利用者:ソヴェン/sandbox

チトーの霊廟、花の家英語版
ヨシップ・ブロズ・チトーの墓
チトー元帥の墓所。

ユーゴスラビア大統領英語版ヨシップ・ブロズ・チトーの葬儀は、死亡日の1980年5月4日から4日後の5月8日に行われた。彼の葬儀には世界中から非同盟諸国と同盟諸国の双方から多数の政治家が臨席した。[1]臨席した政治家と国家代表団の数に基づき、これは歴史上最大の国葬と見なされている。[2]参列者には、4人の王、31人の大統領、6人の王子、22人の首相、47人の外務大臣が含まれていた。冷戦の両側から、当時国連加盟154カ国のうち128カ国から来訪した。[3]

チトーは1979年に病気になった。1980年1月7日と同月11日に、チトーは閉塞性動脈硬化症のためスロベニア社会主義共和国の首都、リュブリャナにある大学付属総合医療センター英語版に入院した。左足は動脈閉塞のためすぐに切除されたが、1980年5月4日の午後3時5分、リュブリャナ総合医療センターで壊疽によって死亡した、88歳の誕生日の3日前だった。The "Plavi voz" (Blue train, official presidential train) brought his body to the capital Belgrade and he laid in state in the Federal Parliament building until the funeral.

病気[編集]

チトーの健康は1979年に悪化した。左足に動脈塞栓症英語版を患った。その年には非同盟運動のハバナ会議に参加した。チトーは大晦日をカラジョルジェヴォ英語版の邸宅で過ごしていた。国営テレビの放送を座りながら見ていると、イベントでユーゴスラビアの人々がチトーの幸せを願っていることに気付いた。この間に彼の療養の為にモロヴィッチ英語版ヴィラ・スルナという別荘が建てられた。in the event of his recovery.[4]

On January 3, 1980, Tito was admitted to the Ljubljana University Medical Centre for tests on blood vessels in his left leg. Two days later, after the angiography, he was discharged to his residence in Brdo Castle near Kranj, with a recommendation for further intensive treatment. Angiography revealed that Tito's superficial femoral artery and Achilles tendon artery were clogged. The medical council consisted of eight Yugoslav doctors, Michael E. DeBakey from the United States and Marat Knyazev from the Soviet Union.[5]

Following the advice of DeBakey and Knyazev, the medical team attempted an arterial bypass. The first surgery was done in the night between January 12 and 13.[6] At first, it seemed that operation was successful, but after few hours it was clear it was not. Due to severe damage to the arteries, which led to the interruption of blood flow and accelerated tissue devitalization of the left leg, Tito's left leg was amputated on January 20,[7] as otherwise Tito would die of gangrene. When Tito had been told what awaited him, he resisted the operation as long as possible. At the end, after meeting with his two sons Zarko and Miso, he agreed to amputation.[要出典] After the second surgery, Tito's health temporarily improved, he began rehabilitation, and on 28 January, he was transferred from the Department of cardiovascular surgery to the Department of cardiology. In the first days of February, his health was improving, so Tito could perform some of his regular presidential duties.[要出典]

When in the beginning of January 1980 it became clear that Tito's life was in grave danger and Yugoslav political leadership begun preparations for his funeral in the utmost secrecy.[要出典] Tito's wish was that he should be buried in the House of Flowers on Dedinje hill, that overlooks Belgrade. Moma Marković, a director for Radio Television Belgrade, was summoned by Dragoljub Stavrev, a vice president in the federal government, to devise plans for broadcast of the funeral.[要出典]

[編集]

"Plavi voz" (青電車)、この電車でチトーの棺をリュブリャナからベオグラードに運んだ。

Marshal Josip Broz Tito died in the department of cardiovascular surgery at the University Medical Centre in Ljubljana on May 4, 1980 at 3:05 pm, just three days short of his 88th birthday. He died on the seventh floor, in the small most South East corner room which is today used by cardiovascular surgery fellows. The commemorative inscription in the main hall read "The fight for peoples liberation will be a long one, but would have been longer if Tito never lived" (Pot do osvoboditve človeka bo še dolga, a bila bi daljša da ni živel Tito). The inscription was later removed. Immediately upon learning news of the death of Tito, a full extraordinary session of Presidency of Yugoslavia and the Presidency of the Central Committee of League of Communists of Yugoslavia was held in Belgrade starting in 6:00 pm, on which Tito's death was formally declared via a joint statement to all Yugoslavs:

To the working class, all the working people and citizens, and all the nations and nationalities of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia:

Comrade Tito has died.

