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利用者:Y717/わーくすぺーす/その4

The Energy Star service mark[1] is placed on energy-efficient products.

Energy Star は、アメリカが開始した消費者向け製品に関するエネルギー効率の国際標準である。これは1992年、クリントン政権下においてアメリカ合衆国環境保護庁 (EPA) とアメリカ合衆国エネルギー省 (DOE) の間で作成された[2]。この後、オーストラリア、カナダ、日本、ニュージーランド、台湾、そしてEU（欧州連合）がこのプログラムを採用している。連邦標準は、Energy Star サービスマークを貼付するコンピュータ製品とその周辺機器、調理器具、建物、およびその他の製品に対して、一般製品の20-30%程度少ないエネルギー使用を要求している[3]。

歴史

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エナジースター・プログラムは、EPAでグリーンプログラムを考案した John S. Hoffman によって IT 産業界との入念な作業の下で開発され、 Cathy Zoi と Brain Johnson によって計画された[4]。このプログラムは、電力発電所における石油エネルギーと温室効果ガスの減少の潜在的な利益を論証する認可制のメタン・プログラムのような、一連のボランティア・プログラムの一部として意図されている[4]。

Initiated as a voluntary labeling program designed to identify and promote energy efficient products, Energy Star began with labels for computer and printer products. In 1995 the program was significantly expanded, introducing labels for residential heating and cooling systems and new homes.[5] As of 2006, more than 40,000 Energy Star products are available in a wide range of items including major appliances, office equipment, lighting, home electronics, and more. In addition, the label can also be found on new homes and commercial and industrial buildings. In 2006, about 12 percent of new housing in the United States was labeled Energy Star.[6]

The EPA estimates that it saved about $14 billion in energy costs in 2006 alone. The Energy Star program has helped spread the use of LED traffic lights, efficient fluorescent lighting, power management systems for office equipment, and low standby energy use.[7]

In 2008, the EPA announced Green Power Partnership program, which was designed to help achieve its goal of encouraging the use of renewable power sources. The renewable energy credits allow companies without direct access to renewable power achieve their goals. However, to avoid companies buying RECs years in advance of any of the hypothetical power ever being produced, RECs are only accepted into the program when the actual equivalent renewable power will be produced.[8]

仕様

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Energy Star は、それぞれの項目によって仕様が異なり、環境保護局 (EPA) またはエネルギー省のいずれかによって定義される。Energy Star 公式サイト(英語) では、特に次の製品についての仕様と情報が利用できる。

コンピュータ

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コンピュータを対象とした新しい Energy Star 4.0 仕様は、2007年7月20日に実施された。これらは 80 PLUS ブロンズレベル又はそれ以上の電源供給の使用を要求する。Energy Star 5.0 は、2009年7月1日に実施された[9][10]。

サーバ

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環境保護局 (EPA) は、2009年5月15日にコンピュータ・サーバを対象としたバージョン1.0の仕様を公表した。これは、1-4ソケットのプロセッサが単体で稼働するサーバを対象とする。A second tier to the specification covering servers with more than four processor sockets, as well as blade servers and fault-tolerant machines is expected in 2012[11].

Appliances

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As of early 2008, average refrigerators need 20% savings over the minimum standard. Dishwashers need at least 41% savings. Most appliances as well as heating and cooling systems have a yellow EnergyGuide label showing the annual cost of operation compared to other models. This label is created through the Federal Trade Commission and often shows if an appliance is Energy Star.[12] While an Energy Star label indicates that the appliance is more energy efficient than the minimum guidelines, purchasing an Energy Star labeled product does not always mean you are getting the most energy efficient option available. For example, dehumidifiers that are rated under 25米パイント (12 L) per day of water extraction receive an Energy Star rating if they have an energy factor of 1.2 (higher is better), while those rated 25米パイント (12 L) to 35米パイント (17 L) per day receive an Energy Star rating for an energy factor of 1.4 or higher. Thus a higher-capacity but non-Energy Star rated dehumidifier may be a more energy efficient alternative than an Energy Star rated but lower-capacity model.[13] The Energy Star program's savings calculator has also been criticized for unrealistic assumptions in its model that tend to magnify savings benefits to the average consumer.[14]

