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| Russiaの言語 | |
|---|---|
| 公用語 | Russian official throughout nation;[1] twenty-seven others co-official in various regions |
| 国語 | Russian |
| 主な外国語 | |
| 手話 | Russian Sign Language |
| 一般キー配列 | |
Template:Culture of Russia Of all the languages of Russia, Russian is the only official language at the national level. ロシア語連邦で話されている言語の内、ロシア語のみが国家レベルの公用語である。ロシア語の他に、ロシアの様々な地域で、公用語とみなされている異なる言語が35言語存在する。There are 35 different languages which are considered official languages in various regions of Russia, along with Russian. 今日、ロシア連邦内では、100以上の少数言語が話されている。There are over 100 minority languages spoken in Russia today.[4]
History
[編集]Russian was the sole official language of the Russian Empire which existed until 1917. During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. The state helped develop alphabets and grammar for various languages across the country that had previously been lacking a written form. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian.
Russian lost its status in many of the new republics that arose following the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union. In Russia, however, the dominating status of the Russian language continued. Today, 97% of the public school students of Russia receive their education only or mostly in Russian, even though Russia is made up of approximately 80% ethnic Russians.
Official languages
[編集]Although Russian is the only federally official language of the Russian Federation, there are several other officially recognized languages within Russia's various constituencies – article 68 of the Constitution of Russia only allows the various republics of Russia to establish official (state) languages other than Russian. This is a list of the languages that are recognized as official (state) in constitutions of the republics of Russia:
The Constitution of Dagestan defines "Russian and the languages of the peoples of Dagestan" as the state languages,[26] though no comprehensive list of the languages was given.[要出典][疑問点] In the project of the "Law on the languages of the Republic of Dagestan" 32 languages are listed.[27]
Karelia is the only republic of Russia with Russian as the only official language.[28] However, there exists the special law about state support and protection of the Karelian, Vepsian and Finnish languages in the republic.[29]
The federal law "On the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation" [30] allows the federal subjects to establish additionally official languages in the areas where minority groups live. This is the case, for example, of the Kazakh language in Altai Republic.[8]
Migrant languages
[編集]As a result of mass migration to Russia from the former USSR republics (especially from the Caucasus and Central Asia) many non-indigenous languages are spoken by migrant workers, among them most prominent are (from 2010 Census, in thousands):
| Armenian | 830 |
| Azerbaijani | 515 |
| Kazakh | 472 |
| Uzbek | 245 |
| Kyrgyz | 247 |
| Tajik | 177 |
| Georgian | 102 |
| Kyrgyz | 93 |
| Moldovan | 90 |
However, many migrant workers were not counted in the Census and many work illegally, so these numbers may be much greater. Compare 2.5 million Uzbek citizens and 1.2 million Tajik citizens entered Russia in 2013.[31]
Some groups such as Kazakhs of Altay Republic, Armenians from Myasnikovsky District, Azerbaijanis from Derbent are not recent immigrants and have lived in their area for a long period of time.
ロシアの危機に瀕している言語Endangered languages in Russia
[編集]There are many endangered languages in Russia. ロシアには危機に瀕する言語が多く存在する。いくつかは消滅に瀕しているとみなされてロシアの消滅の危機に瀕する言語のリストに入れられ、いくつかは最後に報告が行われてから消滅してしまうかもしれない。一方で、一部の言語は、少ない話者ながらも存続するだろう。Some are considered to be near extinction and put on the list of endangered languages in Russia, and some may have gone extinct since data was last reported. On the other hand, some languages may ＿ even with few speakers.
エスノローグ内の情報が1959年の国勢調査に基づいているセルビア語のように、いくつかの言語では疑わしいデータとなっている。
Some languages have doubtful data, like Serbian whose information in the Ethnologue is based on the 1959 census.
消滅の近い言語Languages near extinction
[編集]ほとんどの数字はマイケル・クラウス[[による1995年のものである。Most numbers are according to Michael Krauss, 1995. 時間が経っているため、極めて話者の少なかった言語は今日では消滅している可能性がある。Given the time that has passed, languages with extremely few speakers might be extinct today. 1997年以降、ケレック語とユグ語は消滅した。Since 1997, Kerek and Yugh have become extinct.
- アイヌ語 （1994年以降ロシアでは消滅したが、日本ではまだ話されている。）extinct in Russia since 1994, still spoken in Japan)
- エネツ語 (70)
- トファラル (25–30)
- Medny Aleut (10) (an Aleut–Russian creole language)
- ウィルタ語 (30–82)
- Sami, Akkala (extinct since 2003)
- Sami, Ter (2)
- ウデゲ語(100)
- Votic (25)
- 北部ユカギール語(30–150)
- 南部ユカギール語 (10–50)
そのほかの危機に瀕した言語Other endangered languages
[編集]- チュクチ語
- Chul
- Erzya
- Ingrian
- Judeo-Tat
- Ket
- Lezgian
- Ludian
- Moksha
- Nivkh
- Rutul
- Seto
- Tat
- Tsakhur
- Udmurt
- Veps
Foreign languages
[編集]2005年から2008年に著されたレヴァダ・センターによる様々な研究によると、ロシア人の15％は外国語を理解する。According to the various studies made in 2005-2008 by Levada-Center[2] 15% of Russians know a foreign language. From those who claim knowledge of at least one language:
| "Can speak freely": | |
|---|---|
| English | 80% |
| German | 16% |
| French | 4% |
| Turkish | 2% |
| Others | 9% |
| From 1775 respondents aged 15-29, November 2006 | |
| "Know enough to read newspapers": | |
|---|---|
| English | 44% |
| German | 15% |
| Ukrainian, Belarusian and other Slavic languages | 19% |
| Other European languages | 10% |
| All others | 29% |
| From 2100 respondents of every age, January 2005 | |
Knowledge of at least one foreign language is predominant among younger and middle-aged population. Among aged 18–24 38% can read and "translate with a dictionary", 11% can freely read and speak. Among aged 25–39 these numbers are 26% and 4% respectively.
