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利用者:加藤勝憲/エルンスト・ツュンデル

Ernst Zündel
Zündel in 1992
生誕 Ernst Christof Friedrich Zündel
(1939-04-24) 1939年4月24日
Calmbach, Württemberg, Nazi Germany
死没

2017年8月5日(2017-08-05)（78歳没）

[1]
Bad Wildbad, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
著名な実績 Neo-Nazism
Holocaust denial
配偶者 Janick Larouche
(m. 1959; div. 1975),
Irene Margarelli
(m. 1996; div. 1997),
Ingrid Rimland
(m. 2001)
子供 2
テンプレートを表示

 

エルンスト・クリストフ・フリードリヒ・ツュンデル（Ernst Christof Friedrich Zündel、ドイツ語: [ˈtsʏndl̩]、1939年4月24日 - 2017年8月5日）は、ドイツ人[2][3]のネオナチであり、ホロコーストを否定する文献を出版した[4][5]。カナダでは「特定可能な集団に対する憎悪を扇動する可能性が高い」文献を出版し、国家安全保障を脅かした容疑で、アメリカではビザのオーバーステイで、ドイツでは「人種的憎悪を扇動した」容疑で、それぞれ数回投獄された[6][7][8]。1958年から 2000年までカナダに住んでいた。

ネオナチ[編集]

1977年、サミスダット出版社という小さな出版社を設立し、共著の『The Hitler We Loved and Why（われわれが愛したヒトラーとその理由）』やリチャード・ヴェラール（英語版）の『Did Six Million Really Die?（600万人は本当に死んだのか）』といったネオナチのパンフレットを発行した。The Truth At Last』などのネオナチ・パンフレットを発行していた。これらはどちらも、ホロコースト否定運動にとって重要な文書であった（ヴェラールの小冊子は、バーバラ・クラシュカ（英語版）の『600万人は本当に死んだのか？1988年、エルンスト・ツュンデルのカナダ「偽ニュース」裁判における証拠報告』と混同してはならない）。

2003年2月5日、エルンスト・ツンデルは米国で地元警察に拘束され、カナダに強制送還された。カナダでは、国家安全保障上の脅威とみなされる外国人であるという理由で、安全証明書の有効性に関する裁判所の決定が出るまで2年間拘束された。証明書が支持されると、彼はドイツに送還され、1990年代初頭からのホロコースト否定扇動の未解決の罪状でマンハイム州裁判所で裁判にかけられた。2007年2月15日、彼は有罪判決を受け、最高刑の懲役5年を言い渡された。これらの投獄と起訴はすべて、特定可能な集団に対する憎悪を扇動したためであった[9]。彼は2010年3月1日に釈放された[10]。

生い立ち[編集]

ツュンデルは1939年、ドイツ・バーデン＝ヴュルテンベルク州のカームバッハ（現在はバート・ヴィルトバートの一部）で生まれ、主に母親のゲルトルートによって育てられた。木こりの父フリッツは、エルンストが生まれて間もなくドイツ軍に徴兵され、衛生兵として東部戦線に従軍した。父は捕虜となり、1947年まで帰国しなかったが、その頃にはアルコール依存症になっていた。エルンストは、後にアメリカで弁護士になった兄と4人の姉妹からなる6人家族の4番目だった[11]。

専門学校でグラフィック・アートを学び、1957年に卒業[12]。1958年、ドイツ軍の徴兵を避けるため、19歳でカナダに移住した。1960年、トロントの語学教室で知り合ったフランス系カナダ人のジャニック・ラルーシュと結婚し、息子のピエールとハンスをもうけた[11][12]。1961年に夫婦はモントリオールに移り住み、ツュンデルはそこでカナダのファシスト政治家アドリアン・アルカン（Adrien Arcand）の指導を受けることになる[13]。

その後、トロントのシンプソン・シアーズのアート部門で最初の仕事を得て、モントリオールに自身のアートスタジオを開いた[13]。1969年にはトロントに戻り、商業アートスタジオであるGreat Ideas Advertisingを設立した[12]。1960年代には、Maclean's誌の表紙イラストを依頼されることもあった。1960年代から1970年代にかけては、クリストフ・フリードリッヒというペンネームで意見を発表していたため、彼の論争的な見解はあまり知られていなかった。当時、彼はケベック州社会信用党の組織者でもあった。1968年、彼はカナダ自由党に入党し、その年の自由党党首大会にアーネスト・ズンデル[14]の英語名で、「移民の権利」を掲げて自称「迷惑候補」として立候補した。彼は立候補を反ドイツ的な態度に反対するキャンペーンに利用した。彼は選挙前に選挙戦から脱落したが、大会で選挙演説を行う前ではなかった。