On the day of May 4th, 1980 at 15:05 in Ljubljana, the great heart of the President of our Socialist Yugoslavia, the President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia, the President of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, Marshal of Yugoslavia, and the Commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav armed forces, Josip Broz Tito, has stopped beating.

Great sorrow and pain is shaking up the working class, nations and nationalities of our country, our every citizen, worker, soldier, war veteran, farmer, intellectual, every creator, pioneer and youth, and every girl and mother.

For all his entire life, Tito was a fighter for interests and goals of working class, for the most humane ideals, and desires of our nations and nationalities. Tito is our dearest friend. Seven decades he was burning up in a workers movement. For six decades, he strengthened Yugoslav Communists. For more than four decades, he was the leader of our Party. He was a heroic leader in World War II and in the Socialist revolution. For three and a half decades he led our Socialist country, and he moved our country and our fight for fairer human society into the world history, proving that way to be our most important historic world personality.

During the most fateful times of our survival and development, Tito was bold and worthy of carrying the proletarian flag of our revolution, persistently and consistently linked to the fate of nations and man. He fought all throughout his life and work, lived the revolutionary humanism and fervor with enthusiasm and love for the country.

Tito was not only a visionary, critic and translator of the world. He reviewed the objective conditions and patterns of social movements, into the great ideals and thoughts into action with the million masses of the people that were with him at the helm, and made epochal progressive social transformations.

—Signed, The Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and the Presidency of Yugoslavia, Belgrade, May 4, 1980.
[8]
原文
To the working class, all the working people and citizens, and all the nations and nationalities of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia:



Comrade Tito has died.

On the day of May 4th, 1980 at 15:05 in Ljubljana, the great heart of the President of our Socialist Yugoslavia, the President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia, the President of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, Marshal of Yugoslavia, and the Commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav armed forces, Josip Broz Tito, has stopped beating.

Great sorrow and pain is shaking up the working class, nations and nationalities of our country, our every citizen, worker, soldier, war veteran, farmer, intellectual, every creator, pioneer and youth, and every girl and mother.

For all his entire life, Tito was a fighter for interests and goals of working class, for the most humane ideals, and desires of our nations and nationalities. Tito is our dearest friend. Seven decades he was burning up in a workers movement. For six decades, he strengthened Yugoslav Communists. For more than four decades, he was the leader of our Party. He was a heroic leader in World War II and in the Socialist revolution. For three and a half decades he led our Socialist country, and he moved our country and our fight for fairer human society into the world history, proving that way to be our most important historic world personality.

During the most fateful times of our survival and development, Tito was bold and worthy of carrying the proletarian flag of our revolution, persistently and consistently linked to the fate of nations and man. He fought all throughout his life and work, lived the revolutionary humanism and fervor with enthusiasm and love for the country.

Tito was not only a visionary, critic and translator of the world. He reviewed the objective conditions and patterns of social movements, into the great ideals and thoughts into action with the million masses of the people that were with him at the helm, and made epochal progressive social transformations.

:—Signed, The Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and the Presidency of Yugoslavia, Belgrade, May 4, 1980.