Knowledge of a foreign language varies among social groups. It is most appreciable (15-18%) in big cities with 100,000 and more inhabitants, while in Moscow it rises up to 35%. People with higher education and high economical and social status are most expected to know a foreign language.
The new study by Levada-Center in April 2014[3] reveals such numbers:
| Can speak freely at least one language: | |
|---|---|
| English | 11 |
| German | 2 |
| Spanish | 2 |
| Ukrainian | 1 |
| French | <1 |
| Chinese | <1 |
| Others | 2 |
| Can speak a foreign language but with difficulty | 13 |
| Do not speak a foreign Language at all | 70 |
| From 1602 respondents from 18 and older, April 2014 | |
The age and social profiling is the same: knowledge of a foreign language is predominant among young or middle-aged population with higher education and high social status and who live in big cities.
Languages of education
[編集]Every year the Russian Ministry of Education and Science publishes statistics on the languages used in schools. In 2014/2015 absolute majority[32] (13.1 million or 96%) of 13.7 million Russian students used Russian as a medium of education. Around 1.6 million or 12% students studied their (non-Russian) native language as a subject. Most studied languages are Tatar, Chechen and Chuvash with 347, 253, 107 thousand students respectively.
The most studied foreign languages in 2013/2014 were (students in thousands):
| English | 11,194.2 |
| German | 1,070.5 |
| French | 297.8 |
| Spanish | 20.1 |
| Chinese | 14.9 |
| Arabic | 3.4 |
| Italian | 2.9 |
| Others | 21.7 |
See also
[編集]- Demography of Russia
- List of languages of Russia
- Languages of the Caucasus
- Russian Academy of Sciences, the language regulator in Russia
References
[編集]- ^ “The Constitution of the Russian Federation - Chapter 3. The Federal Structure, Article 68”. constitution.ru. 22 April 2015閲覧。
- ^ a b Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 title は必須です。“{{{title}}}” [Knowledge of foreign languages in Russia] (Russian). Levada Centre (16 September 2008). 10 May 2015閲覧。
- ^ a b Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 title は必須です。“{{{title}}}” [Command of foreign languages] (Russian). Levada Centre (28 May 2014). 10 May 2015閲覧。
- ^ “Russia - Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette”. Kwintessential. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
- ^ a b c d Статья 11. Конституция Карачаево-Черкесской Республики
- ^ Статья 5. Конституция Республики Адыгея
- ^ Статья 13. Конституция Республики Алтай
- ^ a b Закон Республики Алтай «О языках». Глава I, статья 4 Archived 2015-09-25 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Статья 1. Конституция Республики Башкортостан
- ^ Статья 67. Конституция Республики Бурятия
- ^ Статья 10. Конституция Чеченской Республики
- ^ Статья 8. Конституция Чувашской Республики
- ^ a b “Constitution of the Republic of Crimea” (Russian). Article 10. State Council, Republic of Crimea (11 April 2014). 14 October 2014閲覧。
- ^ a b Статья 13. Конституции Республики Мордовия
- ^ Статья 14. Конституция Республики Ингушетия
- ^ a b Статья 76. Конституция Кабардино-Балкарской Республики
- ^ Статья 17. Степное Уложение (Конституция) Республики Калмыкия
- ^ Статья 69. Конституция Республики Хакасия
- ^ Статья 67. Конституция Республики Коми
- ^ Статья 15. Конституция республики Марий Эл
- ^ Статья 15. Конституция Республики Северная Осетия-Алания
- ^ Статья 8. Конституция Республики Татарстан
- ^ Статья 5. Конституция Республики Тыва
- ^ Статья 8. Конституция Удмуртской Республики
- ^ Статья 46. Конституция (Основной закон) Республики Саха (Якутия)
- ^ Статья 11. Конституция Республики Дагестан
- ^ В Дагестане сделают государственными 32 языка
- ^ Статья 11. Конституция Республики Карелия
- ^ Закон Республики Карелия «О государственной поддержке карельского, вепсского и финского языков в Республике Карелия»
- ^ Закон РФ от 25 октября 1991 г. N 1807-I "О языках народов Российской Федерации" (с изменениями и дополнениями)
- ^ “Страны, лидирующие по количеству прибытий на территорию Российской Федерации” (Russian). Федеральное агентство по туризму Министерства культуры Российской Федерации. 11 May 2015閲覧。
- ^ Статистическая информация 2014. Общее образование
External links
[編集]
- Languages of European Russia (Ethnologue)
- Languages of Asian Russia (Ethnologue)
- Minority languages of Russia on the Net project, which aims at presenting the languages of Russia to the Web and at facilitating their usage on the Web (most information is in Russian; it provides scientific references on each individual language as well as links to online language descriptions, educational and scientific institutions related to the language, resources on computer-processing of the language and some sites written in this language)
- Population by mother tongue and districts in 50 Governorates of the European Russia in 1897
- "The History of the French Language in Russia." University of Bristol
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