フリードリッヒのペンネームで、サヴィトリ・デヴィ（英語版）のナチスの難解な本『The Lightning and the Sun（稲妻と太陽）』の序文を書いた[15]。

ツェンデルは1970年代に、ドイツ系カナダ人とその子どもたちが、メディアにおける反ドイツ的ステレオタイプによって差別の対象になっていると主張するグループ「Concerned Parents of German Descent」のスポークスマンとして注目を集めた。1970年代後半、ツェンデルは同団体のスポークスマンとして、NBCのホロコースト・ミニシリーズのドイツ人描写に抗議するプレスリリースを発表した。1970年代後半、記者のマーク・ボノコスキーがツェンデルの正体を暴き、彼がクリストフ・フリードリッヒというペンネームで『私たちが愛したヒトラー』や『なぜ』といったネオナチや反ユダヤ主義的な小冊子を出版していたことを明らかにすることで、信頼できるメディアのスポークスマンとしての彼のキャリアに終止符を打った[16]。

ツンデルの悪名が高まるにつれて、1977年にラルーシュとの結婚生活は終了した[13]。

1994年、ツンデルはカナダで映画『シンドラーのリスト』を「ヘイトスピーチ」として上映禁止にするキャンペーンを行い[17][18]、マレーシアで上映禁止になり、レバノンとヨルダンで事実上上映禁止になったことを祝った[19]。

1995年5月8日、彼のトロントの邸宅は放火の標的となり、40万ドルの損害を被った[20]。「ユダヤ人武装抵抗運動」と名乗るグループが放火の犯行を主張。トロント・サン紙によると、このグループはユダヤ防衛連盟やカハネ・チャイなどの過激派組織とつながりがあった。[20] ユダヤ防衛連盟のトロント支部のリーダーであるメイル・ワインスタイン（当時はメイル・ハレヴィとして知られていた）は襲撃への関与を否定したが、5日後、ワインスタインとアメリカ人JDLリーダーのアーヴ・ルービンはズンデルの所有地に侵入しようとして捕まり、警察に逮捕された。[20]この事件で告発されることはなかった[21]。火災の数週間後、ズンデルは小包爆弾の標的となり、トロント警察の爆弾処理班によって爆発させられた[22]。小包爆弾攻撃に関する捜査により、ブリティッシュコロンビア州を拠点とする動物愛護活動家デヴィッド・バーバラッシュが告発されたが、最終的に起訴猶予となった[23]。

In 1994, Zündel campaigned in Canada to ban the movie Schindler's List as "hate speech"[17][18] and celebrated the movie being banned in Malaysia and effectively banned in Lebanon and Jordan.[19]

On 8 May 1995, his Toronto residence was the target of an arson attack, resulting in $400,000 in damage. A group calling itself the "Jewish Armed Resistance Movement" claimed responsibility for the arson attack; according to the Toronto Sun, the group had ties to extremist organizations, including the Jewish Defense League and Kahane Chai.[20] The leader of the Toronto wing of the Jewish Defense League, Meir Weinstein (known then as Meir Halevi), denied involvement in the attack; however, five days later, Weinstein and American JDL leader Irv Rubin were caught trying to break into the Zündel property, where they were apprehended by police.[20] No charges were ever filed in the incident. Weeks after the fire, Zündel was targeted with a parcel bomb that was detonated by the Toronto Police bomb squad. The investigation into the parcel bomb attack led to charges being laid against David Barbarash, an animal rights activist based in British Columbia, but they were eventually stayed.

ホロコースト否定[編集]

彼の出版社サミスダット・パブリッシャーズは、ツュンデルの『我々が愛したヒトラーとその理由』、リチャード・ヴェラールの『600万人は本当に死んだのか』、マルコム・ロスの作品など、ネオナチ文学を広めた。


1980年代初頭までに、サミスダット・パブリッシャーズは、ナチやネオナチのポスター、録音テープ、記念品、ホロコースト否定や連合国やイスラエルの戦争犯罪であると主張するパンフレットや書籍の世界的な販売業者に成長していた。彼はアメリカ国内だけで29,000人のメーリングリストを持っていたとされる。サミスダット・パブリッシャーズの広告スペースは、有名な評判の高いアメリカの雑誌やコミック本にさえ購入されていた。西ドイツは、ホロコースト否定やナチスやネオナチの資料の流布を防止する西ドイツのVolksverhetzung（大衆扇動）法に違反して、もう一つの大きな市場となり、サミスダットは西ドイツ連邦議会（国会）の全議員に大量の郵便物を送るまでになった。

By the early 1980s, Samisdat Publishers had grown into a worldwide distributor of Nazi and neo-Nazi posters, audiotapes, and memorabilia, as well as pamphlets and books devoted to Holocaust denial and what he claimed were Allied and Israeli war crimes. He purportedly had a mailing list of 29,000 in the United States alone. Advertisement space for Samisdat Publishers was purchased in well-known reputable American magazines and even comic books. West Germany became another large market, in violation of West German Volksverhetzung (incitement of the masses) laws preventing Holocaust denial and dissemination of Nazi and neo-Nazi material, with Samisdat going so far as to send mass mailings to every member of the West German Bundestag (parliament).


