.
  18. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 71.
  19. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 52.
  20. ^ Frost 2015, pp. 8, 10.
  21. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 72–73.
  22. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 73.
  23. ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 75.
  24. ^ a b c d e Frost 2015, p. 10.
  25. ^ Engel 2001, p. 173.
  26. ^ Engel 2001, p. 195.
  27. ^ Monter 2012, p. 195.
  28. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 97.
  29. ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 99.
  30. ^ a b c d Halecki 1991, p. 100.
  31. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 66, 100.
  32. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 69–70.
  33. ^ Frost 2015, p. 11.
  34. ^ a b c d e Halecki 1991, p. 101.
  35. ^ Frost 2015, p. 15.
  36. ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 104.
  37. ^ a b Deletant 1986, p. 202.
  38. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 71, 104.
  39. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 103–104.
  40. ^ a b c d Halecki 1991, p. 106.
  41. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 101, 106.
  42. ^ a b c d Halecki 1991, p. 107.
  43. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 107–108.
  44. ^ a b c d Halecki 1991, p. 108.
  45. ^ Frost 2015, p. 16.
  46. ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 109.
  47. ^ Jackson 1999, p. 188.
  48. ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 113.
  49. ^ The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1384), p. 344.
  50. ^ Davies 2005, p. 91.
  51. ^ a b Frost 2015, p. 17 (note 38).
  52. ^ Knoll 2011, p. 37.
  53. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 114–115.
  54. ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 114.
  55. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 116.
  56. ^ Frost 2015, p. 17.
  57. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 116–117.
  58. ^ a b Frost 2015, pp. 17, 33.
  59. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 117.
  60. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 118.
  61. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 121–123.
  62. ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 123.
  63. ^ Frost 2015, p. 3.
  64. ^ a b The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1385), p. 345.
  65. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 127.
  66. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 129.
  67. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 127, 129.
  68. ^ a b c d Frost 2015, p. 34.
  69. ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 130.
  70. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 131.
  71. ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 132.
  72. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 132-135.
  73. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 132–133.
  74. ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 135.
  75. ^ The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1385 and 1386), pp. 346–347.
  76. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 134–135.
  77. ^ The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1385), p. 346.
  78. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 138.
  79. ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 139.
  80. ^ a b Davies 2005, p. 95.
  81. ^ Frost 2015, pp. 47, 50.
  82. ^ Gromada 1999, pp. 434–435.
  83. ^ Frost 2015, pp. 34, 47.
  84. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 157.
  85. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 139–140.
  86. ^ a b Frost 2015, p. 4.
  87. ^ Frost 2015, p. 49.
  88. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 147.
  89. ^ a b c Monter 2012, p. 74.
  90. ^ Frost 2015, pp. 49–50.
  91. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 150–151.
  92. ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 152.
  93. ^ Jackson 1999, p. 190.
  94. ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 155.
  95. ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 160.
  96. ^ The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1386), p. 348.
  97. ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 158.
  98. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 157–159.
  99. ^ Engel 2001, p. 198.
  100. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 198–199.
  101. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 164.
  102. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 165–166.
  103. ^ a b Gromada 1999, p. 435.
  104. ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 166.
  105. ^ a b c Deletant 1986, p. 203.
  106. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 156.
  107. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 167–168.
  108. ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 170.
  109. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 137, 180.
  110. ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 180.
  111. ^ Engel 2001, p. 199.
  112. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 194.
  113. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 195–197.
  114. ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 198.
  115. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 200–201.
  116. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 207.
  117. ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 211.
  118. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 199.
  119. ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 214.
  120. ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 201.
  121. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 220.
  122. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 221.
  123. ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 222.
  124. ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 224.
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  126. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 225.
  127. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 226–227.
  128. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 230–233.
  129. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 233.
  130. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 234–235.
  131. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 235.
  132. ^ a b c d e Frost 2015, p. 89.
  133. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 236–237.
  134. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 237.
  135. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 236, 238.
  136. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 240.
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  138. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 241.
  139. ^ a b Halecki 1991, pp. 242–243.
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  141. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 244.
  142. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 245.
  143. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 252.
  144. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 252–253.
  145. ^ a b Halecki 1991, pp. 256–257.
  146. ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 257.
  147. ^ Prof. Jadwiga Krzyżaniakowa. “Interview about Queen Jadwiga of Poland” (ハンガリー語). 2011年12月23日閲覧。
  148. ^ Ozog, p. 135, 322
  149. ^ Wdowiszewski, p. 443
  150. ^ The astrologer said the Queen would deliver on 18 June, but she delivered on 22 June; Śnieżyńska-Stolot, pp. 5–32
  151. ^ Wdowiszewski, p. 250
  152. ^ a b c d e f g Frost 2015, p. 91.
  153. ^ Brzezińska 1999, pp. 407–408.
  154. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 264–265.
  155. ^ Olbrycht and Kusiak, pp. 256–66.
  156. ^ a b c Gromada 1999, p. 433.
  157. ^ a b c d e Gromada 1999, p. 436.
  158. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 263.
  159. ^ Halecki 1991, p. 265.
  160. ^ a b Davies 2005, p. 80.
  161. ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 262.
  162. ^ a b Halecki 1991, pp. 261–262.
  163. ^ a b c Gromada 1999, p. 437.
  164. ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 82, 90.
  165. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 170–171.
  166. ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 115.
  167. ^ a b c d e Brzezińska 1999, p. 408.
  168. ^ “Legend of the little foot of Queen Jadwiga” (英語). krakow.travel. 2022年3月23日閲覧。
  169. ^ Catholic World Culture Chapter XXIII, pp. 146–151
  170. ^ 引用エラー: 無効な <ref> タグです。「Saint」という名前の注釈に対するテキストが指定されていません
  171. ^ “Hedvigis. Dziedziczka królestwa | Krzysztof Konopka” (ポーランド語). Lubimyczytać.pl. 2022年3月15日閲覧。
  172. ^ “Nowe odcinki "Korony królów" od września w TVP1. Dagmara Bryzek i Wasyl Wasyłyk w rolach głównych (wideo)” (ポーランド語). www.wirtualnemedia.pl. 2019年8月16日閲覧。
  173. ^ “Civilization® VI – The Official Site | News | Civilization VI: King Jadwiga Leads Poland” (英語). Civilization® VI – The Official Site | News | Civilization VI: King Jadwiga Leads Poland. 2023年6月17日閲覧。
  174. ^ Beckhelling, Imogen (2021年8月11日). “Age Of Empires 2: Definitive Edition adds new civilisations - the Poles and the Bohemians” (英語). RPS. 2022年5月16日閲覧。

参考文献[編集]

Primary sources[編集]

  • The Annals of Jan Długosz (An English abridgement by Maurice Michael, with commentary by Paul Smith) (1997). IM Publications. ISBN 1-901019-00-4.

Secondary sources[編集]

関連項目[編集]

外部リンク[編集]

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Jahoda-Truskawka/sandbox

17 July1399

爵位・家督
空位
最後の在位者
Louis 		Queen of Poland
1384–1399
共同統治者 Vladislaus II （1386–1399） 		次代
Vladislaus II

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