利用者:高砂の浦/sandbox/翻訳

2022年ロシアのウクライナ侵攻におけるウクライナ人ジェノサイドの申し立てAllegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
2022年ロシアのウクライナ侵攻中
場所 ウクライナ
日付 2022年2月 - 現在
標的 ウクライナ人
攻撃手段 ジェノサイド
テンプレートを表示

2022年ロシアのウクライナ侵攻の間に、ポーランド[1]、ウクライナ[2]、カナダ、エストニア[3]、ラトビア[4]、リトアニア[5]、アイルランド共和国[6]を含んだ国の議会は、ジェノサイドが行われたと発表した。エフゲニー・フィンケル（英語版）[7][8]、ティモシー・スナイダー[9]、グレゴリー・スタントン（英語版）[10]、法律の専門家であるオットー・ルフターハント（ドイツ語版）[11]、ザハール・トローピン（Zakhar Tropin）[12]、そしてラウル・ウォレンバーグ人権センター（英語版）による包括的なレポート[13]を含むジェノサイドの学者たちは、ジェノサイドの定義に従って必要とされる行動とともに[14]、大量虐殺の意図（英語版）があり、同時にジェノサイドを立証すると主張した。

人権派弁護士のファン・メンデス（英語版）は2022年3月4日、ジェノサイドの主張は調査するに値するが推測されるべきでないと表明し[15]、ジェノサイドの学者アレクサンダー・ヒントン（英語版）はロシアの大統領ウラジーミル・プーチンのジェノサイドのレトリックが、大量虐殺の意図を立証するために適切に戦争犯罪につなげられる必要があるだろうが、ロシアがウクライナでジェノサイドを犯しているというのは「まったく可能性が高い」とはっきり述べた[10]。行われたロシアの暴力によって犯された戦争犯罪（英語版）は、性暴力（英語版）[16]や拷問、超法規的殺人、略奪を含んでいる[17]。

背景[編集]

ジェノサイドの法的定義[編集]

1948年のジェノサイド条約の下で、ジェノサイドは、大量虐殺の意図（”破壊する意図、全てもしくは一部を”）と、”国民や民族、人種的あるいは宗教的集団”を破壊するために遂行する行為の両方を必要とする。その行為はいずれかの場合である[14]。

(a) 集団のメンバーを殺害すること
(b) 集団のメンバーに深刻な肉体的または精神的危害を与えること
(c) 全てまたは一部に身体の破壊をもたらすために見積もられた生活条件を意図的に課すこと
(d) 集団内の出生を防ぐことを意図する措置を課すこと
(e) 集団の子どもを別の集団に強制的に移すこと
—Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 2[14]

罰すべき行為には、ジェノサイド、そしてまたジェノサイドを犯すための共謀、企て、共同謀議、扇動が含まれており、条約加盟国は、それらを防ぎ止める義務を持つ[14]。

2022年ロシアのウクライナ侵攻における戦争犯罪[編集]

詳細は「en:War crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine」を参照
キーウ州のイルピン郊外、弾丸の穴だらけの民間自動車

人権団体アムネスティ・インターナショナル及びヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは、2022年ロシアのウクライナ侵攻中にロシア連邦軍によって占領された領土内での民間人に対するロシア軍による拷問、処刑、レイプ[16]、略奪を含んだ犯罪の大量の事例を記録した[17][18][19][12][20]。ブチャの虐殺の後、アムネスティ・インターナショナル事務総長のアニエス・カラマール（英語版）は、犯された犯罪は「孤立した事件ではなく、ウクライナの他の占領地域での超法規的処刑や拷問、レイプを含む、むしろ大きな戦争犯罪のパターンの一部分の可能性が高い」と述べた[19]。

Dr. Jack Watling of the Royal Joint Institute for Defense Studiesによると、これらの行動は反ゲリラ戦のロシアの方策の一部である。その目的は、「反抗する厚かましさ住民に復讐をすること」these actions are part of the Russian doctrine of anti-guerrilla warfare. Its goal is "to take revenge on the population for the audacity to resist." Watling noted that similar tactics were used in the Second Chechen War, in the Afghanistan conflict, and during World War II.[21]

ブチャの住居の一つの地下室で撃たれた民間人

The organized nature of the killings of civilians was reported by representatives of the intelligence communities of Great Britain and Germany. The head of British intelligence MI6, Richard Moore, in connection with the killings in Bucha, noted: "We knew that Putin's plans for the invasion included extrajudicial executions by the military and special services."[22]

