利用者:純之助/作業場/Sea Shepherd
- from en:Sea Shepherd revision as of 2007年2月9日 (金) 13:55 by 219.162.100.75 より翻訳開始
シーシェパード保護協会(en:THE Sea Shepherd Conservation Society)とは、非営利の”自称”警備団体である。彼らは、1982年採択された「自然のための国連世界憲章」を履行することと（注１）、 [1] 海洋環境とそこに住む生物種を保護するために制定された法律を遵守せよ、と主張している。 シーシェパードは、197年にポール・ワトソンによって設立された、主に海を活動の場とするNGOである。 The organization was founded after Watson, one of the three founders of Greenpeace, came to the conclusion that "bearing witness" to "criminal events" was a inadequate response to environmental destruction.
Sea Shepherd is more aggressive and interventionist than Greenpeace; indeed, Paul Watson has since referred to Greenpeace as "The Avon ladies of the environmental movement."[2]
Sea Shepherd is currently based in Friday Harbor, Washington, in the United States, and has a fleet of vessels it calls "Neptune's Navy": the three ships Farley Mowat, the Robert Hunter and the Sirenian, as well as several smaller boats. Major operations include interdiction against whaling in Antarctic waters, patrols of the Galapagos Islands, and action against Canadian seal hunters. Sea Shepherd has an affiliated organization in Canada called O.R.C.A. Force.
Sea Shepherd claims to have sunk ten "pirate whaling" ships since 1979.[3]
Background[編集]
Sea Shepherd engages in a number of direct enforcement actions to protect marine wildlife such as seals, dolphins and whales. These have included more conventional protests, as well as, at times, scuttling and sinking of fishing boats engaged in fishery operations while in harbor, acts of sabotage against vessels in harbor, ramming the whaling ship Sierra in Portuguese harbor,[4] and the confiscation and destruction of drift nets at sea. Sea Shepherd has also conducted an intense media campaign against Japanese high seas whaling and the Canadian sealing industry in particular. With regards to such violent actions, particularly in contrast to groups such as Greenpeace, there have been no reports of injuries or deaths during a Sea Shepherd action.
Sea Shepherd bases its actions on international maritime law enforcement under the United Nations World Charter for Nature; however, the organisation has no official mandate or authorization to enforce any legislation. Sea Shepherd was expelled from as an International Whaling Commission observer after its sinking of Icelandic vessels in 1986. In 1994, IWC Secretary Ray Gambell stated "the IWC and all its members ardently condemn Sea Shepherd’s acts of terrorism."[5] However, Ray Gambell has been reported as having told the BBC in 2000 that "It would be much better if Japan and Norway were brought within the process", a position inconsistent with international law. More recently, in 2006, the outgoing Vice Chair of the IWC, Horst Kleinschmidt, joined the Board of Sea Shepherd as an advisor. Sea Shepherd is supported by private donations and operated by volunteers and paid staff, including Watson's current wife. Critics, including its targets, consider Sea Shepherd to be operating outside the law, harassing their lawful fishing and resource extraction operations, and use political epithets such as "pirate" and "ecoterrorist" to refer to the organization.[要出典]
Supporters maintain that where countries such as Australia are too afraid of losing Japanese trade to enforce what they describe as the law,[要出典] and claim that small countries in the IWC which support sustainable whaling have been bought by Japanese development aid [要出典](Japan is behind only the US as an aid donor [1]). This does not address those small landlocked countries in Eastern Europe which have been pressured to join by countries with a preservationist stance. [2]
In the course of these operations Sea Shepherd associates have been threatened, physically harmed (almost to the point of death), imprisoned, and tried for commission of crimes on the high seas including maritime piracy, but with little success as Sea Shepherd can rely on international law to protect it.[要出典] Paul Watson, the founder of the group, was arrested in 1993 in Canada on charges stemming from actions against Cuban and Spanish fishing boats off the coast of Newfoundland, but found not guilty through relying on Canadas being a signatory to the UN Charter for Nature (1982.).[要出典] In 1997, Watson was convicted in absentia by Norway on charges of sinking a Norwegian whaling ship, but Dutch authorities refused to hand him over to Norwegian authorities.[要出典] Costa Rica filed attempted murder charges against Watson for an incident after he caught a Costa Rican fishing boat poaching, but charges were dropped after prosecutors were shown a film of the incident that was shot by a team making a documentary of Sea Shepherd.[要出典] Several nations including Japan have pressured the United States to declare Sea Shepherd a terrorist organization. Animal rights activist Rod Coronado, who has had numerous legal problems stemming from his activism, got his start in activism with Sea Shepherd, where he participated in one of Sea Shepherd's best-known and most controversial actions, the scuttling of two ships from Iceland's whaling fleet while in port in 1986.