1980年12月、西ドイツ連邦財務省は連邦議会に対し、1978年1月から1979年12月までの間に、「書籍、定期刊行物、シンボル、装飾品、映画、カセットテープ、レコードなど、右翼的な内容の200の貨物が西ドイツに持ち込まれた」ことを明らかにした。1981年4月23日、西ドイツ政府はカナダ・ユダヤ人会議に書簡を送り、この資料の出所がサミスダット出版社であることを確認した。

1981年から1982年にかけて、ツンデルはカナダ政府から、カナダでの犯罪行為である憎悪プロパガンダを送るために郵便を利用していたという理由で、郵便特権を停止された。ツンデルはその後、1983年1月にカナダでの郵送禁止が解除されるまで、ニューヨーク州ナイアガラ・フォールズの私書箱から発送を始めた。

In December 1980, the West German Federal Ministry of Finance told the Bundestag that between January 1978 and December 1979, "200 shipments of right-wing content, including books, periodicals, symbols, decorations, films, cassettes, and records" had been intercepted entering West Germany; these shipments "came overwhelmingly from Canada." On 23 April 1981, the West German government sent a letter to the Canadian Jewish Congress, confirming that the source of the material was Samisdat Publishers.

From 1981 to 1982, Zündel had his mailing privileges suspended by the Canadian government on the grounds that he had been using the mail to send hate propaganda, a criminal offence in Canada. Zündel then began shipping from a post office box in Niagara Falls, New York, until the ban on his mailing in Canada was lifted in January 1983.

Holocaust denial trials in the 1980s[編集]

David Irving, whom Zundel met in 1986 and who helped Zündel in 1988 in his second trial for denying the Holocaust. Irving was himself jailed in Austria in 2005 for the same crime.

In 1983, Sabina Citron, a Holocaust survivor and founder of the Canadian Holocaust Remembrance Association, filed a private complaint against Zündel before the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal. In 1984, the Ontario government joined the criminal proceedings against Zündel based on Citron's complaint. Zündel was charged under the Criminal Code, section 181, of spreading false news by publishing Did Six Million Really Die? The Truth At Last.

Zündel underwent two criminal trials in 1985 and 1988. The charge against Zündel alleged that he "did publish a statement or tale, namely, Did Six Million Really Die? that he knows is false and that is likely to cause mischief to the public interest in social and racial tolerance, contrary to the Criminal Code". After a much publicized trial in 1985, Zündel was found guilty. One of the prosecution witnesses, Auschwitz survivor Arnold Friedman, a Holocaust educator in Toronto, testified that "prisoners marched off to the ovens never returned" to which Zündel's lawyer, Doug Christie, replied "if those who disappeared might not have been led out a nearby gate".[21]

His conviction was later overturned in an appeal on a legal technicality, leading to a second trial in 1988, in which he was again convicted. Zündel was originally found guilty by two juries but was finally acquitted upon appeal by the Supreme Court of Canada which held in 1992 that section 181 (formerly known as section 177) was a violation of the guarantee of freedom of expression under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

The 1988 trial relied on testimony from Holocaust deniers David Irving and Fred A. Leuchter, a self-taught execution technician.[22] Leuchter's testimony as an expert witness was accepted by the court, but his accompanying Leuchter report was excluded, based on his lack of engineering credentials. In 1985, key expert testimony against Zündel's Holocaust denial was provided at great lengths by Holocaust historian Raul Hilberg, who refused to testify at Zündel's 1988 trial. Zündel was convicted in 1988 and sentenced to 15 months imprisonment by an Ontario court; however, in 1992 in R v Zundel his conviction was overturned by the Supreme Court of Canada when the law under which he had been charged, reporting false news, was ruled unconstitutional.[23]

Canadian Human Rights Commission; first departure from Canada[編集]

In 1997, Zündel's marriage with his second wife, Irene Marcarelli, ended after 18 months. She subsequently testified against him in the late 1990s when he was under investigation by the Canadian Human Rights Commission for promoting hatred against Jews via his website. In January 2000, before the commission had completed its hearings, he left Canada for Sevierville, Tennessee, in the US, where he married his third wife, Ingrid Rimland,[24] and vowed never to return to Canada.[25]

