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利用者:Iso10970/下書き1

もんてびでお丸
1941年頃のもんてびでお丸
基本情報
船種 貨客船
クラス さんとす丸級貨客船
船籍 大日本帝国の旗 大日本帝国
所有者 大阪商船
運用者 大阪商船
 大日本帝国海軍
建造所 三菱重工業長崎造船所
姉妹船 さんとす丸、らぷらた丸
航行区域 遠洋
経歴
最後 1942年7月1日に撃沈
要目
テンプレートを表示

もんてびでお丸（もんてびでおまる）は日本の輸送船で、太平洋戦争で1,054人のオーストラリア人をラバウルから海南島へ輸送中にアメリカ合衆国海軍の潜水艦に撃沈された。

Montevideo Maru was a Japanese auxiliary ship that was sunk by the USN in World War II, resulting in the drowning of 1,054 Australians (prisoners of war and civilians) who were being transported from Rabaul to Hainan, in what is considered the worst maritime disaster in Australia's history. Prior to the war the ship operated as a passenger and cargo vessel traveling mainly between Japan and Brazil carrying Japanese emigrants.[1]

船暦

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もんてびでお丸は、大阪商船が南米航路向けに建造したさんとす丸級貨客船（他はさんとす丸、らぷらた丸）のうちの一隻である。7,267トンの船で、三菱重工業長崎造船所で建造され、1926年に竣工した。 Montevideo Maru was one of three ships (along with Santos Maru and La Plata Maru) of the Osaka Shosen Kaisha (OSK) shipping line built for their trans-Pacific service to South America. The 7,267-ton ship was constructed at the Mitsubishi Zosen Kakoki Kaisha shipyard at Nagasaki, and launched in 1926. At 430フィート (130メートル) in length, and 56 ft (17 m) in the beam, she was powered by two Mitsubishi-Sulzer 6ST60 six-cylinder diesel engines（英語版） delivering a total of 4,600馬力 (3,400キロワット) and giving her a speed of 14.5ノット (26.9キロメートル毎時; 16.7マイル毎時).[2]

WWII service

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Montevideo Maru participated in the Invasion of Makassar, Celebes from 6 to 16 February, 1942. It completed a number of transport missions before being sunk.[3]

沈没

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On 22 June 1942, some weeks after the fall of Rabaul to the Japanese, many Australian（英語版） prisoners were embarked from Rabaul's port onto Montevideo Maru. She was proceeding without escort to the Chinese island of Hainan when she was sighted by the American submarine en:Template:USS near the northern Philippine coast on 30 June.

Sturgeon pursued, but was unable to fire, as the target was traveling at 17 kn (31 km/h; 20 mph).[4] However, it slowed to about 12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph) at midnight; according to crewman Yoshiaki Yamaji, it was to rendezvous with an escort of two destroyers.[4] Unaware that it was carrying Allied prisoners of war and civilians, Sturgeon fired four torpedoes at Montevideo Maru before dawn of 1 July, causing the vessel to sink in only 11 minutes. According to Yamaji, Australians in the water sang "Auld Lang Syne" to their trapped comrades as the ship sank beneath the waves.[5]

There were more POWs in the water than crew members. The POWs were holding pieces of wood and using bigger pieces as rafts. They were in groups of 20 to 30 people, probably 100 people in all. They were singing songs. I was particularly impressed when they began singing Auld Lang Syne as a tribute to their dead colleagues. Watching that, I learnt that Australians have big hearts.
—Eyewitness Yoshiaki Yamaji, interviewed Oct. 2003[5]

The sinking is considered the worst maritime disaster in Australia's history. A nominal list made available by the Japanese government in 2012 revealed that a total of 1054 prisoners (178 non-commissioned officers, 667 soldiers and 209 civilians) died on the Montevideo Maru; there were no survivors among the prisoners.[6] Of the ship's total complement, approximately twenty Japanese crew survived, out of an original 88 guards and crew.[7]

Among the missing prisoners were:

  • Harold Page（英語版）, deputy administrator of New Guinea and brother of Australian prime minister Earle Page（英語版）.[8]
  • Reverend Syd Beazley of the Methodist Mission, the uncle of future Australian Labor Party leader Kim Beazley.[9]
  • Tom Vernon Garrett, the grandfather of Midnight Oil lead singer and government minister Peter Garrett.
  • 22 Salvation Army bandsmen, the majority being members of the Brunswick Citadel band.[10] The bandsmen had enlisted together and comprised the majority of the band of the 2/22nd Battalion.

Memorials

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A memorial to those who lost their lives was erected at the Repatriation Hospital, Bell Street, Heidelberg（英語版）, Melbourne, Victoria (Australia). A Montevideo Maru memorial has also been erected near the centre of the Australian Ex-Prisoners of War Memorial（英語版） in Ballarat, Victoria. A commemoration service was held at the unveiling of the memorial on 7 February 2004.[11][12]

In late January 2010, Federal Member of Parliament, Stuart Robert（英語版）, called upon the then Prime Minister of Australia, Kevin Rudd, to back the search for Montevideo Maru, in the same way that he had supported the search for AHS Centaur（英語版）.[13]

The song "In the Valley" from the album Earth and Sun and Moon（英語版） by Australian pop/rock band Midnight Oil opens with the autobiographical line, "My grandfather went down with the Montevideo/The Rising Sun sent him floating to his rest,"[14] sung by Peter Garrett.