On 7 April, German magazine Der Spiegel published data from a German intelligence report to the Bundestag produced on 6 April. According to the data of radio interceptions voiced by the parliamentarians, Russian military personnel carried out killings of civilians and executions of Ukrainian prisoners of war after they underwent an interrogation. What was described in them corresponded to the location of the bodies found in Bucha. Der Spiegel came to the conclusion that they showed that the massacres were neither random actions nor grassroots initiative of some military. Much more likely, these materials indicate that the killings of civilians could be part of a "clear strategy" to "intimidate the civilian population and suppress resistance."[23][24]

The International Federation for Human Rights and its affiliate in Ukraine, the Center for Civil Liberties (CSF), reported evidence of the forcible transfer of civilians by the Russian military from the besieged Mariupol to Russia, and the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, and Crimea using the practice of filtration camps. According to the CSF, families were separated, and documents and phones were confiscated. According to the CSF, Russian forces also prevented civilians from passing through humanitarian corridors to the non-occupied parts of Ukraine, opening fire on them. According to Ukrainian officials, the same practice was used by Russian troops in Sumy, Kharkiv and Kyiv.[25]

The director of Amnesty International Ukraine, in an interview with Deutsche Welle on 4 April 2022, accused Russia of using targeted tactics to deplete the civilian population in besieged cities (deliberately cutting off access to food, water, electricity, and heat supply) and bringing them to a humanitarian catastrophe. There were noted cases of blocking humanitarian corridors, shelling of buses, killing of civilians who tried to leave the besieged cities.[26]

On August 20, 2022, the permanent representative of the Russian Federation to international organizations in Vienna, Mikhail Ulyanov, in response to the post of thanks to the President of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelenskyi, for the new package of military aid from the United States, published a post on Twitter calling on the Ukrainian population not to be spared. Later, Ulyanov deleted his post. The Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Ruslan Stefanchuk appealed to the Federal President of Austria Alexander van der Bellen and the Federal Chancellor Karl Nehammer with the demand to recognize Mikhail Ulyanov as persona non grata and to deport him to the Russian Federation due to his genocidal calls.[27]

立法上の承認[編集]

Countries that so far officially recognise the Ukrainian genocide in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine as an act of genocide (2022)

2022年3月23日、ポーランド共和国下院（セイム）は、決議を採択した。On 23 March 2022, the Sejm of Poland adopted a resolution on the commission by Russia of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and violations of human rights on the territory of Ukraine. In accordance with the resolution, Poland condemned acts of genocide and other violations of international law committed by Russian troops on the territory of Ukraine. The resolution states that these crimes were committed "on the orders of the military commander-in-chief President Vladimir Putin".[1]

On 14 April 2022, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted a resolution, "On the commission of genocide in Ukraine by the Russian Federation", in which the actions of the Russian troops and the Russian leadership in Ukraine are recognized as genocide of the Ukrainian people.[28][2][29][30] In accordance with the statement of the Rada on the resolution, acts of genocide by Russia included:[2]

  • mass atrocities committed by Russian troops in the temporarily occupied territories
  • systematic cases of the deliberate killing of civilians
  • mass deportations of the civilian population
  • the transfer of displaced Ukrainian children into the education system of the Russian Federation
  • seizure and targeted destruction of economic infrastructure facilities
  • systemic actions of the Russian Federation, designed for the gradual destruction of the Ukrainian people

In June 2022, a bipartisan group in the United States Congress introduced a resolution characterizing Russian actions in Ukraine as genocide.[31]

List of countries, which recognize the ongoing events in Ukraine as genocide:

Statements by officials and organizations[編集]

Volodymyr Zelenskyy during a working trip to Kyiv Oblast

Days after the discovery of evidence of the Bucha massacre, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy declared that Ukraine was experiencing an attempted genocide. Polish President Andrzej Duda, Prime Minister of Poland Mateusz Morawiecki, Prime Minister of Spain Pedro Sanchez, Colombian President Iván Duque, American President Joe Biden, and Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau also assessed the situation in Ukraine as a genocide. British Prime Minister Boris Johnson said that "the atrocities in Bucha are not far from genocide."[10][35][19][15][36][37][38][39][40]

