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利用者:Jishinni/sandbox

Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
生命の樹シナゴーグ（2018年11月4日） 地図
場所 アメリカ合衆国の旗 ペンシルベニア州ピッツバーグ
座標 北緯40度26分37秒 西経79度55分17秒 / 北緯40.44361度 西経79.92139度 / 40.44361; -79.92139座標: 北緯40度26分37秒 西経79度55分17秒 / 北緯40.44361度 西経79.92139度 / 40.44361; -79.92139
日付 2018年10月27日 (2018-10-27)
午前9時54分 - 11時8分 (EDT)
標的 生命の樹シナゴーグ
攻撃手段 銃乱射事件
武器
死亡者 11
負傷者 7 (被疑者含む)
動機 反ユダヤ主義
刑罰
  • 29 federal criminal counts
  • 36 state criminal counts
テンプレートを表示

ピッツバーグ・シナゴーグ銃撃事件は、2018年10月27日（東部標準時）にアメリカ合衆国ペンシルベニア州ピッツバーグ郊外のスクイレルヒル地区にある生命の樹シナゴーグ（英語版）（英語: Tree of Life * Or l'Simcha Congregation、ヘブライ語: עֵץ חַיִּים – אוֹר לְשִׂמְחָה‎[3] ）で、安息日の朝の礼拝の最中に発生した銃乱射事件である。

この事件で、11人が死亡し7人が負傷した。この事件はアメリカのユダヤ人コミュニティに対する攻撃として過去最悪のものであった[4][5]。

犯人の46歳の男は、事件以前からGabというSNSにおいて反ユダヤ主義的投稿を行っていた[6][7][8]。男は事件後逮捕され、29個の連邦犯罪と36個の州犯罪に問われた[9][10]。男は法廷で起訴された罪全てについて無罪を主張した[11]。

[12]

背景

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「生命の樹シナゴーグ」は、ユダヤ教保守派のシナゴーグである。同シナゴーグの公式ウェブサイトでは、「伝統的で、革新的で、平等主義的な会堂」と記述されている[13]。シナゴーグはペンシルベニア州ピッツバーグの郊外にあるスクイレルヒル地区、カーネギーメロン大学の1マイル東、ピッツバーグの中心部から約5マイル東に位置する[13]。スクイレルヒル地区はアメリカでも最大級のユダヤ人居住地区であり、ピッツバーグ在住のユダヤ人のうち26%が住み、歴史的にピッツバーグのユダヤ人コミュニティの中心となっている[14][15][16]。

シナゴーグはもともと1864年にユダヤ教正統派の会堂として設立され、生命の樹シナゴーグが2010年に後に設立されたOr L'Simchaシナゴーグと統合した[17]。1953年、スクイレルヒルのウィルキンス通りとシェイディー通りの交点に現代的なシナゴーグの建物が建てられた。シナゴーグは再建派のDor Hadash[注釈 1]という集会や、New Lightという保守派の集会にスペースを貸し出している[18][19][20]。シナゴーグ内にある主要な聖堂は1,250人を収容できる[21]。

スクレイルヒル地区の犯罪率は低く、民族的な緊張状態が起こっているとは一般的にみなされていないが、1986年にユダヤ教神学を学んでいた学生のニール・ローゼンブラム（Neal Rosenblum）が反ユダヤ主義者によって殺害される事件が起こっている[22]。

今回の事件は、コロンビア大学と名誉毀損防止同盟（アメリカ最大のユダヤ人団体）が、インターネット上、特にInstagramやTwitterなどの人気SNSで反ユダヤ主義的活動が急増しているという報告をそれぞれ行った直後に発生した[23][24][25][26][27]。

2018年8月から10月にかけて反ユダヤ主義的言説が急増したことは、11月に行われる2018年アメリカ合衆国中間選挙と関連しており[28]、2016年の大統領選挙の時期にも似たような増加が見られたとされている[23]。この間、2016年から2018年にかけては、アメリカにおいて反ユダヤ主義的な傾向が高まった。ムスリムやアフリカ系アメリカ人など他の集団へのヘイトクライムが増加する中で、反ユダヤ主義的な事件も2017年には57%増加したとFBIが報告している[26]。ペンシルベニア州やミズーリ州ではユダヤ人の墓石の破壊が相次ぎ[24]、大学のキャンパス内でも反ユダヤ主義的な事件が2件発生した[27]。2017年にはバージニア州シャーロッツビルで大規模な極右による集会が行われ、反対者との衝突で死者が発生する事件が起きた（2017年のユナイト・ザ・ライト・ラリー）。インターネット上では、反ユダヤ主義的言説の材料は大部分がジョージ・ソロスなど裕福なユダヤ人に関連する陰謀論であり、コロンビア大学のジョン・オルブライトはこれらの陰謀論をヘイトスピーチの「最悪の例」としている[23]。

