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利用者:Mabuchi-pdd/グアンファシン

グアンファシン (Guanfacine)は注意欠陥多動性障害 (ＡＤＨＤ) 及び高血圧 の治療に用いられる交感神経α受容体遮断薬である。（グアイフェネシン、エクスペクトラントとは異なる）。[1] 商品名は、エスタリック（Estulic）、テネックス（Tenex）、及び徐放剤であるインチュニブ（Intuniv）。 グアンファシンは選択性 α2A 受容体作動薬である。 α2A 受容体は前頭前皮質及び青斑核に集中し、with the potential to improve attention resulting from interaction with receptors in the former<gs id="5e4ccb2d-dde2-434d-96d1-e768ac42ab60" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="2208d4df-a0ae-4ae1-baaa-d48ba03c95f4" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">.</gs>[2] 中枢神経系のα2A ノルアドレナリン自己受容体を活性化することで 収縮期血圧および拡張期血圧の両方を下げ、peripheral sympathetic outflowを減らし、  thus a reduction in peripheral sympathetic tone<gs id="a063bf2e-6826-44c9-bbd8-ea08c0e6afd8" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9c10f0a2-c1ac-4720-9f9c-83c944e01335" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</gs>

現在、グアンファシンはアメリカにおいてインチュニブ(Intuniv)として承認を受け、販売されている。

[4] 欧州においても、6-18歳の児童及び青少年のＡＤＨＤの治療のために申請が行われ、欧州医薬品庁による調査が行われている。[5] 日本においても申請された。 

Medical uses[編集]

高血圧[編集]

It has been shown to reduce 高血圧 not just in the short-term, but also in long-term studies to be able to achieve normalization in the blood pressure of 54% of patients treated over a year and 66% over two years. The average reduction in mean arterial pressure of all patients was 16% at the end of the first year and 17% at the end of the second year. [6]

Red pills
1 mg guanfacine tablets.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[編集]

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved guanfacine for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), like clonidine, alone or with stimulants in 2010, for pediatric patients aged 6–17 years.[7] Its beneficial actions are likely due to its ability to strengthen prefrontal cortical regulation of attention and behavior.[8] Guanfacine is also used in conjunction with stimulants to augment therapeutic actions, reduce rebound, and when taken at evening, to induce sleep.[9] Guanfacine is thought to improve regulation of behavior, attention, and emotion through actions at post-synaptic α2A <gs id="f179a318-bf49-4688-bd69-ecee204ee0dc" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="0addad5d-db5f-4441-83aa-23f8f6f21103" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">adrenergic</gs> receptors on prefrontal cortical neurons, which strengthen prefrontal cortical network connections<gs id="c1747ec7-704f-41b7-98c2-6fc754773186" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="0addad5d-db5f-4441-83aa-23f8f6f21103" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">.</gs>[10] In animal models, <gs id="6201d825-5ec8-48bf-8a16-0e90d7e76b77" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="0addad5d-db5f-4441-83aa-23f8f6f21103" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">guanfacine</gs> is seen to affect a number of cognitive factors, including working memory improvement, <gs id="6f0bbcbf-d06b-4efd-be00-d9a6b47ea17a" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="0addad5d-db5f-4441-83aa-23f8f6f21103" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">distractibility</gs> reduction, response inhibition improvement, and enhanced attention and impulse control. Improvement is most evident in subjects with cognitive deficits; more subtle effects are seen in healthy young animals.[8] Performance increases in spatial working memory have also been observed in humans.[11] Another study found no effect on healthy male adults' executive functions and working memory, and small decrements on 2 tasks relating to the sedative effect of guanfacine.[12] Recent studies suggest that guanfacine may help patients with a variety of prefrontal cortical disorders, including traumatic brain injury to the frontal lobe,[13] strokes affecting higher cognitive function,[14] and dysregulated emotional behavior, e.g. <gs id="e3050e88-724f-4ecf-8d49-7fc55ee149d6" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="10eb2fbb-c13e-4088-8f14-57a7332e2bb7" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">in</gs> children who have been traumatized<gs id="79a84d4b-b78b-4f1f-905f-21b05376b477" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="10eb2fbb-c13e-4088-8f14-57a7332e2bb7" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">.</gs>[15]