Another factor yet to be considered by the EPA and DOE is the overall effect of energy-saving requirements on the durability and expected service life of a mass-market appliance built to a consumer-level cost standard. For example, a refrigerator may be made more efficient by the use of more insulative spacing and a smaller-capacity compressor using electronics to control operation and temperature. However, this may come at the cost of reduced interior storage (or increased exterior mass) or a reduced service life due to compressor or electronic failures. In particular, electronic controls used on new-generation appliances are subject to damage from shock, vibration, moisture, or power spikes on the electrical circuit to which they are attached. Critics have pointed out that even if a new appliance is energy-efficient, any consumer appliance that does not provide customer satisfaction, or must be replaced twice as often as its predecessor contributes to landfill pollution and wastage of natural resources used to construct its replacement.[15]

Heating and cooling systems

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Energy Star qualified heat pumps, boilers, air conditioning systems, and furnaces are available. In addition, cooling and heating bills can be significantly lowered with air sealing and duct sealing. Air sealing reduces the outdoor air that penetrates a building, and duct sealing prevents attic or basement air from entering ducts and lessening the heating/cooling system’s efficiency.

Energy Star qualified room air conditioners are at least 10% more energy efficient than the minimum U.S. federal government standards.[16]

Home electronics

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...Eco-i-Lite NF-L200 and Eco-i-Lite NF-L100 have been removed from the ENERGY STAR Qualified Products List... It uses 2 watts even when the night light is off and the flashlight is fully charged or not in the base (when it should be in standby mode). The Energy Star standard for EPS (External Power Supplies like cell phone chargers; Tier 2) is to use < 0.5 watts in standby mode.

Energy Star qualified televisions[17] use 30% less energy than average. In November 2008, television specifications were improved to limit on-mode power use, in addition to standby power which is limited by the current specifications. A wider range of Energy Star qualified televisions will be available. Other qualified home electronics include cordless phones, battery chargers, VCRs and external power adapters, most of which use 90% less energy.

Imaging equipment

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The Energy Star Program Requirements for Imaging Products are focused on product families such as Electrophotographic (EP) printers, Inkjet (e.g., thermal), copiers, facsimile machines and other imaging equipment including MFD's (multifunctional devices). Typical Electrical Consumption (TEC) of a product family are measured and reported against an allowance set by the maximum throughput of the device. Operation modes (OM) are measured and reported for devices such as inkjet products against an allowance set by the functions present in the EUT (equipment under test). Devices that included "adders" such as ethernet, on-board memory, wireless, etc are mathematically "added" to increase the OM allowance. Recently on February 1st, 2011, the EPA/DOE added the requirement that all products registered under the Energy Star service mark, must be tested by an AB (Accredited Body) or CB (Certification Body) Laboratory.

Lighting

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The Energy Star is awarded to only certain bulbs that meet strict efficiency, quality, and lifetime criteria.

Energy Star qualified fluorescent lighting uses 75% less energy and lasts up to ten times longer than normal incandescent lights.

Energy Star Qualified Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting:

  • Reduces energy costs — uses at least 75% less energy than incandescent lighting, saving on operating expenses.
  • Reduces maintenance costs — lasts 35 to 50 times longer than incandescent lighting and about 2 to 5 times longer than fluorescent lighting. No bulb-replacements, no ladders, no ongoing disposal program.
  • Reduces cooling costs — LEDs produce very little heat.
  • Is guaranteed — comes with a minimum three-year warranty — far beyond the industry standard.
  • Offers convenient features — available with dimming on some indoor models and automatic daylight shut-off and motion sensors on some outdoor models.
  • Is durable — won’t break like a bulb.