On 13 April 2022, French President Emmanuel Macron said he wanted to be "careful with terms", questioning the usefulness of the "escalation of words" to end the war, specifying that "Russia unilaterally launched a brutal war, and it is now established that war crimes were committed by the Russian army.”[41] Zelenskyy criticized Macron's characterization.[42]

The All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organizations called on every state in the world to recognize the genocide of the Ukrainian people during the 2022 Russian invasion and condemn the ideology of the "Russian world".[43]

Numerous other state leaders and officials have made statements about the issue.[44]

Investigations and reports[編集]

"This report comprises an independent inquiry into whether the Russian Federation bears State responsibility for breaches of the Genocide Convention in its invasion of Ukraine and concludes there are:
  • 1) reasonable grounds to conclude Russia is responsible for (i) direct and public incitement to commit genocide, and (ii) a pattern of atrocities from which an inference of intent to destroy the Ukrainian national group in part can be drawn; and
  • 2) the existence of a serious risk of genocide in Ukraine, triggering the legal obligation of all States to prevent genocide."
Independent Legal Analysis of the Russian Federation's Breaches of the Genocide Convention in Ukraine and the Duty to Prevent[45]

詳細は「International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine」を参照
Body bags with killed civilians in them in Bucha after the Russian occupation of the city

In early March 2022, the Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Karim Ahmad Khan, after obtaining formal referrals from 39 countries, started the phase of a full investigation of war crimes, and crimes against humanity or genocide in Ukraine "by any person" since November 2013. Prior to 2022, the preliminary examination had found "reasonable grounds for believing that crimes within the jurisdiction of the court have been committed" and "identified potential cases that would be admissible."[46]

On 4 March 2022 the UN Human Rights Council created an Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine into violations of human rights and of international humanitarian law. Other investigations of war crimes were also carried out separately under universal jurisdiction, the intiators of which were independent states.[46]

On 27 May 2022, a report by New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy and Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights concluded that there were reasonable grounds to conclude that Russia breached two articles of the 1948 Genocide Convention, by publicly inciting genocide through denial of the right of Ukraine as a state and Ukrainians as a nation to exist, and by the forcible transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia, which is a genocidal act under article II of the convention.[47] A Foreign Policy article acknowledged that Vladimir Putin's goal was to "erase Ukraine as a political and national entity and to Russify its inhabitants", meaning the report serves as a warning that Russia's war could become genocide.[48]

On 23 August 2022, an assessment by the Institute for the Study of War mentions that Ukrainian children are being adopted by Russian families and considers that "the forcible transfer of children from one group to another with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group is a violation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide".[49] On 30 August it reported that Russia is establishing "adaptation centres" for displaced Ukrainians in Russia, including those there involuntarily, likely setting conditions to erase their Ukrainian cultural identity and forming part of a campaign of population transfer.[50]

Debate[編集]

Evidence of genocidal intent[編集]

A hospital in Mariupol after an airstrike
"The Ukraine that you and I had known, within the borders that used to be, no longer exists, and will never exist again".
Maria Zakharova, 19 June 2022[51]

"Who's to say that Ukraine will exist on the world map in two years at all?"
Dmitry Medvedev, 15 June 2022[52]

Scholars including Eugene Finkel and Timothy D. Snyder claimed that along with the acts required by the definition of genocide,[14] there was genocidal intent, together establishing genocide.[7][8][9]

On 5 April 2022, Holocaust scholar Eugene Finkel claimed that after the initial phase of the 2022 Russian invasion was resisted by Ukrainian armed forces, the aims of the invasion evolved. According to Finkel, the combined evidence of widespread war crimes, including the Bucha massacre, together with "abundant" evidence for genocidal intent, as illustrated by the essay What Russia should do with Ukraine published in RIA Novosti by Timofey Sergeytsev,[53] established that genocide was taking place.[7][8]

On 8 April 2022, historian of Central and Eastern Europe and the Holocaust, Timothy D. Snyder, described the What Russia should do with Ukraine essay as "an explicit program for the complete elimination of the Ukrainian nation as such".[9] According to Snyder, Sergeytsev presents the Russian definition of "Nazi" as being "a Ukrainian who refuses to admit being a Russian", and any "affinity for Ukrainian culture or for the European Union" is seen as "Nazism".[9]