At the same meeting, in accordance with the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution, as amended, it was decided that Lazar Koliševski, Vice President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia, would temporarily take the office of the President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia, and that Cvijetin Mijatović, former member of the Presidency of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, would take Koliševski's place as state vice president. In accordance with the LCY Statute as amended, former chairman of Presidency of Central Committee of League of Communists of Yugoslavia Stevan Doronjski assumed the post of President of the Presidency of the Central Committee of League of Communists of Yugoslavia. Immediately afterwards the Federal Executive Council (government of Yugoslavia) decided to formally announce a seven-day total national mourning across the country.[要出典]

死に対する悲しみ[編集]

It was a Sunday afternoon, and Yugoslavs were enjoying a weekend. Their usual activities were interrupted when the TV screen went black for 30 seconds. After that, Miodrag Zdravković, newsreader of Radio Television Belgrade, read the following statement live on national television via chroma key:

Comrade Tito has died. That was announced tonight by the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and the Presidency of Yugoslavia to the working class, all the working people and citizens and all the nations and nationalities of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[8]

The same announcement was read out in all republican TV stations.

On Sunday afternoon, Yugoslav Television would usually broadcast soccer games of the national league. That night the derby in Split between NK Hajduk Split and FK Red Star was scheduled to be aired live on national television.[8] During the live broadcast, when the match was in the 41st minute, three men entered the Poljud Stadium pitch, signaling the referee to stop the match. Ante Skataretiko, the president of Hajduk, took the microphone and announced Tito's death to everyone in attendance and to viewers at home, nationwide. What followed were sudden scenes of mass crying with even some players such as Zlatko Vujović collapsing down to the ground and weeping. Players of both teams and referees aligned to stand in a moment of silence. Once the stadium announcer said "May he rest in peace", the entire stadium of 50,000 football fans spontaneously started to sing "Comrade Tito we swear to you, from your path we will never depart".[8][9] The match wasn't resumed, and it had to be replayed much later in the month as decided upon.[要出典] The scenes from the match shocked the Yugoslav people now mourning his demise.[要出典]

高官[編集]

  国家代表団を送った国
  国家代表団は送らなかったが、組織が代表団を送った国
  国家代表団を送らなかった国

The "Plavi voz" (Blue train, official presidential train) brought an empty coffin to the capital Belgrade, due to bad condition of his corpse. Tito's real body was transferred to Belgrade by military helicopter.

Tito's funeral drew many statesmen to Belgrade. Notably absent statesmen from the funeral were Jimmy Carter and Fidel Castro. His death came in the moment when the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ended American-Soviet detente. Yugoslavia, although a communist state, was non-aligned during the Cold War and fearful that the nation might be invaded like Czechoslovakia and Afghanistan. After learning that Chinese Premier Hua Guofeng would lead the delegation of China, ailing Leonid Brezhnev decided to lead the Soviet delegation. In order to avoid meeting with Leonid Brezhnev whilst in the middle of an electoral campaign for the 1980 United States Presidential election, Carter opted to send his mother Lilian Carter and Vice President Walter Mondale as heads of the US delegation. After realizing that leaders of all Warsaw Pact nations would attend the funeral, Carter's decision was criticized by Presidential candidate George H. W. Bush as a sign that the United States "inferentially slams Yugoslavs at time that country has pulled away from Soviet Union".[10] Carter visited Yugoslavia later in June 1980 and made a visit to Tito's grave.[11][12]

Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of West Germany was the most active statesman, meeting with Brezhnev, Erich Honecker and Edward Gierek. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher sought to rally world leaders in order to harshly condemn the Soviet invasion.[要出典] While she was in Belgrade, she held talks with Kenneth Kaunda, Schmidt, Francesco Cossiga and Nicolae Ceaușescu. Brezhnev met with Kim Il-sung and Honecker. James Callaghan, Leader of the British Labour Party explained his presence in Belgrade as an attempt to warm relations between his party and Yugoslav communists, severed more than a decade ago after dissident Milovan Đilas was welcomed by Jennie Lee, Minister for the Arts under Harold Wilson. Mondale avoided the Soviets, ignoring Brezhnev while passing close to him. Soviet and Chinese delegations also avoided each other.[要出典]

Tito was interred twice on May 8. The first interment was for cameras and dignitaries. The grave was shallow with only a 200 kg replica of the sarcophagus. The second interment was held privately during the night.[要出典] His coffin was removed, and the shallow grave was deepened. The coffin was enclosed with a copper mask and interred again into a much deeper grave which was sealed with cement and topped with a 9-ton sarcophagus.[要出典] Communist officials were afraid that someone might steal the corpse, similarly to what happened to Charlie Chaplin. However, the 9 ton sarcophagus had to be put in place with a crane, which would make the funeral unattractive.[要出典]