Detention, deportation, and imprisonment[編集]

Deportation from the United States[編集]

In 2003, Zündel was arrested by the United States government for violating immigration rules, specifically visa waiver overstay, which he argued was a trumped up charge. After two weeks he was deported. A warrant for his arrest for Volksverhetzung (incitement of the masses) had been issued in Germany, where he remained a citizen, in the same year. At his hearing, Zündel described himself as "the Gandhi of the right".[26]

Detention and deportation from Canada[編集]

Although Zündel lived in Canada for more than 40 years prior to moving to the United States, he never gained Canadian citizenship. Applications for citizenship were rejected in 1966 and 1994 for undisclosed reasons.[27] On his return to Canada, he had no status in the country as he was not a citizen and as his landed immigrant status had been forfeited by his prolonged absence from the country. When returning to Canada, Zündel claimed refugee status in hopes of preventing his deportation to Germany. This claim elicited public ridicule; Rex Murphy, a columnist for The Globe and Mail and a well-known commentator on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, wrote, "If Ernst Zündel is a refugee, Daffy Duck is Albert Einstein ... Some propositions are so ludicrous that they are a betrayal of common sense and human dignity if allowed a moment's oxygen."[28]

On May 2, 2003, Canadian Citizenship and Immigration Minister Denis Coderre and Solicitor General Wayne Easter issued a "national security certificate" against Zündel under the provisions of the Canadian Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, indicating that he was a threat to Canada's national security owing to his alleged links with violent neo-Nazi groups, including Aryan Nations leader Richard Girnt Butler, neo-Nazi Christian Worch, and former Canadian Aryan Nations leader Terry Long, as well as Ewald Althans, convicted in a German court in 1995 of charges that included insulting the memory of the dead and insulting the state.

Zündel moved twice to have Canadian Federal Court justice Pierre Blais recuse himself from the case for "badgering and accusing the witness of lying" and exhibiting "open hostility" towards Zündel, and filed two constitutional challenges, one in the Ontario courts and one in the federal courts, both unsuccessful. During the hearing, Zündel characterized his position as "Sometimes I feel like a black man being convicted on Ku Klux Klan news clippings."[29]

Zündel meanwhile moved to be released from detention on his own recognizance while the legal proceedings were ongoing. His lawyer, Doug Christie, introduced as a "surprise witness" Lorraine Day, a California doctor who practiced alternative cancer treatments, to testify that Zündel's incarceration at Toronto's Toronto West Detention Centre was causing his chest tumor (revealed to the court a few weeks previously) to grow and his blood pressure to rise, that the medication supplied to control his blood pressure was causing side effects such as a slow heart rate and loss of memory, and that he needed "exercise, fresh air, and freedom from stress. The whole point is we need to have his high blood pressure controlled without the drug."[29] On January 21, 2004, after three months of hearings including both public and secret testimony, Justice Blais again ruled against Zündel with a damning statement.

During his imprisonment, Canadian right-wing leader Paul Fromm attempted to hold numerous rallies in support of Zündel, both in Ontario and in Alberta. The rallies were met with formidable opposition, namely by the Anti-Racist Action group, which heightened its opposition to Fromm's pro-Zündel work in the summer of 2004. The anti-racist efforts included participation by numerous Toronto activist groups and individuals, including Shane Ruttle Martinez and Marcell Rodden, and successfully managed to prevent similar future congregations of the neo-Nazis. Fromm eventually ceased his efforts after being advised by Zündel's attorneys that public clashes between supporters and opponents of Zündel were not assisting the image of their client's case.

On February 24, 2005, Justice Blais ruled that Canada could deport Zündel back to Germany at any time, and on February 25, Zündel's lawyer, Peter Lindsay, announced that his client would not attempt to obtain a stay against the deportation and that his fight to remain in Canada was over. In his decision, Justice Blais noted that Zündel had had the opportunity to respond to the allegations of the decision of January 21 by explaining the nature of his contacts with the extremists mentioned and/or providing exonerating witnesses, but had failed to do so. Blais found that "Mr. Zündel's activities are not only a threat to Canada's national security, but also a threat to the international community of nations."[30]

Zündel was deported to Germany on March 1, 2005.[31] Upon his arrival at Frankfurt airport, he was immediately arrested and detained in Mannheim prison awaiting trial for inciting racial hatred.[32] In 2007, Zündel's appeal to the UN Human Rights Committee against deportation was rejected, partly for his failure to exhaust all domestic remedies through a thorough defence as required by its charter, and partly because the committee ruled the case inadmissible as it did not find his rights had been violated.[33]

Trial and imprisonment in Germany[編集]

German prosecutors charged Zündel on July 19, 2005, with 14 counts of inciting racial hatred, which is punishable under German penal code, Section 130, 2.(3) (Agitation (sedition) of the People) with up to 5 years in prison. The indictment stated Zündel "denied the fate of destruction for the Jews planned by National Socialist powerholders and justified this by saying that the mass destruction in Auschwitz and Treblinka, among others, were an invention of the Jews and served the repression and extortion of the German people."

