利用者:加藤勝憲/モバイルコンピューティング

モバイル・コンピューティングとは、通常の使用中にコンピュータを移動させ、音声やビデオ伝送を含むデータ伝送を可能にすることが期待される、人間とコンピュータの相互作用のことである。モバイル・コンピューティングには、モバイル通信、モバイル・ハードウェア、モバイル・ソフトウェアが含まれる。通信の問題には、アドホックネットワークやインフラストラクチャーネットワーク、通信特性、プロトコル、データフォーマット、具体的な技術などが含まれる。ハードウェアには、モバイルデバイスやデバイスコンポーネントが含まれる。モバイル・ソフトウェアは、モバイル・アプリケーションの特性と要件を扱う。

Main principles

携帯性：モバイル・コンピューティング・システム内に接続されるデバイス／ノードは、移動性を促進するものでなければならない。これらのデバイスは、限られたデバイス機能と限られた電源しか持たないかもしれないが、移動可能な環境で動作するのに十分な処理能力と物理的な可搬性を持つべきである。
接続性：これは、ネットワーク接続のサービス品質（QoS）を定義する。モバイル・コンピューティング・システムでは、ネットワークの可用性を高いレベルで維持し、遅延を最小限に抑えることが求められる。
双方向性：モバイル・コンピューティング・システムに属するノードは互いに接続され、データのアクティブなトランザクションを通じて通信や共同作業を行う。
個性：モバイル・コンピューティング・システムは、個人のニーズに応え、各ノードのコンテキスト情報を取得する技術を採用できなければならない。

Devices

最も一般的なモバイル・コンピューティング・デバイスを以下に挙げる：

Portable computers, compact, lightweight units including a full character set keyboard and primarily intended as hosts for software that may be parameterized, such as laptops/desktops, smartphones/tablets, etc.

Smart cards that can run multiple applications but are typically used for payment, travel, and secure area access.

Mobile phones, telephony devices which can call from a distance through cellular networking technology.

Wearable computers, mostly limited to functional keys and primarily intended for the incorporation of software agents, such as bracelets, keyless implants, etc.

These classes are expected to endure and to complement each other, none replacing another completely.

Other types of mobile computers have been introduced since the 1990s, including the:

Portable computer (discontinued)
Personal digital assistant/Enterprise digital assistant (discontinued)
Ultra-Mobile PC (discontinued)
Laptop
Tablet computer
Wearable computer
E-reader
Carputer
Handheld PC

Limitations

Expandability, replaceability and modularity: In contrast to the common traditional motherboard-based PC the SoC architecture in which they are embedded makes these features impossible.
Lack of a BIOS: As most smart devices lack a proper BIOS, their bootloading capabilities are limited as they can only boot into the single operative system with which it came, in contrast with the PC BIOS model.
Range and bandwidth: Mobile Internet access is generally slower than direct cable connections, using technologies such as GPRS and EDGE, and more recently HSDPA, HSUPA, 3G and 4G networks and also the proposed 5G network. These networks are usually available within a range of commercial cell phone towers. High-speed network wireless LANs are inexpensive but have a very limited range.
Security standards: When working mobile, one is dependent on public networks, requiring careful use of VPN. Security is a major concern while concerning the mobile computing standards on the fleet. One can easily attack the VPN through a huge number of networks interconnected through the line.
Power consumption: When a power outlet or portable generator is not available, mobile computers must rely entirely on battery power. Combined with the compact size of many mobile devices, this often means unusually expensive batteries must be used to obtain the necessary battery life.
Transmission interferences: Weather, terrain, and the range from the nearest signal point can all interfere with signal reception. Reception in tunnels, some buildings, and rural areas is often poor.
Potential health hazards: People who use mobile devices while driving are often distracted from driving and are thus assumed more likely to be involved in traffic accidents.^[1] (While this may seem obvious, there is considerable discussion about whether banning mobile device use while driving reduces accidents.^[2]^[3]) Cell phones may interfere with sensitive medical devices. Questions concerning mobile phone radiation and health have been raised.
Human interface with device: Screens and keyboards tend to be small, which may make them hard to use. Alternate input methods such as speech or handwriting recognition require training.

