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利用者:Leukemianwalt/下書き4

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アメリカ合衆国[編集]

自転車はよく盗難に遭う。施錠しても、車輪が外されたり錠を破壊されたりすることがある。

アメリカ合衆国においては、犯罪はそれが行われた管轄地において起訴される[1]。連邦と州の管轄が重複していることがあり、一個の犯罪行為が連邦法と州法の双方に抵触することがあるが、多くの場合は最も重い犯罪について連邦レベルで起訴される[2]。

アメリカ連邦政府が犯罪化しているのは、連邦機関または州際取引（英語版）に直接の影響を与える一定の狭い範囲の窃盗のみである[3]。 アメリカ司法協会が各州の立法機関の法の更新と標準化における一助とするため公布したモデル刑法典（英語版）[4]は、不法な取得、財産の不法な処分の区別、欺罔による窃盗（詐欺）、恐喝による窃盗、遺失物または置き違えもしくは誤配達された財産を返還しないことによる窃盗、贓物の受領による窃盗、受領した資金を合意のとおりに処分しないことによる窃盗、そして役務の窃盗のカテゴリーを置いている includes categories of theft by unlawful taking or by unlawfully disposing of property, theft by deception (en:fraud), theft by en:extortion, theft by failure to take measures to return lost or mislaid or mistakenly delivered property, theft by receipt of stolen property, theft by failing to make agreed disposition of received funds, and theft of services.[5]

Although many en:U.S. states have retained en:larceny as the primary offense,[6] some have now adopted theft provisions.

Grand theft, also called en:grand larceny, is a term used throughout the United States designating theft that is large in magnitude or serious in potential penological consequences. Grand theft is contrasted with petty theft, also called petit theft, that is of smaller magnitude or lesser seriousness.

Theft laws, including the distinction between grand theft and petty theft for cases falling within its jurisdiction, vary by state. This distinction is established by statute, as are the penological consequences.[7] Most commonly, statutes establishing the distinction between grand theft and petty theft do so on the basis of the value of the money or property taken by the thief or lost by the victim,[8] with the dollar threshold for grand theft varying from state to state. Most commonly, the penological consequences of the distinction include the significant one that grand theft can be treated as a en:felony, while petty theft is generally treated as a en:misdemeanor.

In some states, grand theft of a vehicle may be charged as "grand theft auto" (see en:motor vehicle theft for more information).

Repeat offenders who continue to steal may become subject to en:life imprisonment in certain states.[9]

Sometimes the federal anti-theft-of-government-property law 合衆国法典第18編第640条 18 U.S.C. § 640 is used to prosecute cases where the en:Espionage Act would otherwise be involved; the theory being that by retaining sensitive information, the defendant has taken a 'thing of value' from the government. For examples, see the en:Amerasia case and en:United States v. Manning.

Alabama[編集]

When stolen property exceeds the amount of $500 it is a felony offense.[10] If property is less than $500, then it is a Class A misdemeanor.[11] Unlike some other states, en:shoplifting is not defined by a separate statute but falls under the state's general theft statute.[12]

Alaska[編集]

The Alaska State Code does not use the terms grand theft or grand larceny. However, it specifies that theft of property valued at more than $1,000 is a felony whereas thefts of lesser amounts are misdemeanors. The felony categories (class 1 and class 2 theft) also include theft of firearms; property taken from the person of another; vessel or aircraft safety or survival equipment; and of access devices.[13]

Arizona[編集]

Felony theft is committed when the value of the stolen property exceeds $1000. Regardless of the value of the item, if it is a firearm or an animal taken for the purpose of animal fighting, then the theft is a Class 6 Felony.[14]

California[編集]

The en:Theft Act of 1927 consolidated a variety of common law crimes into theft. The state now distinguishes between two types of theft, grand theft and petty theft.[15] The older crimes of en:embezzlement, en:larceny, and en:stealing, and any preexisting references to them now fall under the theft statute.[16]

There are a number of criminal statutes in the California Penal Code defining grand theft in different amounts. Grand theft generally consists of the theft of something of value over $950 (including money, labor or property but is lower with respect to various specified property),[17] Theft is also considered grand theft when more than $250 in crops or marine life forms are stolen, “when the property is taken from the person of another,” or when the property stolen is an automobile, farm animal, or firearm.[18]