Thus, per Snyder, the document defines Russians as not being Nazis, and justifies using the methods of fascism against Ukrainians while calling the methods "denazification". Snyder describes the document as "one of the most openly genocidal documents [that he had] ever seen", stating that the document calls for the majority of Ukrainians, twenty million people, to be killed or sent to labour camps. Snyder argues that Sergeytsev's document, published two days after information about the Bucha massacre became widely known, makes the establishment of genocidal intent much easier to prove legally than in other cases of mass killing.[9]

The Guardian described Russian media, including RIA Novosti, as encouraging genocide on the basis that Ukrainian resistance to the invasion was evidence of their Nazism.[54] Snyder argued that an analysis of the statements by Vladimir Putin over several decades showed that Putin had long-standing genocidal intentions against Ukrainians. Snyder stated, "To see Putin's genocidal drive is to help some of us understand where this war came from, where it's going, and why it can't be lost."[36]

Gregory Stanton, founder and head of Genocide Watch, told the BBC that there is evidence "that the Russian army actually intends to partially destroy the Ukrainian national group", which explains the killings of civilians in addition to combatants and the military. Commenting on Vladimir Putin's pre-invasion speech in which he declared that the eight-year War in Donbas looked like genocide, Stanton pointed to what some scholars call "mirroring", in which he says: "Often the perpetrator of a genocide accuses the other side – the targeted victims – of intending to commit genocide before the perpetrator does so. This is exactly what happened in this case."[10]

On September 5, Genocide Watch assessed that several stages of genocide existed in Ukraine – dehumanization (stage 4), persecution (8), extermination (9), and denial (10) – due to Russia’s intentional massacres of Ukrainian civilians, forced deportations, torture, sexual violence, and hate speech to incite, justify, and deny genocide.[55]

The bodies of victims of the Kramatorsk railway station attack

The German newspaper Der Tagesspiegel published a legal opinion by lawyer Otto Luchterhandt, which refers to the blockade of Mariupol and numerous crimes of the Russian military from the point of view of international law, in particular, genocide. In an interview with Deutsche Welle regarding actions indicative of genocide, he stated:[11]

  • "The first is the encirclement of the city and the fact that since the beginning of March services from the Ukrainian side have not been allowed into the city to provide the population with food and the most necessary things for life. The population is cut off from water, electricity and heating, as well as mobile communications, which are the standard today, that is, people are cut off from communication with the outside world."
  • "The second is the constant bombardment of residential areas and people, and especially medical, cultural and other institutions that have nothing to do with power or military facilities. The most egregious is indeed an attack on a children's hospital.[56][57] Here, even Russian propaganda contradicted itself when at first it said that it was fake and it didn’t exist at all, and then it said that the headquarters of the battalion, right-wing radicals and ‘Nazis’ were allegedly located there."
  • "And from these objective facts, one can conclude that the subjective intention of the Russian troops or President Putin is to destroy, wipe the city and its population from the face of the earth. That is, the population is systematically destroyed, planned actions are being carried out, and not some random bombardments."

Regarding the fact that the term "genocide” implies the destruction of a certain ethnic group, he noted: "Yes, because we are talking about the community of the city of Mariupol as part of the Ukrainian population, that is, the Ukrainian national group. The crime refers to protection from actions to destroy not only the entire group, but also part of it."[11]

Associate Professor of the Department of International Law of the Institute of International Relations of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Zakhar Tropin, on his Facebook page said:

"The terrible events in Bucha, Irpin and Hostomel (and in general in Ukraine) should be considered and mentioned in connection with the goals of the so-called "special operation" of the Russian Federation. The leadership of the aggressor spoke directly about this - the so-called "denazification". Considering what has been done, this is a direct call, planning and leadership of the genocide in Ukraine. The logic is simple: the events in Bucha, Irpin and Hostomel plus the purpose of the so-called "special operation", "denazification" = the crime of genocide."[12][出典無効][58]

Claims that it is too early to call it genocide[編集]

Vladimir Putin's speech on the recognition of the DNR and LNR, in which he denies the historical existence of Ukraine as an independent state.