His trial was scheduled for five days beginning November 8, 2005, but ran into an early delay when Judge Ulrich Meinerzhagen ruled that lawyer Horst Mahler, whose licence to practise as a lawyer was withdrawn in 2004 and who, in January 2005, was sentenced to nine months in prison for inciting racial hatred, could not be part of the defence team. Mahler had been associated with the violent far-left Red Army Faction in the 1970s, but had since become a supporter of far-right and antisemitic groups. Zündel's public defender Sylvia Stolz was also dismissed on the grounds that her written submissions to the court included Mahler's ideas. On November 15, 2005, Meinerzhagen announced that the trial was to be rescheduled to allow new counsel time to prepare.[34]

The trial resumed on February 9, 2006, for several court sessions but then adjourned on March 9 when the trial judge asked for Sylvia Stolz to be removed as Zündel's defence lawyer after she repeatedly disrupted the trial and had to be dragged out of the court by two bailiffs. Stolz signed "Heil Hitler" on court motions, said the Holocaust was "the biggest lie in world history," and yelled that the judge deserved the death penalty for "offering succour to the enemy". In 2008, Stolz was sentenced to three-and-a-half years in prison and stripped of her licence to practice law for five years.[35][36]

The trial again resumed on June 9, 2006, and continued, intermittently, into early 2007. The prosecution concluded its case on January 26, 2007, calling for Zündel to be handed the maximum sentence of five years' imprisonment with state prosecutor Andreas Grossman calling him a "political con man" from whom the German people needed protection. After quoting extensively from Zündel's writings on the Holocaust, Grossman argued "[you] might as well argue that the sun rises in the West ... But you cannot change that the Holocaust has been proven."[37] In its closing arguments the defence called for Zündel to be acquitted.[38][39]

On February 15, 2007, Zündel was sentenced to five years in prison, the maximum sentence possible for violating the Volksverhetzung law in the German penal code which bans incitement of hatred against a minority of the population, which is how his Holocaust denial was interpreted by the Federal German court.[40]

His time in pre-trial confinement in Canada was not taken into account on his sentence, but only the two years he was confined in Germany since 2005. One of his lawyers, Jürgen Rieger, a leading member of Germany's NPD, was forbidden to voice petitions and ruled to put them down in writing; he let another lawyer read them aloud. Another lawyer read parts of Mein Kampf and parts of the NS race legislation aloud in his closing speech. Zündel asked for the inception of an expert's commission to examine the Holocaust. The judge in his emotional closing speech called Zündel a "Brunnenvergifter und Brandstifter, einen Verehrer dieses menschenverachtenden Barbaren Adolf Hitler, von dem er dummdreist daherschwafelt" ("well-poisoner and arsonist, an admirer of this human-despising barbarian Adolf Hitler, of whom he rambles on with brash impertinence"). Holocaust deniers used Zündel trials to claim that freedom of speech was impaired in Germany as that it depended on the ideology of the speaker.[41]

Release from prison[編集]

Zündel was released on March 1, 2010, five years after his deportation to Germany. Following the end of his prison term, Canadian Minister of Public Safety Vic Toews reiterated that Zündel would not be permitted to return to Canada. "In 2005, a Federal Court judge confirmed that Zündel is inadmissible on security grounds for being a danger to the security of Canada", Toews said in a written statement, adding that, "The decision reinforced the government of Canada's position that this country will not be a safe haven for individuals who pose a risk to Canada's national security."[42]

Zündel returned to his childhood home in the Black Forest, which had been vacant since his mother's death in the 1990s, and lived there until his own death.[42]

Barred from entering the United States[編集]

On March 31, 2017, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Administrative Appeals Office ruled Zündel inadmissible to the United States, rejecting his application for an immigrant visa which he had sought in order to be reunited with his wife. He was classified as inadmissible, because he has been convicted of foreign crimes for which the sentence was five years or more and a waiver deemed unwarranted due to Zündel's "history of inciting racial, ethnic, and religious hatred". Legal writer and law professor Eugene Volokh expressed the opinion that while his exclusion from the United States on hate speech grounds was not a violation of the First Amendment, it may be an incorrect application of current immigration law.[43]

UFOlogy[編集]

When Zündel started Samisdat Publishers in the 1970s, he became interested in ufology when the subject was at its peak of worldwide attention. His main offerings were his own books claiming that flying saucers were secret weapons developed by the Third Reich and now based in Antarctica.[44]

Under the pseudonyms Christof Friedrich and Mattern Friedrich, Zündel also wrote several publications promoting the idea that UFOs were craft developed by German scientists who had fled to New Swabia, Antarctica. These titles include "Secret Nazi Polar Expeditions" (1978) and "Hitler at the South Pole" (1979). He promoted the idea of Nazi secret bases in Antarctica, Nazi UFOs, secret polar bases and Hollow Earth theories.