Side effects of <gs id="0c3f0a41-e19e-42b4-94e4-e899f82887fa" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c8c61350-c4b5-4417-b1e2-7172ff9c4025" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">guanfacine</gs> are dose-dependent<gs id="4162af91-5352-452e-a670-61d029d38da9" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c8c61350-c4b5-4417-b1e2-7172ff9c4025" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">.</gs>[16]

Anxiety[編集]

Another psychiatric use of guanfacine is for treatment of anxiety, such as generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Guanfacine and other α2A agonists have anxiolytic-like action,[17] reducing sympathetic arousal in the emotional responses of the amygdala, and strengthen prefrontal cortical regulation of emotion, action and thought. Due to its prolonged half-life, it also has been seen to improve sleep interrupted by nightmares in PTSD patients.[18] All of these actions likely contribute to the relief of the hyperarousal, re-experiencing of memory, and impulsivity associated with PTSD.[19] However, a recent study showed no benefit for patients suffering from PTSD.[20]

Tics[編集]

According to recent studies (Srour et al., 2008)[<gs id="b043638e-bd04-483e-b135-17d46bd8540b" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="0f0cd585-db90-4b9a-8e41-529c044ea7cf" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">full</gs> citation needed] <gs id="995638aa-9445-4c05-bc66-4287250e2f89" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="caf14fd7-3f4a-4a38-a7e4-9e8ed8d33e6d" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">there</gs> is controversy as to <gs id="aa3250a5-3de9-4775-83db-b750124ff28b" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="caf14fd7-3f4a-4a38-a7e4-9e8ed8d33e6d" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">guanfacine’s</gs> usefulness in treating tics. There has been <gs id="4d8929fa-bb47-4fa1-89b5-de2b2fccac33" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="44154276-7664-4554-a88e-5dc786e16bfa" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">success</gs> when tic symptoms are co-morbid with ADHD, and as such, <gs id="ef453bee-16fc-4019-a972-9c8eccb3f463" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="44154276-7664-4554-a88e-5dc786e16bfa" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">guanfacine</gs> and other α2A-<gs id="2e21808c-7fa0-49f8-a188-1fcc236944c8" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="2f06b5ed-88da-46c8-8933-da692d60d131" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">adrenergic</gs> agonists (clonidine) are commonly the first choice for treatment.

Treatment of withdrawal syndrome[編集]

<gs id="531fb361-35e1-4cf7-9de1-22a40e29f17f" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5b44e402-4960-4dc8-a99e-11fcf6aa041d" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">Guanfacine</gs> is also being investigated for treatment of withdrawal for <gs id="b283af48-a750-4f4a-8460-4e7583af97f5" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5b44e402-4960-4dc8-a99e-11fcf6aa041d" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">opioids</gs>, ethanol, and nicotine<gs id="6e153068-b90c-4dd3-b5d9-6ae26bac25ca" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5b44e402-4960-4dc8-a99e-11fcf6aa041d" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">.</gs>[21]

Adverse effects[編集]

Adverse effects incidence:[22] Very common (>10% incidence) adverse effects include:

Common (1-10% incidence) adverse effects include:

Unknown frequency adverse effects include:

Interactions[編集]

  • CYP3A4/5 inhibitors — Use caution. Elevates plasma concentration of guanfacine.
  • CYP3A4 inducers — Recommended increase in guanfacine dose.
  • Valproic acid — Use caution. Elevates plasma concentration of valproic acid.
  • Antihypertensive drugs — Use caution. Potential for additive pharmacodynamic effects (hypotension, syncope, etc.)
  • CNS depressant drugs — Use caution. Potential for additive pharmacodynamic effects (sedation, somnolence, etc.)