In-vehicle computing and fleet computing

Many commercial and government field forces deploy a rugged portable computer with their fleet of vehicles. This requires the units to be anchored to the vehicle for driver safety, device security, and ergonomics. Rugged computers are rated for severe vibration associated with large service vehicles and off-road driving and the harsh environmental conditions of constant professional use such as in emergency medical services, fire, and public safety.

Other elements affecting function in the vehicle:

Operating temperature: A vehicle cabin can often experience temperature swings from −30–60 °C (−22–140 °F). Computers typically must be able to withstand these temperatures while operating. Typical fan-based cooling has stated limits of 35–38 °C (95–100 °F) of ambient temperature and temperatures below freezing require localized heaters to bring components up to operating temperature (based on independent studies by the SRI Group and by Panasonic R&D).
Vibration can decrease the life expectancy of computer components, notably rotational storage such as HDDs.
Visibility of standard screens becomes an issue in bright sunlight.
Touchscreen users easily interact with the units in the field without removing gloves.
High-temperature battery settings: Lithium-ion batteries are sensitive to high-temperature conditions for charging. A computer designed for the mobile environment should be designed with a high-temperature charging function that limits the charge to 85% or less of capacity.
External antenna connections go through the typical metal cabins of vehicles which would block wireless reception and take advantage of much more capable external communication and navigation equipment.

Security issues involved in mobile

→詳細は「Mobile security」を参照

Mobile security has become increasingly important in mobile computing. It is of particular concern as it relates to the security of personal information now stored on the smartphone. Mobile applications might copy user data from these devices to a remote server without the users’ permission and often without the users’ consent.^[4] The user profiles automatically created in the cloud for smartphone users raise privacy concerns on all major platforms, in terms of, including, but not limited to, location tracking^[5] and personal data collection,^[6] regardless of user settings on the device.^[7]

More and more users and businesses use smartphones as a means of planning and organizing their work and private life. Within companies, these technologies are causing profound changes in the organization of information systems and therefore they have become the source of new risks. Indeed, smartphones collect and compile an increasing amount of sensitive information to which access must be controlled to protect the privacy of the user and the intellectual property of the company.

All smartphones are preferred targets of attacks. These attacks exploit weaknesses related to smartphones that can come from means of wireless telecommunication like WiFi networks and GSM. There are also attacks that exploit software vulnerabilities from both the web browser and operating system. Finally, there are forms of malicious software that rely on the weak knowledge of average users.

Different security counter-measures are being developed and applied to smartphones, from security in different layers of software to the dissemination of information to end-users. There are good practices to be observed at all levels, from design to use, through the development of operating systems, software layers, and downloadable apps.

Portable computing devices

Several categories of portable computing devices can run on batteries but are not usually classified as laptops: portable computers, PDAs, ultra mobile PCs (UMPCs), tablets, and smartphones.

A portable computer (discontinued) is a general-purpose computer that can be easily moved from place to place, but cannot be used while in transit, usually because it requires some "setting-up" and an AC power source. The most famous example is Osborne 1. Portable computers are also called a "transportable" or a "luggable" PC.
A personal digital assistant (PDA) (discontinued) is a small, usually pocket-sized, computer with limited functionality. It is intended to supplement and to synchronize with a desktop computer, giving access to contacts, address book, notes, e-mail, and other features.
A Palm TX PDA
An ultra mobile PC (discontinued) is a full-featured, PDA-sized computer running a general-purpose operating system.
Tablets/phones: a slate tablet is shaped like a paper notebook. Smartphones are the same devices as tablets, however, the only difference with smartphones is that they are much smaller and pocketable. Instead of a physical keyboard, these devices have a touchscreen including a combination of a virtual keyboard but can also link to a physical keyboard via wireless Bluetooth or USB. These devices include features other computer systems would not be able to incorporate, such as built-in cameras, because of their portability - although some laptops possess camera integration, and desktops and laptops can connect to a webcam by way of USB.
A carputer is installed in an automobile. It operates as a wireless computer, sound system, GPS, and DVD player. It also contains word processing software and is Bluetooth compatible.^[8]
A Pentop (discontinued) is a computing device the size and shape of a pen. It functions as a writing utensil, MP3 player, language translator, digital storage device, and calculator.^[9]
An application-specific computer is one that is tailored to a particular application. For example, Ferranti introduced a handheld application-specific mobile computer (the MRT-100) in the form of a clipboard for conducting opinion polls.