To qualify for Energy Star certification, LED lighting products must pass a variety of tests to prove that the products will display the following characteristics:

  • Brightness is equal to or greater than existing lighting technologies (incandescent or fluorescent) and light is well distributed over the area lighted by the fixture.
  • Light output remains constant over time, only decreasing towards the end of the rated lifetime (at least 35,000 hours or 12 years based on use of 8 hours per day).
  • Excellent color quality. The shade of white light appears clear and consistent over time.
  • Efficiency is as good as or better than fluorescent lighting.
  • Light comes on instantly when turned on.
  • No flicker when dimmed.
  • No off-state power draw. The fixture does not use power when it is turned off, with the exception of external controls, whose power should not exceed 0.5 watts in the off state.

Home office

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A new Energy Star specification for desktop computers went into effect 20 July 2007.[18] The requirements are more stringent than the previous specification and existing equipment designs can no longer use the service mark unless re-qualified. The power requirements are for 80% or greater AC power supply efficiency using the standards defined by 80 Plus Program.[19]

New homes

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New homes that meet strict guidelines for energy efficiency can qualify for Energy Star certification. An Energy Star qualified home uses at least 15% less energy than standard homes built to the 2004 International Residential Code (IRC). They usually include properly installed insulation, high performance windows, tight construction and ducts, energy efficient cooling and heating systems, and Energy Star qualified appliances, lighting, and water heaters.[20]

→「Green building in the United States」を参照

Energy performance ratings

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The U.S. EPA's Energy Star program has developed energy performance rating systems for several commercial and institutional building types and manufacturing facilities. These ratings, on a scale of 1 to 100, provide a means for benchmarking the energy efficiency of specific buildings and industrial plants against the energy performance of similar facilities. The ratings are used by building and energy managers to evaluate the energy performance of existing buildings and industrial plants. The rating systems are also used by EPA to determine if a building or plant can qualify to earn Energy Star recognition.[21][22]

For many types of commercial buildings, you can enter energy information into EPA's free online tool, Portfolio Manager [1], and it will calculate a score for your building on a scale of 1-100. Buildings that score a 75 or greater may qualify for the ENERGY STAR. Portfolio Manager is an interactive energy management tool that allows you to track and assess energy and water consumption across your entire portfolio of buildings in a secure online environment. Whether you own, manage, or hold properties for investment, Portfolio Manager can help you set investment priorities, identify under-performing buildings, verify efficiency improvements, and receive EPA recognition for superior energy performance.[23]

Buildings

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The number of space types that can receive the energy performance rating in Portfolio Manager is expanding and now includes[24] bank/financial institutions, courthouses, hospitals (acute care and children's), hotels and motels, houses of worship, K-12 schools, medical offices, offices, residence halls/dormitories, retail stores, supermarkets, warehouses (refrigerated and non-refrigerated), data centers, senior care facilities, and wastewater facilities.[25]

See the technical descriptions for models used in the rating system at [2]. These documents provide detailed information on the methodologies used to create the energy performance ratings including details on rating objectives, regression techniques, and the steps applied to compute a rating. A 1-100 rating can be generated for ratable space types by entering building attributes, such as square footage and weekly operating hours, and monthly energy consumption data into Portfolio Manager, a free online tool provided by ENERGY STAR. This process is known as benchmarking and reveals how a building's energy consumption compares to that of other similar buildings of the same space type, based on a national average. Earning a rating of 75 or above is the first step towards achieving the ENERGY STAR for a building.