Pharmacokinetics and metabolism[編集]

Guanfacine has an oral bioavailability of 80%. There is no clear evidence of any first-pass metabolism. Elimination half-life is 17 hours with the major elimination route being renal. The principal metabolite is the 3-hydroxy-derivative, with evidence of moderate biotransformation, and the key intermediate being an epoxide.[23] It is also shown that elimination in patients with impaired renal function does not differ significantly from those with normal renal function. As such, metabolism by liver is the assumption for those with impaired renal function, as supported by increased frequency of known side effects of orthostatic hypotension and sedation.[24] In animal models, guanfacine’s enhancing effects on the working-memory functions of the pre-frontal cortex are thought to be due to inhibition of cAMP-mediated signaling, which is effected by the Gi proteins that are generally coupled to the post-synaptic alpha-2a-adrenoceptors that guanfacine stimulates through binding.[25]

Pharmacology[編集]

Guanfacine is a highly selective agonist of the α2A adrenergic receptor, with negligible affinity for any other receptor.[26] However, it may also be a potent 5-HT2B receptor agonist, potentially contributing to valvulopathy.[27]

Receptor K<gs id="08306d01-c499-4530-ae86-9f598a817127" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="464a944c-24e0-430f-a791-f0f75e7e9b18" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">i</gs> (<gs id="f67352a4-1b53-4a8d-92ba-c681b3894003" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="4d6c11c8-1fbf-4fdf-9b1b-5db50de419c5" class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark">nM</gs>)
α2A 71.8
α2B 1200.2
α2C 2505.2

See also[編集]

Notes and references[編集]

