利用者:Tonbi ko/作業場/テンポラリ4

漢越詞（かんえつし、ベトナム語：Từ Hán-Việt / 詞漢越 ）は、ベトナム語における、中国語から輸入された要素を指す。これらは翻訳借用語を除いてもベトナム語の語彙の30%〜60%を占める。これらの語はもともとベトナム語の伝統的な表記法の中において漢字を使い書かれていた（現在のベトナム語は20世紀に導入されたラテン文字表記法であるクォック・グーで表記される）。

英語ではSino-Vietnamese（シノ・ヴィエトナミーズ）といい、これはアメリカの言語学者、サミュエル・マーティンが彼の著書「シノ・セニック」（1953年）で命名した、中国語を周辺国の言語で表す三つの方法、すなわちベトナム語のSino-Vietnamese、韓国語のSino-Korean、日本語のSino-Japanese（漢語）のひとつである。

歴史

中国による千年間にわたる支配と、その後さらに千年にわたる強い影響により、たくさんの中国語語彙がベトナム語に輸入された。中国語表記は政府の統治のために、またそれに関連する科学、政治思想、教育、哲学の分野において共通の用語として、朝鮮や日本におけるそれと同じように使用された。中国語の発音は本来ベトナム語と異なるが、多くの年月を経て、漢字をどのように発音するかというシステムが形成されていった。

橙色はベトナム語固有の語彙、緑色が漢越詞。意味は「私の母は毎日曜にいつもお寺で精進料理を食べる」

西欧国家の進出による接触に伴い、西洋文化の概念は中国語というフィルターを経由してベトナム語に移入された。西洋の成果は中国語に翻訳され、文学者に読まれた。西洋の名詞は中国語の類似音で表され（いくつかの場合では、日本語の類似音から中国に移入された）、さらにそれがベトナム語の類似音で表現された。例を挙げると、ポルトガル（Portugal）は漢字の葡萄牙に、そしてベトナム語の Bồ Đào Nha（ボーダオニャー）になった。イングランド（England）はAnh Cát Lợi (英吉利、アインカットロイ) が省略されてAnh (英)に、アメリカ（America）はMỹ Lợi Gia（美利加、ミーロイジャー）が省略されてMỹ (美)となった。興味深いことに、クラブ（club）は日本語で俱樂部となり、これが中国に移入された後にベトナムに伝わり、câu lạc bộ（カウラックボー）と読み下され、さらに短縮され CLB となった。これは Club の省略形そのままである。

近年では、

Recently, Sino-Vietnamese has been playing a less important role in Vietnamese as efforts are made to use native Vietnamese words or phonetic pronunciations of certain foreign words in cases where Sino-Vietnamese is considered pointless or simply an elaborate form of phoneticizing. Wherever there exists adequate native Vietnamese terminology, native terms will tend to be used. For example, the White House is referred to as Nhà Trắng, as opposed to the austere-sounding Bạch Ốc (白屋).

Another example is the Vietnamese name of countries; except for the most deeply ingrained, or ones with Chinese references (e.g. "Trung Quốc" for China), Vietnamese names for countries of the world are now close to their original spelling or pronunciation instead of Sino-Vietnamese. This practice of naming countries is similar to other sinoxenic languages such as Japanese and Korean. However, China-specific names and concepts (toponyms or political, literary, religious, scientific, medical, and technical terminology) continue to be rendered in Sino-Vietnamese.

Sometimes regional variation can be found in the prevalence of a Sino-Vietnamese or native term. For example, máy bay is the standard (Hanoi) word for an aeroplane; in the south, phi cơ (from 飛機) is more common but losing popularity.

Usage

Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary has a status similar to that of Latin-based words in English: they are used more in formal context than in everyday life. Because Chinese and Vietnamese use different order for subject and modifier, compound Sino-Vietnamese words or phrases might appear ungrammatical in Vietnamese sentences. For example, the Sino-Vietnamese phrase bạch mã (白馬 - white horse) can be expressed in Vietnamese as ngựa trắng (horse white). For this reason, compound words containing native Vietnamese and Sino-Vietnamese words are very rare and are considered improper by some (for example, chung cư "apartment building" was originally derived from chúng cư 眾居 "multiple dwelling", but with the syllable chúng "multiple" replaced with chung, a pure Vietnamese word meaning "shared" or "together". These tend to only happen with "native" words with the same etymology as their Sino-Vietnamese counterparts.).

Some Sino-Vietnamese words are entirely invented by the Vietnamese and are not used in Chinese, such as linh mục (靈牧 - spiritual shepherd) for pastor. Others are no longer used in modern Chinese or have other meanings. For example, the Vietnamese word lý thuyết, meaning 'theory', is from the Chinese word 理説, which is no longer in use. The official name for the United States in Vietnamese is Hoa Kỳ (花旗). This is a former Chinese name of the United States and translates literally as "flower flag".

Writing Sino-Vietnamese words with quốc ngữ had caused some confusions about the origins of some terms, due to the large amount of homophones in Chinese and Sino-Vietnamese. For example, both 明 (bright) and 冥 (dark) are read as minh, thus the word "minh" has two contradictory meanings: bright and dark (although the "dark" meaning is now esoteric and is used in only a few compound words). Perhaps for this reason, the Vietnamese name for Pluto isn't Minh Vương Tinh (冥王星 - lit. underworld king star) as in other East Asian languages, but is Diêm Vương Tinh (閻王星), named after the Hindu and Buddhist deity Yama. During the Hồ Dynasty, Vietnam was officially known as Đại Ngu (大虞 - Great Peace). Unfortunately, most modern Vietnamese know ngu as "stupid" (愚); consequently, some misinterpret it as "Big Idiot" (大愚). Conversely, the Han River in South Korea is often erroneously translated as sông Hàn (韓) when it should be sông Hán (漢) due to the name's similarity with the country name. However, the homograph/homophone problem is not as serious as it appears, because although many Sino-Vietnamese words have multiple meanings when written with quốc ngữ, usually only one has widespread usage, while the others are relegated to obscurity. Furthermore, Sino-Vietnamese words are usually not used alone, but in compound words, thus the meaning of the compound word is preserved even if individually each has multiple meanings. Most importantly, since quốc ngữ is an exact phonetic transcription of the spoken language, its understandability is as high as or higher than a normal conversation.

In addition, quốc ngữ is sometimes used by ethnic Hoa who have forgotten how to use Chinese characters correctly, to communicate to other Hoa in Chinese; their spoken dialects are usually Cantonese or Teochew.

See also

• Chữ Nôm - the vernacular script
• Chữ Hán - Chinese written in Vietnam
• Sinoxenic - use of Chinese in Japan, Korea and Vietnam

Bibliography

• Alves, Mark J. 2001. "What's So Chinese About Vietnamese?" In Papers from the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, edited by Graham W. Thurgood. 221-242. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. PDF
• Alves, Mark J. 2007. “Categories of Grammatical Sino-Vietnamese Vocabulary” in Mon-Khmer Studies Volume 37, 217-229. PDF
• Alves, Mark J. 2009. “Loanwords in Vietnamese” in Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook, ed. Martin Haspelmath and Uri Tadmor. 617-637. De Gruyter Mouton.
• Hannas, William C. 1997. Asia's Orthographic Dilemma. University of Hawaii Press.

External links

• What is Nôm?
• Vietnamese writing system
• 越南漢字音的歷史層次研究