事件発生

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2018年10月27日朝9時45分、生命の樹シナゴーグでは3つの礼拝が行われていた。

At 9:45 a.m. three services were underway in the Tree of Life synagogue which housed three congregations. Tree of Life and New Light had both just begun separate Shabbat morning service in the Pervin Chapel[29] and basement, respectively. Dor Hadash was near the front of the building before their 10:00 a.m. Torah study session.[30]

At 9:50 a.m. EDT (13:50 UTC), a gunman described as a "bearded heavy-set white male" entered the building, opened fire and was "shooting for about 20 minutes".[31] He was armed with a Colt AR-15 semi-automatic rifle (cited by authorities as an "assault rifle")[2] and three Glock .357 SIG semi-automatic pistols, all four of which he fired, according to authorities.[4][10][32][33] Approximately 75 people were inside the building at the time.[29] The first two shot were the Rosenthal brothers at the main entrance, after which the shooter headed downstairs to New Light. Some hearing the shots did not initially recognize what they were: upstairs Rabbi Jeffrey Myers thought it was a falling coatrack.[34]

By 9:54 a.m., police began receiving multiple calls from people barricaded in the building reporting the attack.[35][36][37]

At 9:55 a.m.,[38] the leader of New Light's services, Melvin Wax, was shot after exiting a closet, but the shooter did not notice the other three congregants who remained in the closet. Two other members of New Light (Gottfried and Stein) were killed in the basement kitchen.[29] Dor Hadash lost one member, Jerry Rabinowitz, a physician who had left the congregation at the sound of gunshots to see if anyone had been hurt.[29]

At 9:57 a.m.,[38] the shooter left the basement and headed upstairs to the larger Tree of Life service. About 13 worshippers had gathered for the Shabbat service of the Tree of Life congregation in an upstairs chapel. Myers helped four of them evacuate the chapel through a side door, but eight of the worshippers remained behind, of whom seven were killed and one wounded by the gunman.[29][39]

Police sources said the shooter shouted at some point during the attack, "All Jews must die!"[35][40]

At 9:59 a.m., police arrived at the synagogue.[36][41] The gunman fired on police from the entryway, apparently on his way out of the building, and police returned fire, causing the gunman to retreat into the building.[29][42]

At 10:30 a.m., tactical teams entered the building and were again fired upon by the gunman. Officers returned fire and wounded him, leading him to retreat to a room on the third floor of the synagogue.[36] In the exchange of gunfire two SWAT members were also wounded, one critically.[42]

At 11:08 a.m., the gunman crawled out of the room in which he was hiding and surrendered.[43] As he received medical care in police custody, he allegedly told a SWAT officer that he wanted all Jews to die, and that Jews were committing genocide against his people, according to a criminal complaint filed in Allegheny County.[44]

被害者

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Memorials to victims outside the Tree of Life synagogue

Eleven people were killed,[45][12][46] including three on the ground level and four in the synagogue's basement.[47] Among the dead were two brothers (the Rosenthals) and a married couple (the Simons).[31][48] At least six others were injured, including four police officers.[35] Five people were transported to UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, four requiring surgery, while one was treated and released by the afternoon. Another victim was transported to UPMC Mercy, while the suspected shooter was taken to Allegheny General Hospital, where three Jews were among those who treated him.[49]

Of the four injured officers, three were shot and one was injured by glass fragments.[29]

被疑者

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被疑者の男は1972年9月4日ペンシルベニア州ボールドウィンで生まれた[9][50][51]。男が1歳の時に両親が離婚し[52]、6歳の時に父親が自殺したと報じられている[53][52][54]。母親は男の幼少期にフロリダで再婚し、男はフロリダで数年間生活した。その後ペンシルベニアに戻り、男と母親は母親の実家で生活した[52]。母親の健康問題のため、男の祖父が男を育てた[52]。男はボールドウィンの高校に1986年から1989年まで在籍したが、高校を中退しトラック運転手として働いた[55][56]。近隣の住民は男を「幽霊」と呼び、男はほとんど他人と交流を持たなかったと証言した[57]。

