男子集会所

男子集会所（だんししゅうかいじょ）は、古代の社会や原住民の社会にしばしば見られる男子結社（メンズバンド）の活動およびその拠点 ^[1]。 メンズハウスとも呼ばれる。とりわけ恒常的戦闘状態の地域において、男子集会所は戦士共産制の一形態となる。成年男子は兵営（集会所）で戦闘訓練と規律を受け、戦士として活動する^[2]^[3]。

概説

男子集会所は恒常的戦闘状態によって展開する原始的社会の軍事制度の一種である。男子集会所のメンバーとなるためには、戦闘能力や他の能力が要求される。そうした能力はテストされ、合格した者がメンバーとして受け入れられる。その入会式はやがてイニシエーション（通過儀礼）となっていった（成人式は男子集会所へのイニシエーションを起源としている）。男子の戦闘的結社の展開と並行して女性（子供や老人を含む）集団は農耕的な母権制社会を形成する。そして、男子集会所および母権制社会のそれぞれに首長が存立する男女首長制が成立する。

男子集会所に起源する古代制度

スパルタのアンドレイオン、ギリシャのフラトリア、ローマのクリア、新羅の花郎、古代日本のヒコなどは古代、男子集会所に起源した制度もしくは役職であるとされる。

古代男子集会所の消滅

しかし、戦車の登場による軍事技術の変化と政治情勢の平和化を主な要因として、古代男子集会所はその発生後、急速に衰退と崩壊へ向かった^[3]。

脚注

^ ウェブスターは男子集会所の一般的性質を次のように述べている。「The men's house is usually the largest building in a tribal settlement. It belongs in common to the villagers ; it serves as council-chamber and town hall, as a guest-house for strangers, and as the sleeping resort of the men. ... Here the more precious belongings of the community, such as trophies taken in war or in the chase, and religious emblems of various sorts are preserved. Within its precincts, women and children, and men not fully initiated members of the tribe, seldom or never enter. .... Such communal living on the part of the young men is a visible token of their separation from the narrow circle of the family, and of their introduction to the duties and responsibilities of tribal life. An institution so firmly established and so widely spread may be expected to survive by devotion to other uses, as the earlier ideas which led to its foundation fade away. As guard posts where the young men are confined on military duty and are exercised in the arts of war, these houses often become a serviceable means of defence. The religious worship of the community frequently centres in them. Often they form the theatre of dramatic representations. In rare instances these institutions seem to have lost their original purpose and to have facilitated sexual communism rather than sexual separation.
^ マックス・ウェーバー『支配の社会学』創文社、pp. 511-513
^ ^a ^b マックス・ウェーバー『一般社会経済史要論』岩波書店、pp. 118-121

この項目は、歴史に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（P:歴史/P:歴史学/PJ歴史）。

[1] ウェブスターは男子集会所の一般的性質を次のように述べている。「The men's house is usually the largest building in a tribal settlement. It belongs in common to the villagers ; it serves as council-chamber and town hall, as a guest-house for strangers, and as the sleeping resort of the men. ... Here the more precious belongings of the community, such as trophies taken in war or in the chase, and religious emblems of various sorts are preserved. Within its precincts, women and children, and men not fully initiated members of the tribe, seldom or never enter. .... Such communal living on the part of the young men is a visible token of their separation from the narrow circle of the family, and of their introduction to the duties and responsibilities of tribal life. An institution so firmly established and so widely spread may be expected to survive by devotion to other uses, as the earlier ideas which led to its foundation fade away. As guard posts where the young men are confined on military duty and are exercised in the arts of war, these houses often become a serviceable means of defence. The religious worship of the community frequently centres in them. Often they form the theatre of dramatic representations. In rare instances these institutions seem to have lost their original purpose and to have facilitated sexual communism rather than sexual separation.

[2] マックス・ウェーバー『支配の社会学』創文社、pp. 511-513

[ippan-3] マックス・ウェーバー『一般社会経済史要論』岩波書店、pp. 118-121

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