Aisling Reidy, Senior Legal Counsel at Human Rights Watch, commented to Deutsche Welle on 3 April 2022, that in Bucha, "there are certainly war crimes, potentially crimes against humanity, where we see civilians being killed, and clearly being killed in a summary execution format," stating that it is "too early" to call what happened a genocide.[59]

American University professor of international law Rebecca Hamilton stated that the term "genocide" is often used by members of the public "to describe a situation that is horrendous, seems unimaginable when it seems that peaceful residents are killed only for the reason that they, in this case are Ukrainians." Hamilton stated that "the legal definition of genocide is very specific, and we have not yet reached the stage where enough evidence has been collected to make a legal assessment of whether genocide has taken place."[46] She said "certainly every day there feels like there's more and more evidence coming out that might point in that direction."[60]

Human rights law professor and former UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, Juan E. Méndez, commented: "I think this deserves an investigation. Of course, it would be a serious mistake to ignore the fact that many of the victims so far were clearly civilians, perhaps because they were Ukrainians - this is a national origin, a condition that fits into the partial definition of genocide ... But that the fact that civilians are killed is not necessarily genocide."[15]

Jonathan Lieder Maynard, lecturer in international politics at King's College London, argued that the current evidence is too unclear to fit with the strict definition of the Genocide Convention. He noted: "Perhaps these atrocities could have been genocide or could develop into genocide in the future, but the evidence is still insufficient." At the same time, Maynard drew attention to the "deeply disturbing" rhetoric of the Russian president, who denied the historical existence of Ukraine as an independent state. According to him, this illustrates the "genocidal way of thinking" when Vladimir Putin believes that Ukraine "is fake, so it has no right to exist."[10]

Director of the Center for the Study of Genocide and Human Rights at Rutgers University, Alexander Hinton, in an interview with the BBC stated on 13 April that "a lot [had] changed in [the previous] week" and that it was "quite likely" that Russian forces were carrying out genocide. Hinton stated that the genocidal rhetoric of Vladimir Putin would have to be clearly linked to the atrocities themselves in order to prove genocidal intent.[10]

See also[編集]

References[編集]