男の20年来の同僚の証言や、男のSNSでの投稿の分析によれば、男は堅実な保守主義者から白人ナショナリストへと転向した。男はかつては地元のラジオトークショーの司会者ジム・クイン（英語版）のファンであったが、後に「攻撃的なインターネット上の極右」の支持者となったという[58]。男はGabというSNSに深く関わり、反ユダヤ主義的な陰謀論をそうしたSNSを通じて拡散した[59]。

Gabはネオナチ、白人至上主義者、オルタナ右翼と「極端に相性が良い」SNSであるとされている[60]。男の Gab のプロフィールは2018年1月に "onedingo" というハンドルネームで登録された。男は白人が虐殺されているという陰謀論を支持する投稿を行っていた[61]。自ら投稿するだけでなく、他の反ユダヤ主義者、ネオナチ、白人至上主義者、ホロコースト否認者の投稿をリポストして拡散していた。男が拡散した投稿の中には、前述のシャーロッツビルでの暴動に参加した南カリフォルニアに本拠地を置くオルタナ右翼戦闘集団 Rise Above Movement や、銃撃事件と同時期に反対者への暴力で逮捕された集団による投稿も含まれていた[62][63][64][65][66][67]。また男はドナルド・トランプを「グローバリストであり、ナショナリストではない」として批判し[68]、ユダヤ人によって操られていると述べた[69]。他の投稿では、「カイクが横行している限り #MAGA はありえない」と述べた[70]。ユダヤ人だけでなくアフリカ系アメリカ人や、アフリカ系アメリカ人と交際する女性をも攻撃していた[71]。

[72]

Gab has been described as "extremist friendly"[60] to neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and the alt-right. Bowers' Gab profile was registered in January 2018 under the handle "onedingo", and the account's description was: "Jews are the children of Satan (John 8:44). The Lord Jesus Christ [has] come in the flesh." reflecting Christian Identity beliefs. The cover picture was a photo with the number 1488, which is used by neo-Nazis and white supremacists to evoke David Lane's "Fourteen Words" and the Nazi slogan Heil Hitler. He published posts which supported the white genocide conspiracy theory such as one which said "Daily Reminder: Diversity means chasing down the last white person". Bowers also stated that supporters of the QAnon conspiracy theory were "deluded" and being tricked. He also re-posted content by other anti-Semitic, neo-Nazi, white nationalist/supremacist and Holocaust-denying users such as Patrick Little and pol, as well as reposting comments in support of the Southern California-based alt-right fight club Rise Above Movement (aka RAM) who were present at Charlottesville and were later convicted and arrested by the FBI in October for violence against counterprotestors and the "Western chauvinist" Proud Boys (led by Gavin McInnes) who were arrested for violence against Antifa outside the Metropolitan Republican Club in New York City the same month. and he criticized President Donald Trump for being a "globalist, not a nationalist" and for supposedly being controlled and surrounded by Jews. In another post, he wrote, “There is no #MAGA as long as there is a kike infestation.” Other posts attacked African Americans with racial slurs and images related to lynching, and attacked women who have relationships with black men. He also used his online accounts to post conspiracy theories regarding investor and philanthropist George Soros.[73] Bowers also had links to the far-right and neo-Nazis in the United Kingdom according to security sources.[74]

A month before the attack, Bowers posted photos showing the results of his target practice, and a photo of his three handguns, calling them his "glock family".[65] In the post, he identified the .357 SIG handguns as Glock 31, Glock 32, and Glock 33.[64]

Bowers also worked with alt-right associated blogger and League of the South (another organization present at the Charlottesville riots) member Brad Griffin (aka Hunter Wallace) of Occidental Dissent on doxxing an unidentified left-wing blogger posting "that address is not the most current for him. I can get you the most recent outside of gab".[75]

In the weeks before the shooting, Bowers made anti-Semitic posts directed at the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS)[8][6] who sponsored National Refugee Shabbat[76] of October 19–20, in which Dor Hadash[77] and Tree of Life[78] participated. He claimed Jews were aiding members of Central American caravans moving towards the United States border and referred to members of those caravans as "invaders".[7] Shortly before the attack, in an apparent reference to immigrants to the United States, he posted on Gab that "HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can't sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics, I'm going in."[12][79][70] According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, "the mention of 'optics' references a disagreement that has raged within the white nationalist movement since the Unite the Right rally in 2017 about how best to get their message across to the general public".[80]

