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曖昧さ回避 the final siege of Constantinopleについては「Fall of Constantinople」をご覧ください。
Topographical map of Constantinople during the Byzantine period, corresponding to the modern-day Fatih district of Istanbul. The city was known as Byzantium under Roman Empire.

コンスタンティノープル包囲戦の一覧では、現在のトルコ・イスタンブールの一部にあたる地域を占めた都市コンスタンティノープルで行われた歴史上の包囲戦を列挙する。

概要

[編集]

コンスタンティノープルは、ヨーロッパ大陸とアジア大陸という2つの大陸と、マルマラ海と黒海という2つの海をつなぐボスポラス海峡のヨーロッパ側に建設された。古代から中世にかけてはシルクロードの結節点として、戦略的にも極めて重要な土地となり、歴史上数多くの国々が征服を試みてきた。

古典古代にビュザンティオンという名で建設されたこの都市が経験した、記録に残る最初の包囲戦は、紀元前510年に発生したオタネス率いるハカーマニシュ朝による攻撃である。この戦いで反乱軍を破ったハカーマニシュ軍はビュザンティオン支配を取り戻したが、その後この町は独立を取り戻した。紀元前70年ごろにローマの支配下にはいりビザンティウムと呼ばれるようになり、自由都市の地位を享受した。しかし五皇帝の年の内戦時に加担する勢力を誤り、193年から196年にかけての包囲戦の末にセプティミウス・セウェルスに敗れ、完全に破壊された。しかしこの地の重要性を認識していたセウェルスは、ビザンティウムを再建した。324年にビザンティウムを征服したコンスタンティヌス1世は、ローマ帝国の首都をローマからこの地に移し、[[]] between 193–196 and was partially sacked during the civil war. After it was captured by Constantine the Great in 324, it became the capital of the Byzantine Empire under the name of New Rome. It later became known as Constantinople and in the years that followed it became under attack by both the Byzantine pretenders fighting for the throne and also by the foreign powers for a total twenty-two times. The city remained under Byzantine rule until the Ottoman Empire took over as a result of the siege in 1453, known as Fall of Constantinople, after which no other sieges took place.

Constantinople was besieged thirty-four times throughout its history. Out of the ten sieges that occurred during its time as a city-state and while it was under Roman rule, six were successful, three were repelled and one was lifted as a result of the agreement between the parties. Three of these sieges were carried out by the Romans who claimed the throne during civil war. Of the twenty-four sieges that took place while it was under Byzantine rule, five were successful, fourteen remained inconclusive, and five were lifted by reaching mutual agreements. Four of these sieges took place during civil wars. The Sack of Constantinople that that took place in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade caused the city to fall and established the Latin Empire. It also sent the Byzantine imperial dynasty to exile, who founded the Empire of Nicaea. Constantinople came under Byzantine rule again in 1261, but was conquered by the Ottomans with the siege in 1453, as a result of which the Byzantine Empire came to an end. The city has been under the rule of Turks since the last siege, except for the period of British rule between 1920–1923.

Sieges

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Date Attackers Defenders Forces used Result[A] Reference(s)
510 BC Achaemenid Empire Byzantium Naval and land Successful [1][2][3][4]
478 BC Delian League Achaemenid Empire Naval Successful [5][6][7][8][9]
408 BC Athens Byzantium, Megara, Boeotia Naval and land Successful [10][11][12][13][14]
340–339 BC Macedonia Byzantium, Athens Naval and land Unsuccessful [15][16][17][18][19]
278–277 BC Galatians Byzantium Land Lifted [20][21][22][23]
251 BC Seleucid Empire Byzantium, Heraclea Pontica,
Ptolemaic Kingdom 		Naval and land Unsuccessful [24][25][26]
73–72 BC Pontus Byzantium Naval and land Unsuccessful [B][27][28][29][30][31]
193–196 Septimius Severus Pescennius Niger Naval and land Successful [32][33][34][35][36]
313 Maximinus II Licinius Land Successful [37][38][39][40][41]
324 Constantine the Great Licinius Naval and land Successful [42][43][44][45]
378 Goths Byzantine Empire Land Unsuccessful [46][47][48]
626 Pannonian Avars, Sasanian Empire Byzantine Empire Naval and land Unsuccessful [49][50][51]
654 Umayyads Byzantine Empire Naval and land Unsuccessful [52][53]
669 Umayyads Byzantine Empire Naval and land Unsuccessful [54][55][56][57]
674–678 Umayyads Byzantine Empire Naval and land Unsuccessful [58][59][60][61]
715 Opsician Theme Anastasios II Naval and land Successful [62][63][64]
717–718 Umayyads Byzantine Empire Naval and land Unsuccessful [65][66][67]
813 First Bulgarian Empire Byzantine Empire Land Unsuccessful [68][69][70][71]
821–822 Thomas the Slav Michael II Naval and land Unsuccessful [72][73][74]
860 Rus' Khaganate Byzantine Empire Naval and land Unsuccessful [C][75][76][77]
907 Kievan Rus' Byzantine Empire Naval and land Unsuccessful [78][79][80]
941 Kievan Rus' Byzantine Empire Naval and land Unsuccessful [81][82][83]
1047 Leo Tornikios Constantine IX Monomachos Land Unsuccessful [84][85][86]
1203 Crusaders Byzantine Empire Naval and land Successful [87][88][89][90]
1204 Crusaders Byzantine Empire Naval and land Successful [91][92][93][94]
1235–1236 Empire of Nicaea, Second Bulgarian Empire Latin Empire, Duchy of the Archipelago Naval and land Unsuccessful [95][96][97]
1260 Empire of Nicaea Latin Empire Naval and land Unsuccessful [98][96][99][100]
1376 Andronikos IV Palaiologos, Ottoman Empire, Genoa John V Palaiologos Land Successful [101][102][103]
1391 Ottoman Empire Byzantine Empire Naval and land Lifted [104][105][106][107]
1394–1396 Ottoman Empire Byzantine Empire Naval and land Lifted [D][108][109][110][111]
1397–1402 Ottoman Empire Byzantine Empire Naval and land Lifted [112][113][114][115]
1411 Musa Çelebi Byzantine Empire Land Lifted [116][117][118][119]
1422 Ottoman Empire Byzantine Empire Land Lifted [120][121][122][123]
1453 Ottoman Empire Byzantine Empire Naval and land Successful [124][125][126][127]

Notes

[編集]
^A The "Result" column is relative to the side that carries out the siege.
^B While some sources have used Cicero and Tacitus's writings as a reference to argue that the city was in fact under a siege until it "repelled the enemies", other ancient writings found mention that a siege was planned through the sea but didn't take place due to stormy weather conditions.[128][31]
^C Byzantine sources give 860 and Russian sources give 866 as the year in which this siege occurred, although it is accepted that the latter is wrong.
^D The year in which the siege started is controversial. Fahameddin Başar, Halil İnalcık and Konstantin Josef Jireček gave it as 1394, while Feridun Emecen and Haldun Eroğlu believed that it was 1396. In addition, some sources mention that the siege started in 1391 and ended in 1396, and that between these years, there was only one siege, the severity of which increased and decreased from time to time.[104][113]

References

[編集]
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東ローマ帝国海軍: カラビシアノイ（英語版） - 海のテマ（キビュライオタイ（英語版） - エーゲ海（英語版） - サモス（英語版）） - デュロモイ - ギリシア火薬 - メガス・ドゥクス（英語版）

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