In April 2023, the wreck of the Montevideo Maru was discovered at a depth of over 4000 metres in the South China Sea. Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese said he hoped the news would bring a “measure of comfort to loved ones who have kept a long vigil.”[15]

Controversies

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Cause of deaths

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The memorial to the Australians killed in the defence of Rabaul and the sinking of the MV Montevideo Maru on the eastern side of the Australian War Memorial in November 2012

Some have questioned whether some or all of the POWs were aboard the ship and not massacred earlier. Others believe that some of the Australians survived, only to die later.[5] Of the known survivors, the only one to ever be questioned was former merchant seaman Yoshiaki Yamaji. In a 2003 The 7:30 Report（英語版） interview, he stated that he was told that some of the POWs had been picked up and taken to Kobe.[5] Veteran Albert Speer, who served in New Guinea, believes that survivors were transported to Sado Island, only to perish days before the dropping of atomic bombs on Japan. Professor Hank Nelson（英語版） considers it unlikely that any Japanese ship would have stopped to rescue prisoners with a hostile submarine nearby.[5]

The Rabaul garrison has been described as a "sacrificial lamb（英語版）" by biographer David Day.[16] Lark Force（英語版） was left without reinforcements, and instructed not to withdraw in accordance with official War Cabinet policy at the time in regards to small garrisons.[17] Harold Page（英語版）, the senior government official in the territory, was instructed to evacuate only "unnecessary" civilians and was refused permission to evacuate any administrative staff; he was listed among those killed on the Montevideo Maru.[18]

犠牲者数

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It has been historically difficult to determine a definitive number of the dead. As late as 2010, Australia's Minister for Defence Personnel（英語版）, Alan Griffin（英語版）, stated that "there is no absolutely confirmed roll".[6] Australian Army officer Major Harold S Williams' 1945 list of the Australian dead was lost, along with the original Japanese list in Katakana it had been compiled from; these challenges have been exacerbated by the forensic difficulties of recovering remains lost at sea.[19][20]

In 2012, the Japanese government handed over thousands of POW documents to the Australian government and Montevideo Maru's manifest（英語版）, which contained the names of all the Australians on board, was found to be among them. The translation of the manifest was released in June 2012, confirming a total of 1,054 Australians, of which 845 were from Lark Force.[21]

The new translation also corrected a longstanding historical error in the number of civilians who went down with the ship. There were 209, not 208 as previously thought. This is not an additional casualty; rather the historical number was simply inaccurate.[6]

Sources also continue to contradict each other regarding the number of Japanese crew who survived. Some reports indicate 18 survivors, one of whom died soon afterwards.[要出典] Other sources indicate that 17 Japanese seamen[22] and three guards survived.[23]

関連項目

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参考文献

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  1. ^ “Japanese Transports”. www.combinedfleet.com. 7 January 2023閲覧。
  2. ^ 引用エラー: 無効な <ref> タグです。「Sulzers」という名前の注釈に対するテキストが指定されていません
  3. ^ “Japanese Transports”. www.combinedfleet.com. 7 January 2023閲覧。
  4. ^ a b Rod Miller (2003年). “The Montevideo Maru”. montevideomaru.info. 2008年9月25日閲覧。
  5. ^ a b c d e Mark Simkin (6 October 2003). “Silence broken on Australia's worst maritime disaster”. The 7:30 Report（英語版）. 2008年9月25日閲覧。
  6. ^ a b c “Montevideo Maru - About the List”. National Archives of Australia. 2012年12月31日閲覧。
  7. ^ “Montevideo Maru – The sinking of the Montevideo Maru, 1 July 1942”. Australian War Memorial. 2012年12月31日閲覧。
  8. ^ Sweeting, A. J. (1988年). “Page, Harold Hillis (1888–1942)”. Australian Dictionary of Biography（英語版） 11. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/page-harold-hillis-7942 
  9. ^ “House of Representatives Official Hansard”. No. 10, 2010 FORTY-SECOND PARLIAMENT FIRST SESSION—EIGHTH PERIOD. COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA. pp. 71, 214 (21 June 2010). 11 October 2010時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。16 August 2010閲覧。
  10. ^ One Bloke's Story, Rob Mitchell, page 22
  11. ^ “Montevideo Maru Memorial at Ballarat POW Memorial”. Lost Lives. 29 January 2010閲覧。
  12. ^ Montevideo Maru, Lost Lives quoting Margaret Reeson（英語版）, A Very Long War: The Families Who Waited, MUP, 2000. Retrieved 29 January 2010
  13. ^ Robert, Stuart. “Now for Montevideo Maru”. ABC Online. 29 January 2010閲覧。
  14. ^ “In The Valley”. midnight-oil.info. 29 January 2010閲覧。
  15. ^ Galloway, Anthony. “‘Measure of comfort’: Wreckage from Australia’s worst maritime disaster found”. Sydney Morning Herald. 22 April 2023閲覧。
  16. ^ David Day (2006). John Curtin: a life. Pymble, N.S.W.: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780732280000 
  17. ^ “Montevideo Maru - Lost Lives - The Second World War and the Islands of New Guinea”. 2012年12月31日閲覧。
  18. ^ Twomey, Christina (2007). Australia's Forgotten Prisoners: Civilians Interned by the Japanese in World War Two. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0521612890. https://books.google.com/books?id=SDkxDTwxk0MC 
  19. ^ “Death - The Last Taboo”. Australian Museum. 2012年12月31日閲覧。
  20. ^ Brendan Borrell (2009年6月10日). “How Long Do Dead Bodies Remain Intact in the Ocean?”. Scientific American. 2012年12月31日閲覧。
  21. ^ “Montevideo Maru – The worst maritime disaster in Australian history”. National Archives of Australia. 1 July 2012閲覧。
  22. ^ Alice M. Bowman. “MV Montevideo Maru - A Japanese Prison Ship”. Claire Déglon Marriott. 2012年12月31日閲覧。
  23. ^ Margaret Reeson, A Very Long War, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 2000, 200 pp. p. 60

外部リンク

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