After the shooting, Gab suspended Bowers' profile and pledged to cooperate with the criminal investigation.[72][67] Shortly after the attack, PayPal, Stripe, Joyent, and Medium pulled their support for Gab, and GoDaddy, which the Gab domains were registered under, required Gab to relocate their domain name hosting to a different service in the wake of the shooting, effectively shutting Gab down in the short term.[81]

起訴・裁判

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被疑者は29個の連邦犯罪の容疑で起訴された[9][10][82]。


Bowers was charged by the US Department of Justice with 29 federal crimes.

Bowers appeared in federal court in Pittsburgh on October 29, to hear the charges against him. His attorney was appointed by the court and he was remanded to the custody of the United States Marshals Service without bail pending further hearings.[83] Bowers was indicted on 44 counts by the federal grand jury on October 31. The charges carry a maximum penalty of death or 535 years in federal prison.[84] The counts included hate crimes,[85] 11 counts of obstruction of exercise of religious beliefs resulting in death, 11 counts of use of a firearm to commit murder during a crime of violence, four counts of obstruction of exercise of religious beliefs resulting in bodily injury to a public safety officer, and three counts of use and discharge of a firearm during a crime of violence.[31][82][86][87] On November 1, Bowers entered a plea of not guilty, "as is typical at this stage of the proceedings" his public defender said.[11]

On January 29, 2019, a grand jury indicted Bowers on an additional 19 counts, 13 of which were for hate crimes.[88]

Bowers was also charged with 36 state criminal counts, including 11 counts of criminal homicide, 6 counts of aggravated assault, 6 counts of attempted criminal homicide, and 13 counts of ethnic intimidation.[9][10]

反応

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アメリカ合衆国

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事件について声明を発表するペンシルベニア州トム・ウルフ知事

アメリカのドナルド・トランプ大統領、トム・ウルフ（英語版）ペンシルベニア州知事、ブラドック市長ジョン・フェッターマンらがこの事件についてTwitterで声明を発表した[89]。トランプは事件を「純然たる悪」（"pure evil"）による邪悪な反ユダヤ主義的行動であるとした[89]。またトランプは「もしシナゴーグの中に武装した警備員がいたら、男を止めることができただろう」と述べた[90][91][92]。また、こうした事件に対しては死刑が必要であると述べた[92]。

一方、アメリカ自由人権協会の Cecillia Wang は、 他の最近起こった混乱と同様、事件はトランプの論理に触発されたものであると発言した[93]。マイク・ペンス副大統領はNBCのインタビューでそうした見方を否定した[94][95]。ピッツバーグでは、多くのユダヤ人を含む2,000人以上がトランプに抗議するデモを行った[96]。

10月27日から31日にかけて、公共の場での全てのアメリカ合衆国の国旗は半旗で掲げられた[97]。

アメリカ国外

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イスラエルのベンヤミン・ネタニヤフ首相は、「恐るべき反ユダヤ主義の残虐」と事件を非難し、「全てのイスラエルの悲しみは遺族と共にある」と述べた[98]。イスラエルの教育・ディアスポラ大臣ナフタリ・ベネットは、事件直後にピッツバーグへ向かい、シナゴーグでユダヤ人コミュニティのメンバーと面会し、犠牲者の葬儀に参列した[99]。イスラエルの議会は10月28日、犠牲者を追悼するため一分間の黙祷を行った[100]。

Chief Rabbi of Israel David Lau said "any murder of any Jew in any part of the world for being Jewish is unforgivable". He described the location as "a place with a profound Jewish flavor". Many news reports said he refused to refer to the Conservative congregation as a "synagogue" since it is non-Orthodox, but in the interview in question, he asked rhetorically, "Why does it matter in what synagogue or what liturgy they were praying?!" (emphasis in the original).[101] Prominent non-Orthodox Israeli religious leaders and scholars rejected his statement.[102][103][104]

Tel Aviv Municipality lit their city hall building with the colors of the American flag in solidarity with the victims of the Pittsburgh synagogue attack.[105][106] An image of the Israeli flag next to the American flag was projected onto Jerusalem's Western Wall.[107]