Energy Star energy performance ratings have been incorporated into some green buildings standards, such as LEED for Existing Buildings.
Energy Conservation Building Code - India

Industrial facilities

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Energy performance ratings have been released for the following industrial facilities:[26]

Automobile assembly plants, Cement Plants, Wet Corn Mills, Container glass manufacturing, Flat glass manufacturing, Frozen fried potato processing plants, Juice processing, Petroleum refineries, Pharmaceutical manufacturing plants.[25]

Other facilities

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Municipal wastewater treatment plants

Small business award

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) annually recognizes small businesses that demonstrate abilities to reduce waste, conserve energy, and recycle. The businesses use resources and ideas outlined in the Energy Star program.[27] The award was established in 1999.

Controversies

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On December 17, 2008, the EPA Office of the Inspector General released its report on the Energy Star program. The Inspector General's audit found that the program claims regarding greenhouse gas reductions were inaccurate and based on faulty data. Additionally, the IG found that Energy Star program's reported energy savings were unreliable, and that many of the touted benefits could not be verified. "Deficiencies included the lack of a quality review of the data collected; reliance on estimates, forecasting, and unverified third party reporting; and the potential inclusion of exported items," the report concluded.[28]

Additionally, the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Consumer Reports, and the trade website ApplianceAdvisor.com,[29] have released statements claiming that Energy Star test procedures contained loopholes that allow many inefficient products to receive Energy Star labels. Specific claims include:

  • U.S. Department of Energy regulations allowed the manufacturers to test the refrigerators with their ice-makers turned off, which is not how they are normally used in the home. However, the Energy Star requirements usually exclude refrigerators that include an ice maker because of the penetration of the ice dispenser. Some designs get around this by dispensing the ice into a tray located in the freezer.[30]
  • Using outdated testing rules and loose standards to award Energy Star ratings.
  • The program allows manufacturers to test their own products and only selectively spot-checks the test results they submit.
  • There are so many individually rated refrigerator categories that even inefficient product categories (such as side-by-sides) are certified.

Before the complaints were raised in 2008, 2006 federal court had required the DOE to update and tighten misleading Energy Star ratings given to products in almost two dozen categories, including dishwashers, air conditioners, heaters, furnaces and clothes dryers. The updates were to settle complaints by 14 states. However, categories such as room air conditioners and clothes dryers would not be completed until June 2011.[31]

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency had released reports in 2007 and 2008 claiming Energy Star labels were misleading. Inspector general issued a report that said Energy Star's savings claims were "not accurate or verifiable." The report also found that shipment data for Energy Star products were not being adequately reviewed and in some cases, were based on estimates instead of actual shipping totals.[32]

Martin Hellman revealed that Energy Star standby mode requirement can be compromised when an electronic device uses Download Acquisition Mode (DAM) feature to update TV Guide listing during standby mode. Hellman first found the feature on Sony KDL-37XBR6.[33]

In March 2010, a report by the Government Accountability Office stated that the Energy Star program had accepted 15 out of 20 bogus products submitted for approval. The Energy Star program had also qualified four businesses as Energy Star partners, failing to catch the fact that information on the companies, products and staff were all fictitious.[34]