Petty theft is the default category for all other thefts.[19]

Grand theft is punishable by up to a year in jail or prison, and may be charged (depending upon the circumstances) as a en:misdemeanor or en:felony,[20] while petty theft is a en:misdemeanor punishable by a fine or imprisonment not exceeding six months in en:jail or both.[21]

Florida[編集]

In general, any property taken that carries a value of more than $750 can be considered grand theft in certain circumstances.[22]

Georgia[編集]

In Georgia, when a theft offense involves property valued at $500 or less, the crime is punishable as a misdemeanor. Any theft of property determined to be exceeding $500 may be treated as grand theft and charged as a felony.[23]

Hawaii[編集]

Theft in the first or second degree is a felony. Theft in the first degree means theft above $20,000 or of a firearm or explosive; or theft over $300 during a declared emergency.[24] Theft in the second degree means theft above $750, theft from the person of another, or agricultural products over $100 or aquacultural products from an enclosed property.[25]

Illinois[編集]

Theft is a felony if the value of the property exceeds $300 or the property is stolen from the person of another. Thresholds at $10,000, $100,000, and $500,000 determine how severe the punishment can be. The location from which property was stolen is also a factor in sentencing.[26]

Kentucky[編集]

KRS 514.030 states that theft by unlawful taking or disposition is generally a Class A misdemeanor unless the items stolen are a firearm, en:anhydrous ammonia, a controlled substance valued at less than $10,000 or any other item or combination of items valued $500 or higher and less than $10,000 in which case the theft is a Class D felony. Theft of items valued at $10,000 or higher and less than $1,000,000 is a Class C felony. Theft of items valued at $1,000,000 or more is a Class B felony, as is first offense theft of anhydrous ammonia for the express purpose of manufacturing en:methamphetamines in violation of KRS 218A.1432. In the latter case, subsequent offenses are a Class A felony.[27]

Massachusetts[編集]

In Massachusetts, theft may generally be charged as a felony if the value of stolen property is greater than $250.[28]

Missouri[編集]

Stealing is a en:felony if the value of stolen property exceeds $500. It is also a felony if "The actor physically takes the property appropriated from the person of the victim" or the stolen property is a vehicle, legal document, credit card, firearm, explosive, U.S. flag on display, livestock animal, fish with value exceeding $75, captive wildlife, controlled substance, or ammonia.[29] Stealing in excess of $25,000 is usually a class B felony (sentence: 5–15 years),[30] while any other felony stealing (not including the felonies of en:burglary or en:robbery) that does not involve chemicals is a class C felony (sentence: up to 7 years). Non-felony stealing is a class A en:misdemeanor (sentence: up to 1 year).

New York[編集]

Grand larceny consists of stealing property with a value exceeding $1000; or stealing a public record, secret scientific material, firearm, credit or debit card, ammonia, telephone with service, or motor vehicle or religious item with value exceeding $100; or stealing from the person of another or by extortion or from an ATM. The degree of grand larceny is increased if the theft was from an ATM, through extortion involving fear, or involved a value exceeding the thresholds of $3,000, $50,000, or $1,000,000.[31]

Vermont[編集]

Grand Larceny: Value of goods exceed $900 (13 V.S.A. § 2501)

Virginia[編集]

Grand Larceny: Value of goods exceed $1000 (Virginia Code § 18.2-95)

Washington State[編集]

Theft of goods valued between $750 and $5000 is second-degree theft, a Class C en:felony.[32] Theft of goods valued above $5000, of a search-and-rescue dog on duty, of public records from a public office or official, of metal wire from a utility, or of an access device, is a Class B felony,[33] as is theft of a motor vehicle [34] or a firearm.[35]