Despite their frequent legal troubles in various nations, Sea Shepherd currently has working agreements with several countries including Ecuador, Costa Rica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Indonesia to help those countries fight poaching, and has worked against poaching in cooperation with the United States government in the past.[要出典]
Current priorities[編集]
Sea Shepherd's current priorities are a permanent patrol in the Galapagos Islands to protect sea turtles and other marine wildlife, and a campaign against the 2005 seal hunt in Canada, which includes a boycott of Canadian seafood products. Between December 2005 and January 2006 the organisation was in the Southern Ocean to confront Japanese whalers. They declared that they would do whatever they consider necessary to prevent the whaling, even if it means losing their ship. The Farley Mowat rammed the supply ship the Oriental Bluebird. On the 16th of January the organisation declared that their fuel supplies had run out and that they were heading to shore. They claimed credit for chasing the whalers from whaling grounds and hindering operations for over 15 days.[6] Sea Shepherd has promised to return with a faster boat to stop the next whaling season (the winter of 2006-2007).
Sea Shepherd has many critics, but also many outspoken supporters including actors Richard Dean Anderson, Pierce Brosnan, Martin Sheen, Sean Penn, and William Shatner, environmental activists Dave Foreman and Farley Mowat, and the late writer Edward Abbey. Corporate sponsors include John Paul Mitchell Systems and Patagonia.
Bibliography[編集]
- Paul Watson, Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy (Los Angeles: Chaco Press, 1993). ISBN 0-9616019-5-7
- Paul Watson, Ocean Warrior: My Battle to End the Illegal Slaughter on the High Seas (1994; Key Porter Books, 1996). ISBN 978-1550135992
- Paul Watson, Seal Wars: Twenty-five Years in the Front Lines with the Harp Seals (2002; Firefly Books, 2003). ISBN 978-1552977514
- David B. Morris, Earth Warrior: Overboard with Paul Watson and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 1995). ISBN 1-55591-203-6
- Neptune's Manifesto: How a few good pirates can save the oceans. Whole Earth (Fall 1998).
- Rik Scarce, Eco-Warriors: Understanding the Radical Environmental Movement, second revised ed. (1990; Left Coast Press, 2005), Ch. 6. ISBN 978-1598740288
See also[編集]
External links[編集]
References[編集]
- ^ The UN World Charter for Nature (UN General Assembly Resolution 37/7) directs in section 21, subsections (c), (d) and (e):
- States and, to the extent that they are able, other public authorities, international organizations, individuals, groups and corporations shall:
- Implement the applicable international legal provisions for the conservation of nature and the protection of the environment;
- Ensure that activities within their jurisdictions or control do not cause damage to the natural systems locted within other States or in the areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;
- Safeguard and conserve nature in areas beyond national jurisdiction.
Sea Shepherd claims to operate in accordance with this mandate.
- States and, to the extent that they are able, other public authorities, international organizations, individuals, groups and corporations shall:
- ^ Heller, Peter. The Whale Warriors: Whaling in the Antarctic Seas. National Geographic Adventure. Retreived 2007-01-13.
- ^ Victory for the Whales in Berlin. Sea Shepherd News Release (2003-16-16).
- ^ History of Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and Whaling
- ^ Ocean Warrieros Confront Lucian Fishermen. St. Lucia press release (2001-07-23).
- ^ Whaling protest boat out of fuel. New Zealand Herald (2006-01-17).