  1. ^ a b c “Sejm określił działania Rosji w Ukrainie mianem ludobójstwa i zbrodni wojennych” [The Sejm described Russia's actions in Ukraine as genocide and war crimes] (ポーランド語). Onet Wiadomości (2022年3月23日). 2022年4月14日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月17日閲覧。
  2. ^ a b c “Rada priznala deystviya RF genotsidom protiv ukraintsev” [The Rada recognized the actions of the Russian Federation as genocide against Ukrainians] (ロシア語). Украинская правда. 2022年4月16日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月17日閲覧。
  3. ^ a b ERR (2022年4月21日). “Estonia on Russia's actions in Ukraine: This is genocide” (英語). ERR. 2022年4月22日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月21日閲覧。
  4. ^ a b “Saeima calls Russia's actions in Ukraine genocide and urges EU to immediately suspend Russian oil and gas imports | News | LETA”. www.leta.lv. 2022年4月21日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月21日閲覧。
  5. ^ a b “Lithuanian lawmakers brand Russian actions in Ukraine as 'genocide', 'terrorism'”. Reuters (2022年5月10日). 2022年7月4日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年5月11日閲覧。
  6. ^ a b “Irish Parliament recognizes the acts carried out by the Russian military in Ukraine meet the criteria for genocide”. Houses of the Oireachtas (2022年6月1日). 2022年6月1日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年6月1日閲覧。
  7. ^ a b c Buncombe, Andrew (2022年4月5日). “Killings in Ukraine amount to genocide, Holocaust expert says”. The Independent. オリジナルの2022年4月9日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20220409165511/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukraine-bucha-war-crimes-genocide-b2050897.html 2022年4月12日閲覧。 
  8. ^ a b c Finkel, Eugene (2022年4月5日). “Opinion: What's happening in Ukraine is genocide. Period.”. The Washington Post. オリジナルの2022年4月12日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://archive.today/20220412180205/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/04/05/russia-is-committing-genocide-in-ukraine/ 2022年4月12日閲覧。 
  9. ^ a b c d e Snyder, Timothy D. (2022年4月8日). “Russia's genocide handbook”. Substack. 2022年4月8日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月9日閲覧。
  10. ^ a b c d e f Wright, George (2022年4月13日). “Ukraine war: Is Russia committing genocide?”. BBC News. オリジナルの2022年4月22日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20220422194536/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61017352 2022年4月23日閲覧。 
  11. ^ a b c Deutsche Welle. “Немецкий эксперт: Действия России в Мариуполе можно назвать геноцидом” (ロシア語). Deutsche Welle. オリジナルの2022年4月18日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20220418090803/https://www.dw.com/ru/nemeckij-jekspert-dejstvija-rf-v-mariupole-mozhno-nazvat-genocidom/a-61247449 2022年4月18日閲覧。 
  12. ^ a b c Trofimov, Yaroslav; Marson, James (2022年3月14日). “Russian Forces Kill Civilians, Loot for Supplies in Occupied Ukraine, Residents Say” (英語). The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. オリジナルの2022年4月12日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20220412111137/https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-forces-kill-civilians-loot-for-supplies-in-occupied-ukraine-residents-say-11647267560 2022年4月18日閲覧。 
  13. ^ “An Independent Legal Analysis of the Russian Federations Breaches of the Genocide Convention in Ukraine and the Duty to Prevent” (英語). New Lines Institute (2022年5月27日). 2022年6月16日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年5月27日閲覧。
  14. ^ a b c d e “Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide”. OHCHR (1948年12月9日). 2022年4月13日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月18日閲覧。
  15. ^ a b c Harb, Ali (2022年4月6日). “Ukraine: As Russia faces 'genocide' charge, experts urge caution”. Al Jazeera English. オリジナルの2022年4月22日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20220422140701/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/6/ukraine-as-russia-faces-genocide-charge-experts-urge-caution 2022年4月23日閲覧。 
  16. ^ a b Philp, Catherine (2022年3月28日). “'One soldier raped me, then the other, as my son cried'”. The Times. オリジナルの2022年3月28日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://archive.today/20220328213625/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/one-soldier-raped-me-then-the-other-as-my-son-cried-7xbqwzdqw 2022年4月17日閲覧。 
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  27. ^ “Stefanchuk calls on Austria to deport Russian diplomat for "genocide of Ukrainians"” (ウクライナ語). www.ukrinform.ua. 2022年8月20日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年8月20日閲覧。
  28. ^ “Rada recognizes Russian army's actions in Ukraine as genocide of Ukrainian people”. Interfax-Ukraine. オリジナルの2022年4月23日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://archive.today/20220423154528/https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/824182.html 2022年4月14日閲覧。 
  29. ^ “Верховная Рада признала войну РФ против Украины геноцидом (фото)” (ロシア語). www.unian.net. 2022年4月19日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月17日閲覧。
  30. ^ a b “Kartka zakonoproektu - Zakonotvorchistʹ” [Bill card - Legislation] (ウクライナ語). itd.rada.gov.ua. 2022年4月15日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月17日閲覧。
  31. ^ Mackinnon, Amy (2022年6月24日). “Congress Seeks to Declare Putin's War Genocide” (英語). Foreign Policy. 2022年6月26日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年6月26日閲覧。
  32. ^ ERR (2022年4月21日). “Latvian Saeima: Russia committing genocide in Ukraine” (英語). ERR. 2022年4月22日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月21日閲覧。
  33. ^ “House votes unanimously to describe Russian military action in Ukraine as genocide”. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2022年4月28日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月27日閲覧。
  34. ^ “Czech Republic lawmakers brand Russian actions in Ukraine as genocide.”. Европейская Правда (2022年5月11日). 2022年5月11日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年5月11日閲覧。