  1. ^ monograph
  2. ^ Kolar, Dusan; Keller, Amanda; Golfinopoulos, Maria; Cumyn, Lucy; Syer, Cassidy & Hechtman, Lily (2008), "Treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder", Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 4 (2): 389–403, PMC 2518387, PMID 18728745 .
  3. ^ Van Zwieten, P.; Thoolen, M. & Timmermans, P. (1983), "The pharmacology of centrally acting antihypertensive drugs", British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 15 (Suppl 4): 455S–462S, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1983.tb00311.x, PMC 1427667 .
  4. ^ "FDA Approves Intuniv".
  5. ^ "Shire submits INTUNIV® (guanfacine extended release) Marketing Authorisation Application to EMA".
  6. ^ Jerie, P. (1980).
  7. ^ Kornfield R, Watson S, Higashi A, Dusetzina S, Conti R, Garfield R, Dorsey ER, Huskamp HA, Alexander GC; Watson; Higashi; Conti; Dusetzina; Garfield; Dorsey; Huskamp; Alexander (April 2013).
  8. ^ a b Arnsten AF (October 2010), "The use of α2A adrenergic agonists for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder", Expert Rev Neurother 10 (10): 1595–605, doi:10.1586/ern.10.133, PMC 3143019, PMID 20925474 
  9. ^ Zito, Julie M.; Derivan, Albert T.; Kratochvil, Christopher J.; Safer, DJ; et al. (2008), "Off-label psychopharmacologic prescribing for children: History supports close clinical monitoring", Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 2 (1): 24, doi:10.1186/1753-2000-2-24, PMC 2566553, PMID 18793403 
  10. ^ Wang, M; Ramos, BP (2007), "Alpha2A-adrenoceptors strengthen working memory networks by inhibiting cAMP-HCN channel signaling in prefrontal cortex", Cell 129 (2): 397–410, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.015, PMID 17448997 
  11. ^ Jäkälä P; Riekkinen M; Sirviö J (May 1999), "Guanfacine, but not clonidine, improves planning and working memory performance in humans", Neuropsychopharmacology 20 (5): 460–70, doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00127-4, PMID 10192826 
  12. ^ Müller, U; Clark, L; Lam, ML; Moore, RM; Murphy, CL; Richmond, NK; Sandhu, RS; Wilkins, IA; Menon, DK; et al. (2005), "Lack of effects of guanfacine on executive and memory functions in healthy male volunteers", Psychopharmacology 182 (2): 205–13, doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0078-4, PMID 16078088. 
  13. ^ McAllister TW; McDonald BC; Flashman LA (October 2011), "Alpha-2 adrenergic challenge with guanfacine one month after mild traumatic brain injury: altered working memory and BOLD response", Int J Psychophysiol 82 (1): 107–14, doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.06.022, PMC 3210922, PMID 21767584 
  14. ^ Singh-Curry V, Malhotra P, Farmer SF, Husain M; Malhotra; Farmer; Husain (June 2011), "Attention deficits following ADEM ameliorated by guanfacine", J. Neurol.
  15. ^ Connor DF; Findling RL; Kollins SH (September 2010), "Effects of guanfacine extended release on oppositional symptoms in children aged 6-12 years with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", CNS Drugs 24 (9): 755–68, doi:10.2165/11537790-000000000-00000, PMID 20806988 
  16. ^ Jerie, P. (1980), "Clinical experience with guanfacine in long-term treatment of hypertension: Part II: adverse reactions to guanfacine", British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 10 (Suppl 1): 157S–164S, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1980.tb04924.x, PMC 1430125, PMID 6994770 .
  17. ^ Brain Res. 2004 Nov 19;1027(1-2):173-8.
  18. ^ Kozarlc-Kovaclc, D. (2008), "Psychopharmacotherapy of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder", Croatian Medical Journal 49 (4): 459–475, doi:10.3325/cmj.2008.4.459, PMC 2525822, PMID 18716993 .
  19. ^ Kaminer, D.; Seedat, S. & Stein, D. (2005), "Post-traumatic stress disorder in children", World Psychiatry 4 (2): 121–5, PMC 1414752, PMID 16633528 .
  20. ^ Neylan,, T.; Lenoci, M. & Samuelson, K. (2006), "No Improvement of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms With Guanfacine Treatment", American Journal of Psychiatry 163 (12): 2186–2188, doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.12.2186, PMID 17151174 
  21. ^ Sofuogul, M. & Sewell, A. (2009), "Norepinephrine and Stimulant Addiction", Addiction Biology 14 (2): 119–129, doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00138.x, PMC 2657197, PMID 18811678 
  22. ^ "guanfacine (Rx) - Intuniv, Tenex".
  23. ^ Kiechel, J. (1980), "Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of guanfacine in man: A review", British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 10 (Suppl 1): 25S–32S, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1980.tb04901.x, PMC 1430131, PMID 6994775 .
  24. ^ Kirch, W.; Kohler, H. & Braun, W. (1980), "Elimination of guanfacine in patients with normal and impaired renal function", British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 10 (Suppl 1): 33S–35S, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1980.tb04902.x, PMC 1430110, PMID 6994776 .
  25. ^ Ramos, Brian P.; Stark, David; Verduzco, Luis; van Dyck, Christopher H.; Arnsten, Amy F. T. (2006), "α2A-adrenoceptor stimulation improves prefrontal cortical regulation of behavior through inhibition of cAMP signaling in aging animals", Learning & Memory 13 (6): 770–6, doi:10.1101/lm.298006, PMC 1783631, PMID 17101879 .
  26. ^ Roth, BL; Driscol, J (12 January 2011), "PDSP Ki Database", Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health), retrieved 15 November 2013 
  27. ^ Xi-Ping Huang; Vincent Setola; Prem N. Yadav; John A. Allen; Sarah C. Rogan; Bonnie J. Hanson; Chetana Revankar; Matt Robers; Chris Doucette; Bryan L. Roth (29 June 2009), Parallel Functional Activity Profiling Reveals Valvulopathogens Are Potent 5-Hydroxytryptamine2B Receptor Agonists: Implications for Drug Safety Assessment, ASPET Journals, retrieved 1 January 2014  line feed character in |author= at position 15 (help)

[[Category:アセトアミド]] [[Category:アドレナリンα受容体作動薬]] [[Category:高血圧治療薬]] [[Category:グアニジン]]

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