Boundaries that separate these categories are blurry at times. For example, the OQO UMPC is also a PDA-sized tablet PC; the Apple eMate had the clamshell form factor of a laptop but ran PDA software. The HP Omnibook line of laptops included some devices small enough to be called ultra mobile PCs. The hardware of the Nokia 770 internet tablet is essentially the same as that of a PDA such as the Zaurus 6000; the only reason it's not called a PDA is that it does not have PIM software. On the other hand, both the 770 and the Zaurus can run some desktop Linux software, usually with modifications.

Mobile data communication

Wireless data connections used in mobile computing take three general forms.^[10] Cellular data service uses technologies GSM, CDMA or GPRS, 3G networks such as W-CDMA, EDGE or CDMA2000.^[11]^[12] and more recently 4G and 5G networks. These networks are usually available within range of commercial cell towers. Wi-Fi connections offer higher performance,^[13] may be either on a private business network or accessed through public hotspots, and have a typical range of 100 feet indoors and up to 1000 feet outdoors.^[14] Satellite Internet access covers areas where cellular and Wi-Fi are not available^[15] and may be set up anywhere the user has a line of sight to the satellite's location,^[16] which for satellites in geostationary orbit means having an unobstructed view of the southern sky.^[10] Some enterprise deployments combine networks from multiple cellular networks or use a mix of cellular, Wi-Fi and satellite.^[17] When using a mix of networks, a mobile virtual private network (mobile VPN) not only handles the security concerns, but also performs the multiple network logins automatically and keeps the application connections alive to prevent crashes or data loss during network transitions or coverage loss.^[18]^[19]

脚注・参考文献

脚注

^ andrew.currin.ctr@dot.gov (8 September 2016). “U Drive. U Text. U Pay.”. NHTSA. 5 October 2011時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。25 March 2018閲覧。
^ “Hands Free Cell Phones No Safer, Insurance Study Claims”. 17 July 2015時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。16 July 2015閲覧。
^ “Study: Distractions, not phones, cause car crashes”. CNET. CBS Interactive. 18 January 2013時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。16 July 2015閲覧。
^ Sikos (5 Sep 2019). “Apple iPhones could have been hacked for years — here's what to do about it”. ABC News. 2019年9月9日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年12月10日閲覧。
^ Hautala (20 August 2018). “Google sued over tracking user location amid privacy concerns”. CNET. 10 December 2019時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。10 December 2019閲覧。
^ Lindsey (10 April 2019). “Pre-Installed Apps on Android Represent a Threat to User Privacy and Security”. CPO Magazine. 10 December 2019時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。10 December 2019閲覧。
^ “Google records your location even when you tell it not to”. The Guardian (14 August 2018). 10 December 2019時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。10 December 2019閲覧。
^ “Carputer Articles on Engadget”. Engadget. AOL. 5 May 2018時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。16 July 2015閲覧。
^ “Gear Diary » The FLY Fusion Pentop Computer Review” (7 October 2007). 23 October 2017時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。16 July 2015閲覧。
^ ^a ^b “Wireless Data Communications for Beginners”. Ositech Communications. 2011年7月13日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2011年7月12日閲覧。
^ Lachu Aravamudhan, Stefano Faccin, Risto Mononen, Basavaraj Patil, Yousuf Saifullah, Sarvesh Sharma, Srinivas Sreemanthula. "Getting to Know Wireless Networks and Technology" Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine., InformIT
^ "What really is a Third Generation (3G) Mobile Technology" Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine., ITU
^ Gier, Jim. "Wireless Network Industry Report" Archived 2012-10-12 at the Wayback Machine., Wireless Nets, Ltd.
^ "Wi-Fi" Archived 2012-03-27 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Mitchell. “Satellite Internet”. about_com. 26 July 2011時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2024年5月3日閲覧。
^ "Introduction to Global Satellite Systems" Archived 2011-10-23 at the Wayback Machine., CompassRose International Publications
^ Case studies Archived 2012-03-31 at the Wayback Machine., netmotionwireless.com
^ Phifer, Lisa. "Mobile VPN: Closing the Gap" Archived 2020-07-06 at the Wayback Machine., SearchMobileComputing.com, July 16, 2006.
^ Cheng, Roger. "Lost Connections" Archived 2018-03-28 at the Wayback Machine., The Wall Street Journal, December 11, 2007.