  35. ^ “"No hay relación con Rusia": fuerte mensaje de Duque, ¿crisis diplomática?” (スペイン語). www.eluniversal.com.co (2022年4月8日). 2022年4月8日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月17日閲覧。
  36. ^ a b “"Знищують за те, що українці". Правники та дипломати наголошують на геноциді в Бучі” (ウクライナ語). Радіо Свобода. 2022年4月14日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月18日閲覧。
  37. ^ “Stop Russia's genocide against Ukraine - urgent call for more arms and strangling Russia's economy - Ukrainian World Congress | Світовий Конґрес Українців” (英語) (2022年4月3日). 2022年4月4日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月18日閲覧。
  38. ^ Jeremy Herb (2022年4月6日). “Polish president said it's 'hard to deny' genocide in Ukraine after images of civilians killed emerge”. CNN. 2022年4月14日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月18日閲覧。
  39. ^ Deutsche Welle. “Байден назвал войну России против Украины геноцидом” (ロシア語). Deutsche Welle. 2022年4月13日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月18日閲覧。
  40. ^ Deutsche Welle. “Трюдо вслед за Байденом назвал действия РФ в Украине геноцидом | DW | 14.04.2022” (ロシア語). Deutsche Welle. 2022年4月14日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月18日閲覧。
  41. ^ “Ukraine : aide militaire américaine, la CPI et la "scène de crime"” (フランス語). euronews (2022年4月13日). 2022年4月13日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月18日閲覧。
  42. ^ “"Такі речі дуже болючі». Зеленський хоче обговорити з Макроном його заяви про «братні народи"” (ウクライナ語). nv.ua. 2022年4月14日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月14日閲覧。
  43. ^ “Всеукраїнська рада церков закликає світ визнати геноцид українського народу” (ウクライナ語). www.ukrinform.ua. 2022年4月14日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月18日閲覧。
  44. ^ “Compilation of Countries' Statements Calling Russian Actions in Ukraine "Genocide"” (英語). Just Security (2022年5月20日). 2022年7月6日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年7月17日閲覧。
  45. ^ “Independent Legal Analysis of the Russian Federation's Breaches of the Genocide Convention in Ukraine and the Duty to Prevent”. New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy; Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights (2022年5月27日). 2022年6月16日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年7月22日閲覧。
  46. ^ a b c Parker, Claire (2022年3月4日). “What are war crimes, and is Russia committing them in Ukraine?” (英語). The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. オリジナルの2022年3月19日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://archive.today/20220319025356/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/03/russia-ukraine-war-crimes-explainer/ 2022年4月17日閲覧。 
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  49. ^ “Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 23” (英語). Institute for the Study of War (2022年8月23日). 2022年8月25日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年8月25日閲覧。
  50. ^ “Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 30” (英語). Institute for the Study of War (2022年8月30日). 2022年3月25日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年8月31日閲覧。
  51. ^ Kuzio, Taras (2022年6月29日). “Vladimir Putin's Ukrainian genocide is proceeding in plain view”. Atlantic Council. 2022年7月24日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  52. ^ John Haltiwanger (2022年6月15日). “Russia's former president says Ukraine might not 'even exist on the world map' in 2 years in latest genocidal message”. Business Insider. 2022年7月24日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  53. ^ Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 title は必須です。Sergeytsev, Timofey (2022年4月3日). “{{{title}}}” [What should Russia do with Ukraine?] (ロシア語). RIA Novosti. 2022年4月8日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月9日閲覧。
  54. ^ “Fears genocidal language in Russian media may prompt more war crimes”. The Guardian. (2022年4月7日). オリジナルの2022年4月22日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20220422071450/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/07/russian-media-coverage-ukraine-genocidal-streak 2022年4月23日閲覧。 
  55. ^ Ethan, Walton (2022年9月5日). “Genocide Emergency: Russian Aggression and Genocide in Ukraine August 2022” (英語). Genocide Watch. 2022年9月8日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年9月9日閲覧。
  56. ^ “Definitely not 'staged' False allegations about the maternity hospital airstrike in Mariupol, debunked” (英語). Meduza. 2022年3月13日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年4月18日閲覧。
  57. ^ “Ukraine accuses Russia of 'genocide' after hospital attack” (英語). Al Jazeera. オリジナルの2022年3月9日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20220309215415/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/9/ukraine-accuses-russia-of-bombing-childrens-hospital-in-mariupol 2022年4月18日閲覧。 
  58. ^ “Zakhar Tropin” (英語). Facebook (2022年4月3日). 2022年9月30日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年8月25日閲覧。
  59. ^ Deutsche Welle. “Ukraine: Germany's Scholz vows response over Bucha deaths — as it happened” (英語). Deutsche Welle. オリジナルの2022年4月18日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20220418013121/https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-germanys-scholz-vows-response-over-bucha-deaths-as-it-happened/a-61343522 2022年4月18日閲覧。 
  60. ^ “Is Russia committing genocide in Ukraine? Proving that would be extremely difficult” (英語). MSN (2022年4月14日). 2022年9月9日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年9月9日閲覧。

Further reading[編集]

External links[編集]

Template:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

[[Category:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]

[[Category:Incitement to genocide]]

[[Category:Massacres committed by Russia]]

[[Category:Massacres in Ukraine]]

[[Category:Massacres of Ukrainians]]

[[Category:Russian war crimes in Ukraine]]

[[Category:War crimes during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]

[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

[[Category:Genocides in Europe]]

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