利用者:Tikepedia/コンクリート（香料）
香水におけるコンクリートは、新鮮な植物の溶媒抽出によって得られる蝋状の塊である[1]。通常、アブソリュートの製造に使用される。
コンクリートの原料[編集]
コンクリートは天然の植物、主に花から作られる。最もよく使われる天然の花は、バラ、ラベンダー、ジャスミン、チューベローズ、 キズイセン、イランイランなどである[2]。
製造方法[編集]
コンクリートを作るには、新鮮な植物を非極性溶媒で抽出する。溶媒を蒸発させると、エッセンシャルオイル、ワックス、樹脂、その他の油溶性植物化学物質の半固形残留物が残る[2]。
The solvent used for extraction must be chosen carefully regarding its polarity and boiling point. If the boiling point is too high, compounds that are readily deactivated by heat might be destroyed, leading to a loss of certain fragrance ingredients during evaporation.[4]
The resulting residue after evaporation consists mostly of heavier nonvolatile substances, which give concrete its "waxy" properties.
Putting the plant materials under high pressure before treating it with solvents has been found to greatly increase the yield of the concrete.[5] This is because high pressure causes the cells to burst, which allows the glucoside and diastase in the plants to react more freely.
用途[編集]
コンクリートの主な用途はアブソリュートの製造である。アブソリュートを製造する一般的なプロセスには、コンクリートをエタノールで抽出し、残留物を除去するために低温濾過をおこない、エタノールを蒸留除去することがある[4]。
Absolutes are highly concentrated and aromatic oily mixtures. They are similar to essential oils, but are more soluble and have longer lasting odours. Absolutes are completely soluble in ethanol and can be used as perfume ingredients. In contrast to this, concretes are only partially soluble in ethanol due its composition of heavier substances.[2] Therefore, they cannot directly produce perfume without being made into an absolute first. Moreover, because of their insoluble character, they are also used in soap perfumery.[4]
問題点[編集]
香水製造にコンクリーを使用する際の第一の問題は、特に容器が強い光にさらされた場合、その抽出物が数ヶ月後に腐敗する可能性がある点である[5]。
The second issue is regarding residual pesticides in concretes.[1] Cultivation of natural raw materials for producing concretes is often done by using monoculture techniques that use pesticides. The international regulation of pesticides in use for natural raw materials is not consistent yet. In Europe, the Regulation no. 396/2005/CE and Regulation n° 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and the European Council set target maximum pesticide residue limit as 0.01 mg kg−1. However, currently, there is no universal method for analyzing the amount of residual pesticides in concretes that could show if the amount of residual pesticide in a concrete sample is safe. Previous analyses that used gas chromatography were heavily affected by the different components of the complex mixture of concrete samples. Therefore, it is likely that their analyses of the amount of pesticide in concrete was inaccurate. This is a concern, as a level of pesticide in concrete that is above the safe limit could lead to health risks.
参考文献[編集]
- ^ a b Tascone, Oriane; Roy, Céline; Filippi, Jean-Jacques; Meierhenrich, Uwe J. (2014). “Use, analysis, and regulation of pesticides in natural extracts, essential oils, concretes, and absolutes” (英語). Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 406 (4): 971–980. doi:10.1007/s00216-013-7102-z. ISSN 1618-2642. PMID 23797908.
- ^ a b c Panten, Johannes; Surburg, Horst (2015-11-26), Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, ed. (英語), Flavors and Fragrances, 4. Natural Raw Materials, Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, pp. 1–58, doi:10.1002/14356007.t11_t03, ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2
- ^ Aydinli, Meltem; Tuta?, Mehmet (2003). “Production of rose absolute from rose concrete” (英語). Flavour and Fragrance Journal 18 (1): 26–31. doi:10.1002/ffj.1138. ISSN 0882-5734.
- ^ a b c Müller, P. M.; Lamparsky, eds (1994) (英語). Perfumes. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-3826-0. ISBN 978-94-010-5701-1
- ^ a b Poucher, W. A. (1993), “The Production of Natural Perfumes” (英語), Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands): 16–40, doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1484-4_2, ISBN 978-94-010-4651-0
[[Category:混合物]] [[Category:香水]]