ローマ教皇フランシスコは、10月28日にサン・ピエトロ大聖堂で行われた礼拝において事件を「非人間的な暴力」と述べ、犠牲者や負傷者、その家族に祈りを捧げた。彼は神に「我々の社会で起こる憎しみの炎を消すのを助ける」よう願った[108]。

イランの外務大臣モハンマド・ジャヴァード・ザリーフは、犠牲者を追悼し、「過激主義やテロリズムは宗教や人種を問わず、いかなる場合でも非難されなければならない」と述べた[109]。

パレスチナのハマースは哀悼の意を表し、攻撃を非難した[110]。

地域

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カーネギーメロン大学は犠牲者を追悼するため半旗を掲げた。
People gathered again at the intersection of Forbes and Murray Avenues in front of the Sixth Presbyterian Church on October 30. On the same day, President Donald Trump visited Pittsburgh in response to the shooting incident.[111]

銃撃の直後、現場近くにあるカーネギーメロン大学は封鎖され、当日行われる予定だった大学が協力する活動は中止された[20]。また、周辺住民は家の中にとどまり通りには出ないよう警察に要請された[47]。

ピッツバーグ在住のユダヤ人の非常に多くが、宗派を問わずユダヤ教の伝統的な死者を追悼する行事に参加した。ユダヤ教の伝統では、死者が埋葬されるまで遺体を護衛することが必要である。犠牲者の遺体が葬儀場に運ばれるまでの間、有志のユダヤ教徒が一時間ごとの交代で遺体安置所において遺体を見守った。アトランティック (雑誌)は「有志のほとんどは正統派ユダヤ教徒のようだったが、銃撃で直接被害を受けた革新派のコミュニティと強い連帯を感じていた」と報じている[112]。

ピッツバーグに本拠地を置くNFLピッツバーグ・スティーラーズの選手たちは、10月30日に行われた、事件で殺害された知的障害を持つ兄弟1組の葬儀に参加した。兄弟の妹は以前チームの職員であった[113]。

メディア・民間

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ニューヨーク・タイムズは、自身もユダヤ系アメリカ人であり名誉毀損防止同盟のCEOであるジョナサン・グリーンブラット（英語版）による論説を掲載し、指導者に反ユダヤ主義や差別と闘うよう強く促した[114]。

10月28日、エンパイアステートビルは犠牲者追悼のためライトアップを暗くした。ビルのTwitterによれば、「銃による暴力の啓発のためにオレンジの光を照らす」ため、尖塔の一番上は明るいままになっていた[115]。エッフェル塔も同様に犠牲者追悼のため照明を暗くした[116]。ピッツバーグ大学は大学のシンボルである学びの聖堂の頂上にある航空障害灯を暗くした[117]。また、11月2日には11人の犠牲者を追悼するために11秒間だけ青い光を発するようにした[118]。

Murray Avenueの多くの個人商店に掲げられた被害者へのメッセージ

ピッツバーグに本拠地を置くNFLピッツバーグ・スティーラーズが10月28日のクリーブランド・ブラウンズとの試合前に[119]、NHLピッツバーグ・ペンギンズがトロント・メープルリーフスの試合前に黙祷の時間を設けた[120]ほか、NFLやNHLのその他のチームの試合や大学スポーツの試合でも黙祷が捧げられた[121][122][123]。事件当日の10月27日にドジャー・スタジアムで行われたMLBワールドシリーズ第4戦でも黙祷が捧げられた[123]。

またピッツバーグ・ペンギンズは、10月30日のニューヨーク・アイランダース戦に「憎しみよりも強く」（"Stronger Than Hate"）と書かれたジャージを着て臨んだ。チームは試合後被害者に寄付するためジャージをオークションで販売することを発表した[124]。ピッツバーグ大学のフットボールチーム、ピッツバーグ・パンサーズもバージニア大学戦で同様に "Stronger than Hate" の文字が書かれたヘルメットをつけて試合に臨んだ[125]。

Vigils and rallies

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Pittsburgh locals made knittings of Star of David and hung them along the Murray Avenue.