Along with Willibald Mattern, a German émigré living in Santiago, Chile, Zündel also wrote UFOs: Nazi Secret Weapon? on Nazi UFOs in German and translated into English.

It is not clear whether Zündel really believed these theories or whether they were merely speculative fiction.[44][45][46]

In the Samisdat Publishers newsletter of 1978, Zündel advertised an expedition to Antarctica to find these bases and UFOs. A ticket would cost $9,999 for a seat on an exploration team to locate the polar entrance to the hollow earth.[46] This expedition never took place.

According to Frank Miele, a member of The Skeptics Society in the United States, Zündel told him that his book UFOs: Nazi Secret Weapon? (which became an underground bestseller, going through several printings) was nothing more than popular fiction to build publicity for Samisdat. Zündel said in a telephone conversation with Miele: "I realized that North Americans were not interested in being educated. They want to be entertained. The book was for fun. With a picture of the Führer on the cover and flying saucers coming out of Antarctica it was a chance to get on radio and TV talk shows. For about 15 minutes of an hour program I'd talk about that esoteric stuff. Then I would start talking about all those Jewish scientists in concentration camps, working on these secret weapons. And that was my chance to talk about what I wanted to talk about." "In that case," I asked him, "do you still stand by what you wrote in the UFO book?" "Look," he replied, "it has a question mark at the end of the title."[45] Zündel continued to defend these views as late as 2002.[45][47]

Ancestry[編集]

According to Toronto Sun columnist Mark Bonokoski, Zündel's mother was Gertrude Mayer, the daughter of Isadore and Nagal Mayer. Isadore Mayer was a trade union organizer for the garment industry in the Bavarian city of Augsburg.

According to Bonokoski, Ernst's ex-wife, Irene Zündel, claimed that the possibility of being at least partly Jewish bothered Zündel so much that he returned to Germany in the 1960s in search of his family's Ariernachweis, a Third Reich certificate of pure Aryan blood, but was unable to find any such document for his family.

In 1997, Zündel granted an interview to Tsadok Yecheskeli of the Israeli newspaper, Yedioth Ahronoth, that includes the following exchange:

Zundel: If you are fishing for any political information, my father was a Social Democrat, my mother a simple Christian woman. Her father had been a union organizer in Bavaria, and of the garment workers' union. His name got him into trouble because it was Isadore Mayer and, of course, he was called Izzy by his people and the people thought he ...

Yecheskeli: Was Jewish?

Zundel: No, I don't ... don't think so.

Yecheskeli: Are you sure there's no Jewish blood in your family?

Zundel: No.[48]

Death[編集]

Zündel died at his home in Germany, of a suspected heart attack, on August 5, 2017.[49][50][51] He was survived by two children, Hans and Pierre; and his widow, Ingrid Rimland Zündel, who died on October 12, 2017.[52][53]

See also[編集]

  • Neo-Nazism in Canada

Notes[編集]