諸国からの代表団[編集]

Source: Mirosavljev, Radoslav (1981) (Serbo-Croatian). Titova poslednja bitka (Tito's Last Battle). Beograd: Narodna knjiga. pp. 262–264 

国家元首[編集]

国家元首によって率いられた国家代表団

政府首班[編集]

政府首班によって率いられた国家代表団

外相など[編集]

外相・副国家元首・副政府首班のいずれかによって率いられた代表団

その他の国家代表団[編集]

大臣、大使、王族のいずれかによって率いられた代表団

政党や団体の代表団[編集]

国際機関[編集]

解放運動[編集]

政党[編集]

出典[編集]

  1. ^ Jimmy Carter (1980年5月4日). “Josip Broz Tito Statement on the Death of the President of Yugoslavia”. 2010年4月26日閲覧。
  2. ^ Vidmar, Josip; Rajko Bobot; Miodrag Vartabedijan; Branibor Debeljaković; Živojin Janković; Ksenija Dolinar (1981). Josip Broz Tito – Ilustrirani življenjepis. Jugoslovenska revija. p. 166 
  3. ^ Ridley, Jasper (1996). Tito: A Biography. Constable. p. 19. ISBN 0-09-475610-4 
  4. ^ Raj u koji Broz nije stigao”. ブリツ (2010年5月2日). 2010年5月2日閲覧。
  5. ^ “Specialist consults on Tito”. Lodi News. (1980年1月7日). https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19800107&id=9LczAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0zIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=2103,5961589 
  6. ^ “Tito surgery succesuful”. Beaver County Times. (1980年1月14日). https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2002&dat=19800114&id=UF4uAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ctoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1378,2488146 
  7. ^ “8 DOCTORS SAY TITO IS IN GOOD CONDITION; First Official Response to Surgery Strengthens Hope He Will Return to Duties 'Within Limits of Normal' Control Would Likely Continue Concentration on Foreign Affairs”. New York Times. (1980年1月22日). https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9402E1D91538E732A25751C2A9679C94619FD6CF&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fT%2fTito%2c%20Josip%20Broz 
  8. ^ a b c d Anniversary of Marshal Tito's death”. http://yugoslavian.blogspot.com/ (2009年5月4日). 2013年10月4日閲覧。
  9. ^ Borneman, John. Death of the Father: An Anthropology of the End in Political Authority. Berghahn Books. https://books.google.rs/books?id=5tRkseowkKkC&hl=sr&source=gbs_navlinks_s 
  10. ^ “Bush Blasts Carter For Not Attending Tito Funeral”. Lakeland Ledger. (1980年5月9日). https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19800509&id=edEvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5PoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4437,3526115 
  11. ^ Jimmy Carter Visits President Tito's Grave, 1980”. Yugoslavia – Virtual Museum (2010年11月12日). 2015年1月12日閲覧。
  12. ^ Jimmy Carter: "Yugoslavia: Conclusion of State Visit Joint Statement. ", June 29, 1980. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=44655.
  13. ^ Martin, Marie Alexandrine (1994). Cambodia: A Shattered Society. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. pp. 244. ISBN 0520070526. https://books.google.rs/books?id=vLk5c5S51FYC&pg=PA337&dq=Coalition+Government+of+Democratic+Kampuchea&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AGKEVN3eHcyLObv1gKgG&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=United%20nations&f=false 

{{DEFAULTSORT:よしふふろすちとのしとそうき [[Category:1980年没 [[Category:人の死|ちとよしふふろす [[Category:国葬|ちとよしふふろす






歴代市長[編集]

選帝侯居住地ベルリン市長(1482年設置)[編集]