Testing vendors

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See also

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ポータル Energy
ポータル Energy

References

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  1. ^ Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 title は必須です。“{{{title}}}”. 27 March 2012閲覧。
  2. ^ “History : ENERGY STAR”. www.energystar.gov. 2012年3月28日閲覧。
  3. ^ Alena Tugend (10 May 2008). “If Your Appliances Are Avocado, They're Probably not Green”. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/10/business/yourmoney/10shortcuts.html?scp=1&sq=appliances%20avocado%20green&st=cse 29 June 2008閲覧。 
  4. ^ a b “Energy Star”. Climate Institute. Climate.org. 2011年4月10日閲覧。
  5. ^ EnergyStar.gov, “Milestones: ENERGY STAR.” 2007. Retrieved on 1 March 2008.
  6. ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "2006 Annual Report: Energy Star and Other Climate Protection Partnerships.". Retrieved 1 March 2008.
  7. ^ EnergyStar.gov, "History: ENERGY STAR.". Retrieved 1 March 2008.
  8. ^ Timmer, John (2008年12月23日). “EPA tightens rules on its Green Power Partners”. Arstechnica.com. 2009年3月23日閲覧。
  9. ^ Ng, Jansen (1 July 2009). “New Energy Star 5.0 Specs for Computers Become Effective Today”. DailyTech. http://www.dailytech.com/New+Energy+Star+50+Specs+for+Computers+Become+Effective+Today/article15559.htm 2009年7月1日閲覧。 
  10. ^ “Version 5.0 Energy Efficiency Requirements”. March 27, 2012閲覧。
  11. ^ EnergyStar.gov, "Energy Star - Computer Servers - Timeline". Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  12. ^ EnergyStar.gov, "Learn More about EnergyGuide: Energy Star.". Retrieved 1 March 2008.
  13. ^ Green Energy Efficient Homes, Energy Efficient Dehumidifiers
  14. ^ Belzer, Richard Energy Star Appliances: EPA's Savings Calculator Exaggerates Savings, Regulatory Economics, 5 March 2008
  15. ^ Muñoz, Sara Schaeffer, Do 'Green' Appliances Live Up To Their Billing, The Wall Street Journal, Business, 2 August 2007
  16. ^ “EnergyStar.gov, "Room Air Conditioners Key Product Criteria" Retrieved 2008-07-17”. Energystar.gov. 2009年3月23日閲覧。
  17. ^ California Sustainability Alliance Energy Star Televisions, Received July 24th, 2010
  18. ^ PowerPulse.net, "New Energy Star Promoting New Specs at APEC and PPDC". March 20, 1948. Retrieved June 8, 2006.
  19. ^ 80plus.org, "The 80 Plus Program | About". February 23, 2007. Retrieved March 03, 2007.
  20. ^ “ENERGY STAR Qualified Homes : ENERGY STAR”. Energystar.gov (2009年1月27日). 2009年3月23日閲覧。
  21. ^ Energy Star - Evaluate Performance Energy Star.gov
  22. ^ Energy Star Benchmark Energy Star.gov
  23. ^ http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager
  24. ^ “Criteria for Rating Building Energy Performance”. Energystar.gov. 2009年3月23日閲覧。
  25. ^ a b http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=business.bus_bldgs
  26. ^ “Industries in Focus : ENERGY STAR”. Energystar.gov (2009年3月16日). 2009年3月23日閲覧。
  27. ^ “Small Businesses and Congregations Improve Energy Efficiency and Fight Climate Change / EPA names nine Energy Star small business and congregation award winners”. EPA.gov (2010年9月21日). Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  28. ^ Environmental News Service, Energy Star Climate Change Claims Misleading, Audit Finds, Washington, D.C., 31 December 2008
  29. ^ “SUGGESTED IMPROVEMENTS TO ENERGY STAR, DOE COMPLIANCE and REGULATION OF MAJOR APPLIANCES”. Publisher of www.ApplianceAdvisor.com (December 10, 2008). March 28, 2011閲覧。
  30. ^ “Application of 10 CFR Part 430, Subpart B, Appendix A-1”. Energy Star.gov. 2011年4月11日閲覧。
  31. ^ “Energy stars may not be all they say they are”. Housingzone.com. 2009年3月23日閲覧。 [リンク切れ]
  32. ^ Why Obama’s Energy Savings Estimate May Be Skewed
  33. ^ Hruska, Joel (2009年2月9日). “Sony LCD exceeds Energy Star power draw 75% of time”. Arstechnica.com. 2009年3月23日閲覧。
  34. ^ Hruska, Joel (2010年3月26日). “Fake Products and Companies Certified by Energy Star”. Popular Mechanics. 2010年3月26日閲覧。
  35. ^ AITL
  36. ^ International Testing Laboratories
  37. ^ MET Laboratories - Energy Star Testing & Certification
  38. ^ UL Energy Star FAQ
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