  1. ^ “Holocaust denier Ernst Zundel, deported from Canada in 2005, dies aged 78”. Global News (2017年8月7日). Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  2. ^ "Zundel won't appeal deportation, lawyer says", CTV.ca, February 6, 2005 (accessed July 26, 2008): Canadian Justice Pierre Blais denounced Zundel as a Hitler sympathizer determined to propagate the neo-Nazi movement
  3. ^ Burns, John F. (1988年3月30日). “Canada Puts Neo-Nazi's Ideas on Trial, Again”. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/30/world/canada-puts-neo-nazi-s-ideas-on-trial-again.html 2020年1月26日閲覧。 
  4. ^ "Ernst Zundel", Anti-Defamation League (accessed July 26, 2008)
  5. ^ “Ernst Zundel sentenced to 5 years for Holocaust denial”. CBC News. (2007年2月15日). https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ernst-zundel-sentenced-to-5-years-for-holocaust-denial-1.659372 2020年1月26日閲覧。 
  6. ^ Connolly, Kate (2007年2月16日). “Holocaust denial writer jailed for five years”. The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/feb/16/historybooks.secondworldwar 
  7. ^ CBC News (2005年3月2日). “Trial could turn Zundel into neo-Nazi martyr: observer”. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/trial-could-turn-zundel-into-neo-nazi-martyr-observer-1.528750 
  8. ^ Irwin, Anna C. (2003年2月8日). “Renowned Neo-Nazi activist held in Blount County jail”. The Daily Times (Maryville, Tennessee) 
  9. ^ Associated Press & Canadian Press (2007年2月15日). “Ernst Zundel sentenced to 5 years in prison for Holocaust denial”. Winnipeg Free Press. オリジナルの2007年9月27日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194246/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/world/story/3881650p-4489229c.html 2007年2月15日閲覧。 
  10. ^ “Zundel released from German prison”. CBC News. (2010年3月1日). https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/zundel-released-from-german-prison-1.892099 2020年1月26日閲覧。 
  11. ^ a b Freeman, Alan (2003年3月7日). “Embarrassment and denial in Zundel's hometown”. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/embarrassment-and-denial-in-zundels-hometown/article4127607/ 2017年9月5日閲覧。 
  12. ^ a b c “Ernst Zundel Bio Information”. www.soaringeaglesgallery.com. 2017年9月5日閲覧。
  13. ^ a b c Cheney, Peter (2003年3月8日). “The wives, the marriages of chameleon Ernst Zundel”. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/the-wives-the-marriages-of-chameleon-ernst-zundel/article25280959/ 2017年9月5日閲覧。 
  14. ^ The Zundel Affair Archived November 5, 2018, at the Wayback Machine., Shofar FTP Archives, nizkor.net
  15. ^ “** RARE ** The Lightning And The Sun by Savitri Devi 1958 ** First Edition ** | #1901503588”. /www.worthpoint.com. 2024年4月23日閲覧。
  16. ^ Bonokoski, Mark. "Zundel released from German Jail", Toronto Sun, March 2, 2010.
  17. ^ "Schindler's List Exposed as Lies and Hate" Archived April 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., 1994 leaflet published by Zündel's Samisdat Publishers
  18. ^ “Ernst Zündel on "Schindler's List"”. 2014年12月11日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2009年2月7日閲覧。
  19. ^ Censorship offer file Archived May 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., Shofar FTP Archive, The Nizkor Project
  20. ^ a b 引用エラー: 無効な <ref> タグです。「shermer」という名前の注釈に対するテキストが指定されていません
  21. ^ The Press, Christchurch, New Zealand, January 15, 1985
  22. ^ Morris, Errol (2006年). “Mr. Death: Transcript”. http://www.errolmorris.com/film/mrd_transcript.html 2007年3月4日閲覧。 
  23. ^ Template:Lexum-scc2
  24. ^ Irwin, Anna C. (2003年2月8日). “Renowned Neo-Nazi activist held in Blount County jail”. The Daily Times (Maryville, Tennessee) 
  25. ^ Freeze, Colin (2003年2月13日). “Deportation to Germany threatens jailed Zundel”. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/deportation-to-germany-threatens-jailed-zundel/article25279412/ 2020年1月26日閲覧。 
  26. ^ "Ernst Zundel", Anti-Defamation League (accessed July 26, 2008)
  27. ^ Associated Press & Canadian Press (2007年2月15日). “Ernst Zundel sentenced to 5 years in prison for Holocaust denial”. Winnipeg Free Press. オリジナルの2007年9月27日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194246/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/world/story/3881650p-4489229c.html 2007年2月15日閲覧。 
  28. ^ Murphy, Rex (2003年2月22日). “Let's try Zundel denial”. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/incoming/lets-try-zundel-denial/article20447978/ 2020年1月26日閲覧。 
  29. ^ a b Glenn Hauser (2003年9月29日). “DX LISTENING DIGEST 3-171”. worldofradio.com. 2024年4月24日閲覧。
  30. ^ Makin, Kirk (2005年2月25日). “Court finds Zundel can be deported”. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/court-finds-zundel-can-be-deported/article976436/ 2020年1月26日閲覧。 