氏名 所属政党 就任 退任
クリスティアン・マティアス 1482 1507
ヤーコプ・ヴィンス 1488 1500
ハンス・ブラコウ 1495 1517
クラウス・シュルツェ 1496 1496
大ヨアヒム・ライヒェ 1496 1518
クリストフ・ヴィンス 1501 1519
ハンス・フォン・デア・グレーベン 1508 1512
ベネディクト・クルル 1513 1526
クラウス・フゲ 1518 1523
ハンス・ハークストロー 1519 1524
トーマス・フライベルク 1520 1529
ペーター・クラウゼ 1524 1525
メルヒオール・フンケ 1525 1536
小ヨアヒム・ライヒェ 1526 1537
大ヨハン・テンペルホーフ 1527 1544
バルタザール・チュルス 1536 1541
小ゲオルク・フライベルク 1537 1550
ゲオルク・マティアス 1538 1565
小ハンス・テンペルホーフ 1542 1557
ヒエロニムス・ライヒェ 1545 1560
ヴァレンティン・デーリンク 1551 1573
ヨハン・ブランケンフェルデドイツ語版 1558 1571
トーマス・マティアスドイツ語版 1561 1576
ヴォルフガンク・ファイゲル 1566 1566
ジモン・メールマン 1570 1572
クリストフ・ラウヒ 1572 1573
ヒエロニムス・テンペルホーフ 1575 1580
小ヨハン・アグリコラ・アイスレーベン 1575 1594
ミヒャエル・ディートリヒ 1578 1579
ヤーコプ・ディータート 1578 1581
ゲオルク・ルスト 1580 1583
ペーター・ティーレ 1581 1584
ブルクハルト・バウラート 1582 1585
ゲオルク・ショレ 1584 1609
ヴァレンティン・レツロウ 1585 1609
マティアス・フランケ 1586 1592
エアハルト・ショイベリン 1594 1595
アンドレアス・ヴァイスブロト 1595 1615
レオンハルト・ヴァイラー 1596 1601
マーティン・パシェドイツ語版 1602 1626
ゼバスティアン・バウラート 1610 1621
ヤーコプ・シュトラースブルク 1611 1626
アンドレアス・コッホ 1617 1622
バルトーロメーウス・ゴルツェ 1622 1631
[ヴァレンティン・デーリンク]] 1623 1638
ヨアヒム・ハルトマン 1627 1636
エラスムス・ザイデルドイツ語版 1628 1629
ベネディクト・ライヒャルト 1630 1667
カスパー・ミーザー 1632 1640
ハインリヒ・レツロウ 1637 1640
フリードリヒ・ブレヒェシュミェット 1639 1648
アンドレアス・リントホルツ 1641 1655
ゲオルク・ヴェーバー 1642 1662
ミヒャエル・ツァーランク 1649 1673
ヨハン・ティーフェンバッハ 1657 1681
ゴットフリート・シャーデン 1665 1667
マティアス・クラーツ 1668 1669
フリードリヒ・ミュラー 1668 1677
ホイアー・フリードリヒ・シュトリーペ 1669 1670
レヴィン・シャーデン 1671 1698
マティアス・ノイハウス 1676 1681
リヒャルト・デタート 1679 1680
クリスティアン・シュミット 1682 1709
ヨハン・クリストフ・オットー 1682 1687
Christian Schröder 1683 1694
Andreas Weber 1688 1693
Caspar Litzmann 1694 1695
Andreas Libertus Müller 1695 1708
Christoph Christian 1696 1709
Sebastian Friedrich Striepe 1699 1708

[1][2]

Bürgermeister der Königlichen Hauptstadt Berlin (ab 1709)[編集]

Name Partei Beginn der Amtszeit Ende der Amtszeit
Johann Joachim Litzmann 1709 1712
Joachim Friedrich Kornmesser 1709 1715
Werner Thieling 1709 1733
Ludwig Senning 1709 1736
Johann Heinrich Schlüter 1712 1730
Christian Friedrich Brimsleben 1712 1722
Johann Christian von Hammerstein 1720 1722
Gustav Friedrich Gerbet 1723 1739
Ernst Holzendorf 1724 1726

Stadtpräsidenten der Königlichen Hauptstadt Berlin (1726–1808)[編集]