  1. ^ Levitt, Albert (1926). “Jurisdiction over Crimes”. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 16 (3): 320. https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1989&context=jclc 2019年7月3日閲覧。. 
  2. ^ “Guide to Criminal Prosecutions in the United States”. Informational Exchange Network for Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters and Extradition. Organization of American States. 2019年7月3日閲覧。
  3. ^ See, e.g., “Justice Manual, Sec. 9-61.000 - Crimes Involving Property”. United States Department of Justice. 2019年7月3日閲覧。
  4. ^ “Model Penal Code”. American Law Institute. 2021年11月8日閲覧。
  5. ^ Kaplan, John (2012). Criminal law: cases and materials (7th ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business/Aspen Publishers. pp. 1090–3. ISBN 978-1-4548-0698-1 
  6. ^ See, e.g., N.Y. Penal law sections 155.00-155.45, found at NY Assembly official web site. Accessed March 17, 2008.
  7. ^ “Updating State Theft Laws Can Bring Less Incarceration—and Less Crime”. Pew Charitable Trusts (2016年3月31日). 2017年10月25日閲覧。
  8. ^ “Petty Larceny and Grand Larceny Laws”. ExpertLaw (2016年6月4日). 2017年10月25日閲覧。
  9. ^ See Rummel v. Estelle, 445 U.S. 263 (1980) (upholding life sentence for fraudulent use of a credit card to obtain $80 worth of goods or services, passing a forged check in the amount of $28.36, and obtaining $120.75 by false pretenses) and Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63 (2003) (upholding sentence of 50 years to life for stealing videotapes on two occasions).
  10. ^ “» Alabama Code 13A-8-4.1. Theft of property in the third degreeLawServer” (英語). www.lawserver.com. 2017年12月14日閲覧。
  11. ^ “» Alabama Code 13A-8-5. Theft of property in the fourth degreeLawServer” (英語). www.lawserver.com. 2017年12月14日閲覧。
  12. ^ “Busted: What Happens When Shoplifters”. Talk of the Nation. NHPR (2012年11月15日). 2017年12月14日閲覧。
  13. ^ “Alaska Statutes, Sec. 11.46.130”. Alaska State Legislature. 2017年10月25日閲覧。
  14. ^ “Arizona Revised Statutes, Sec. 13-1802. Theft; classification; definitions”. Arizona State Legislature. 2017年10月25日閲覧。
  15. ^ California Penal Code Section 486. For the entire portion of the Penal Code covering theft, leginfo.ca Archived 2010-06-28 at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ^ California Penal Code Section 490a.
  17. ^ California Penal Code Section 487.
  18. ^ “California Penal Code, Sec. 487”. California legislative Information. California State Legislature. 2017年10月25日閲覧。
  19. ^ California Penal Code Section 488.
  20. ^ California Penal Code Section 489.
  21. ^ California Penal Code Section 490.
  22. ^ “Florida Statutes, Sec. 812.014, Theft”. Online Sunshine. Florida Legislature. 2017年10月25日閲覧。
  23. ^ “O.C.G.A. 16-8-12, Penalties for violation of Code Sections 16-8-2 through 16-8-9”. Justia. 2017年10月25日閲覧。
  24. ^ “Hawaiii Revised Statutes, Sec. 708-830.5 Theft in the first degree.”. Hawaii State Legislature. 2017年10月25日閲覧。
  25. ^ “Hawaiii Revised Statutes, Sec. 708-831 Theft in the second degree.”. Hawaii State Legislature. 2017年10月25日閲覧。
  26. ^ “720 ILCS 5/16-1, Theft”. Illinois Compiled Statutes. Illinois General Assembly. 2017年10月25日閲覧。
  27. ^ “Kentucky Revised Statutes, Sec. 514.030 Theft by unlawful taking or disposition -- Penalties.”. Kentucky Legislative Research Commission. Kentucky Legislature. 2017年10月25日閲覧。
  28. ^ “Crimes & Punishments, Crimes against Property, Chapter 266: Section 30 Larceny; General Provisions and Penalties”. Massachusetts General Laws. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 2017年10月25日閲覧。
  29. ^ “RSMO Sec. 570.030. Stealing — penalties.”. Revised Statutes of Missouri. Revisor of Statutes, State of Missouri. 2017年10月25日閲覧。
  30. ^ “RSMO Sec. 558.011. Sentence of imprisonment, terms — conditional release.”. Revised Statutes of Missouri. Revisor of Statutes, State of Missouri. 2017年10月25日閲覧。
  31. ^ “Article 155 - New York State Penal Law Code - Larceny”. Ypdcrime.com (2014年1月20日). 2014年2月15日閲覧。
  32. ^ RCW 9A.56.040
  33. ^ RCW 9A.56.030
  34. ^ RCW 9A.56.065
  35. ^ RCW 9A.56.300
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