On the evening of the shooting, over 3,000 people gathered at the intersection of Murray and Forbes Avenues in Squirrel Hill for an interfaith candlelight vigil organized by students from nearby Taylor Allderdice High School.[126] Two additional vigils were also held in the neighborhood.[10]

The day after the shooting, an interfaith vigil organized by the regional Jewish Federation was held at Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall, drawing an overflow crowd estimated at 2,500.[127] The event was attended by numerous national and local dignitaries, and featured a number of speakers, including the rabbis of the three congregations which occupied the synagogue building, Islamic and Christian clergy, and civic leaders.[128] Among those in attendance were Bill Peduto, mayor of Pittsburgh; Rich Fitzgerald, Allegheny County executive; Senators Bob Casey and Pat Toomey; Governor Tom Wolf; Naftali Bennett, Israeli Minister for Education and Minister for Diaspora Affairs; Ron Dermer, Israeli ambassador to the United States; and Danny Danon, permanent representative of Israel to the United Nations. A video was streamed during the event featuring Israeli president Reuven Rivlin,[129] who offered brief remarks and led the crowd in a recitation of the Kaddish.[130][131]

In the week following the attack, Jewish and interfaith communal vigils and solidarity rallies were held across the world.[132][133] In the United States, these were attended by hundreds or thousands of people,[134] in locations including Ann Arbor, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Buffalo, Charleston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Denver, Houston, Jacksonville, Knoxville, Los Angeles, Madison, Memphis, Middletown, New Haven, New Orleans, New York City, Philadelphia, Portland, Rochester, Salt Lake City, Seattle, St. Louis, Washington, Wilkes-Barre and Woodbridge.[133][135][136][137][138][139][140][141] In Canada, they were held in Montreal, Ottawa, Halifax, Vancouver and other places. In Israel, approximately 500 Americans and Israelis lit candles on the night of October 28 at Zion Square in Jerusalem.[133] In Europe, Jewish communal vigils were held in London, Liverpool, Brighton, and Paris.[142][143]

College students at more than one hundred campuses across the country held vigils in the days following the shootings in remembrance of the victims.[144]

The American Jewish Committee and the Jewish Federations of North America called for Jews and non-Jews to attend synagogue services on the Shabbat following the attack, under the hashtag #ShowUpForShabbat. NBC News reported thousands of people around the world attended services in local synagogues, community centers, and college campuses, including Mayor of London Sadiq Khan.[145]

トランプ大統領の訪問

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ピッツバーグ国際空港でエアフォースワンを降りるトランプ大統領とメラニア夫人

10月30日、ドナルド・トランプ大統領はファーストレディのメラニア・トランプ、娘のイヴァンカ・トランプ、娘婿のジャレッド・クシュナー、財務長官スティーブン・ムニューシンと共にエアフォースワンでピッツバーグを訪問した。彼らはまずシナゴーグを訪れ、生命の樹シナゴーグの指導者ジェフリー・マイヤーズと駐米イスラエル大使ロン・ダーマーと面会した。トランプはシナゴーグの前庭でろうそくに火を灯し、ホワイトハウスから持参した小さな石を、11個のダビデの星を形どった記念物に置いた。その後彼らは負傷者が入院する病院へ向かい、負傷者やその家族、司法当局、病院のスタッフたちと会話した[111]。

ピッツバーグ市民の一部はトランプの訪問に反対した。ピッツバーグ市長のビル・ペデュート（英語版）は、トランプは傷がまだ癒えておらず犠牲者を追悼しはじめた現段階でピッツバーグを訪問するべきではなかったと語った[146]。ペデュートやアレゲニー郡の行政官リッチ・フィッツジェラルドは、トランプに対し遺族の感情を考慮するよう求めた[147]。7万人以上が、トランプが「白人ナショナリズムを完全に非難する」までは彼を歓迎しないというユダヤ人団体が発表した公開書簡に署名した[148]。生命の樹シナゴーグの元指導者 Lynette Lederman もトランプの訪問に反対し、トランプの言葉は「偽善的」であると述べた[149][150][151]。

トランプの訪問前、シナゴーグの指導者ジェフリー・マイヤーズは「憎しみというものは消え去ることはない。それはどんどん悪くなっているように思えるが、我々は憎しみを止めようとしているし、それは憎しみを止める必要があると言うだけではいけない。我々は行動しなければならず、語気を和らげなければいけない」と語り、トランプの来訪を歓迎すると述べた[149]。

トランプがシナゴーグを訪問している間、およそ2,000人の抗議者は数ブロック離れた場所に押しとどめられた[152]。訪問終了後、マイヤーズは「大統領はとても温和で、心休まる人だった」と述べた[153]。

脚注

[編集]

注釈

[編集]
  1. ^ ヘブライ語: דוֹר חָדָשׁ‎

出典

[編集]
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