Name Partei Beginn der Amtszeit Ende der Amtszeit
Simon Victor Hünicke 1726 1733
Heinrich Adam von Neuendorf 1735 1746
Karl David Kircheisen 1746 1770
Johann Albrecht Philippi 1771 1791
Johann von Eisenhart 9. November 1791 24. Oktober 1794
Johann Philipp Eisenberg 1794 1804
Johann Stephan Gottfried Büsching 22. Mai 1804 Mai 1808

Oberbürgermeister der Königlichen Hauptstadt Berlin (ab 1809)[編集]

Name Partei Beginn der Amtszeit Ende der Amtszeit
Carl Friedrich Leopold von Gerlach 6. Juli 1809 8. Juni 1813
Johann Stephan Gottfried Büsching Februar 1814 März 1832
Friedrich von Bärensprung März 1832 6. Oktober 1834
Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick 6. Oktober 1834 20. März 1848
Franz Christian Naunyn (amtierend) 20. März 1848 23. Januar 1851
Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick 23. Januar 1851 30. Dezember 1862
Karl Theodor Seydel 12. Januar 1863 1. April 1872
Arthur Hobrecht NLP 1. April 1872 März 1878
Max von Forckenbeck NLP 21. November 1878 26. Mai 1892
Robert Zelle FVp 26. September 1892 30. September 1898
Martin Kirschner 23. Dezember 1899 31. August 1912
Adolf Wermuth 1. September 1912 25. November 1920

[1][3]

Oberbürgermeister von Groß-Berlin[編集]

(ab 30. November 1948 nur Berlin (West))

大ベルリン市市長[編集]

Name Partei Beginn der Amtszeit Ende der Amtszeit
Adolf WermuthTemplate:FN 1. Oktober 1920Template:FN 25. November 1920
Gustav Böß DDP 20. Januar 1921 7. November 1929
Arthur Scholtz (kommissarisch) DVP November 1929 14. April 1931
Heinrich Sahm 14. April 1931 18. Dezember 1935
画像 氏名 在任期間 所属政党
就任 退任
1 Oskar Maretzky 1935年12月19日 1937年1月5日 ドイツ人民党
2 ユリウス・リッパートドイツ語版 1937年1月5日 1940年7月 国家社会主義ドイツ労働者党
3 ルートヴィヒ・シュテーク 1940年7月 1945年5月2日 国家社会主義ドイツ労働者党

連合国軍占領下 (1945年–1948年)[編集]

画像 氏名 在任期間 所属政党
就任 退任
1 アルトゥール・ヴェルナードイツ語版 1945年5月17日 1946年12月10日 無所属
2 Otto Ostrowski 1946年12月10日 1947年6月11日 ドイツ社会民主党
3 ルイーゼ・シュレーダードイツ語版 1947年6月11日 1948年12月7日 ドイツ社会民主党
4 Ferdinand Friedensburg 1948年8月14日 1948年12月1日 キリスト教民主同盟

東西分裂 (1948年–1990年)[編集]

ベルリン統一後 (1990年–)[編集]

画像 氏名 在任期間 所属政党
就任 退任
11 ヴァルター・モンパー 1990年10月3日 1991年1月24日 ドイツ社会民主党
12 エーベルハルト・ディープゲン 1991年1月24日 2001年6月16日 キリスト教民主同盟
13 クラウス・ヴォーヴェライト 2001年6月16日 2014年12月11日 ドイツ社会民主党
14 ミヒャエル・ミュラー 2014年12月11日 現職 ドイツ社会民主党
  1. ^ a b Ingo Materna, Wolfgang Ribbe u. a.: Geschichte in Daten. Berlin. Koehler & Amelang, Berlin/München 1997, ISBN 3-7338-0209-8, S. 294.
  2. ^ Berlins Bürgermeister. Kurfürstliche Residenzstadt. Website des Luisenstädtischen Bildungsvereins, abgerufen am 9. Januar 2015.
  3. ^ Berlins Bürgermeister. Königliche Hauptstadt & Reichshauptstadt. Website des Luisenstädtischen Bildungsvereins, abgerufen am 9. Januar 2015.