  31. ^ “Zundel turned over to German authorities”. CBC News. (2005年3月1日). https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/zundel-turned-over-to-german-authorities-1.529567 
  32. ^ Germany, SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg (2005年3月). “Kanada: Holocaust-Leugner Zündel abgeschoben - SPIEGEL ONLINE - Panorama”. Der Spiegel. http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/kanada-holocaust-leugner-zuendel-abgeschoben-a-344288.html 
  33. ^ “University of Minnesota Human Rights Library”. hrlibrary.umn.edu. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  34. ^ “Neo-Nazi Trial Put on Ice After Upset”. Deutsche Welle. (2005年11月15日). http://www.dw.de/neo-nazi-trial-put-on-ice-after-upset/a-1777889 2015年3月7日閲覧。 
  35. ^ “German Neo-Nazi Lawyer Sentenced for Denying Holocaust”. Deutsche Welle. (2008年1月14日). http://www.dw.de/german-neo-nazi-lawyer-sentenced-for-denying-holocaust/a-3058271 2015年3月7日閲覧。 
  36. ^ “Anwältin aus dem Saal getragen”. Star. (2008年1月14日). オリジナルの2015年4月2日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402161814/http://www.stern.de/politik/deutschland/zuendel-prozess-anwaeltin-aus-dem-saal-getragen-558993.html 2015年3月7日閲覧。 
  37. ^ Associated Press & Canadian Press (2007年2月15日). “Ernst Zundel sentenced to 5 years in prison for Holocaust denial”. Winnipeg Free Press. オリジナルの2007年9月27日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194246/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/world/story/3881650p-4489229c.html 2007年2月15日閲覧。 
  38. ^ “Five years' jail urged for Zundel”. Toronto Star. Associated Press. (2007年1月26日). https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/01/26/five_years39_jail_urged_for_zundel.html 2007年1月26日閲覧。 
  39. ^ “Defense seeks acquittal of far-right activist Ernst Zundel at German trial”. International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. (2007年2月9日). http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/02/09/europe/EU-GEN-Germany-Incitement-Trial.php 2007年2月13日閲覧。 
  40. ^ Canada Press (2007年2月15日). “German court sentences Ernst Zundel to 5 years in prison for Holocaust denial”. Canada.com. 2007年9月29日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2007年2月15日閲覧。
  41. ^ Landesamt für Verfassungsschutz Baden-Württemberg (2007年3月). “Verteidigung von ZÜNDEL legt Revision ein”. Landesamt für Verfassungsschutz Baden-Württemberg. 2007年5月29日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2007年5月30日閲覧。
  42. ^ a b "Zündel free but barred from Canada"[リンク切れ], National Post, March 2, 2010
  43. ^ “Opinion - Holocaust denier Ernst Zundel barred from moving to the U.S., though his wife is an American citizen”. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2017/04/24/holocaust-denier-ernst-zundel-barred-from-moving-to-the-u-s-though-his-wife-is-an-american-citizen/ 2017年9月5日閲覧。 
  44. ^ a b Zündel, Ernst (as Christof Friedrich) (1974). UFO's — Nazi Secret Weapon?. Samisdat Publishers 
  45. ^ a b c “Ernst Zündel's Flying Saucers”. The Nizkor Project. 2019年10月22日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2006年8月27日閲覧。 引用エラー: 無効な <ref> タグ; name "flying saucers"が異なる内容で複数回定義されています
  46. ^ a b Zündel (1979年). “Samisdat Hollow Earth Expedition”. The Nizkor Project. 2008年8月30日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2006年8月27日閲覧。
  47. ^ Zündel (2002年12月1日). “Zündelgram”. archived at The Nizkor Project. 2018年12月15日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2006年8月27日閲覧。
  48. ^ Mark Bonokoski (2005年3月2日). “The Jewish card”. Toronto Sun. http://www.erichufschmid.net/TFC/Toronto-Sun-Zundel-Jewish-2005.html [リンク切れ]
  49. ^ Chan, Sewell (2017年8月7日). “Ernst Zündel, Holocaust Denier Tried for Spreading His Message, Dies at 78”. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/07/world/europe/ernst-zundel-canada-germany-holocaust-denial.html 2017年9月5日閲覧。 
  50. ^ “Holocaust denier Ernst Zundel dead at age 78”. CTV. (2017年8月6日). http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/holocaust-denier-ernst-zundel-dead-at-age-78-wife-1.3535615 2017年8月7日閲覧。 
  51. ^ “Report that Holocaust denier Ernst Zundel dead at 78, but wife says he sounded fine”. National Post. (2017年8月7日). https://nationalpost.com/news/world/ernst-zundel-deported-from-canada-on-holocaust-denial-charges-dies-at-78/wcm/617fd520-2d6a-4014-803b-5400c7ccacb3 2017年9月5日閲覧。 
  52. ^ “Australia's Democracy put to the test”. www.adelaideinstitute.org. 2024年4月23日閲覧。
  53. ^ “Home”. www.zundelsite.org. 2024年4月23日閲覧。

Further reading[編集]

  • Wieman, Gabriel and Winn, Conrad (1986) Hate on Trial: The Zundel Case, the Media and Public Opinion in Canada Toronto: Mosaic Press.

External links[編集]

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