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The lands of the Dauri, Ducheri, and Goguli in the mid-17th century, according to Ernst Georg Ravenstein

The Duchers (ロシア語: дючеры or дучеры) was the Russian name of the people populating the shores of the middle course of the Amur River, approximately from the mouth of the Zeya down to the mouth of the Ussuri, and possibly even somewhat further downstream.

デュチェル人(仮訳) (ロシア語: дючеры or дучеры)は、アムール川中流の岸に住む人々のロシア語名である。彼らはおおよそゼヤ川の河口からウスリー川の河口まで下り、もしかするとさらに下流にまで移動した。

[1] Their ethnic identity is not known with certainty, but it is usually assumed that they were a Tungusic people, related to the Jurchens and/or the Nanais.

彼らの民族的な特徴は明らかではないが、大抵はツングース人と想定され、ジュルチェン人ナナーイ人と関連していると推定される。

The name of this ethnic group is sometimes also written in English as "Jucher".[2]

この民族の名前は、英語では時に"Jucher"人とも書かれる[3]

Life of the Duchers[編集]

デュチェル人の生活[編集]

The total number of Duchers (including other related Manchu groups, but not the Daurs or Evenks) of the Amur Valley at the time of the appearance of the Russian explorers in the region ca. 1650 has been estimated by modern scholars at 14,000.[2]

現代の学者たちは、ロシア人探検家がアムール川の谷に現れた約1650年ごろ、地域のデュチェル人の総数はおよそ14,000人であったと推定している。この人数には他の満洲族のグループも含むが、ダウール人エベンキ人は含めていない。

According to the Russian explorers of the time, the Duchers, as well as the related groups, the Goguls, and their north-western neighbors, the Daurs, were agriculturalists. 当時のロシア人探検家によれば、デュチェル人は近縁のゴーグル人や、北西の隣人であるダウール人と同様、農耕を行っていた。

They grew rye, wheat, barley, millet, oats, peas, and hemp, as well as a number of vegetables. The Duchers had horses and cattle; pigs were a particularly important source of meat. 栽培していたのは、ライ麦、小麦、大麦、雑穀、燕麦、豆、麻、それに何種類かの野菜であった。デュチェル人は馬と牛を飼っていた。豚はとりわけ食肉のために重要であった。 They did some hunting and fishing as well.彼らはまた、狩猟と漁を行った。[1]


According to the 17th-century Cossacks' reports, the Duchers lived in fortified villages (ロシア語: городок) with 60 and more houses in each. 17世紀のカザーク(コサック)の報告によると、デュチェル人はそれぞれ60戸以上の家のある要塞化した村(ロシア語: городок)に住んでいた。 [4]

17世紀中ごろ、アムール渓谷に住んでいた部族が設営地で使っていた要塞化の技術と、ナナーイ語の単語「гасян」(「gasyan」「ガシャン」) (ロシア語)に関して)[5]

The predecessor of the Qing fortress Aigun (which was originally located on the left - now Russian - bank of the Amur, opposite to its later location) was a Ducher town, currently known to the archaeologists as the Grodekovo site (Гродековское городище), after the nearby village of Grodekovo. 清国愛渾(アイグン、現在の黒河市)要塞の前身はデュチェル族の町であった。ここは元々アムール川左岸に位置し、後の位置の反対側にあった。現在はロシア領で、近隣のグロデコヴォ村にちなんで、現在では考古学者たちに、グロデコヴォ史跡(Гродековское городище)として知られている。


[1]

It is located south of the city of Blagoveshchensk and the fall of the Zeya into the Amur. Yerofey Khabarov reported the existence of this town (which he called Aytyun (Айтюн)) to the Yakutsk voivode D. Frantsbekov in 1652.

そこは、アムール川に向けてゼヤ川が注ぎ、ブラゴヴェシチェンスクの都市の南に位置する。1652年に、エロフェイ・ハバロフヤクーツクの長官(ヴォエヴォド)D・フランツべコフにこの町(彼はアイチュン(Aytyun/Айтюн)と呼んでいる)の存在を報告している。

[1] According to the archaeologists, this fortress was first built around the end of the first or beginning of the second millennium CE. 考古学者によると、この砦がはじめに建てられたのは、西暦900年から1000年前後である。

[1]

The "tribute" of furs, grain, and livestock, collected (or looted, as the case may be) by the Cossacks from the Daurs and the Duchers was the main economic benefit derived by the Russians from their expansion in the region in the early 1650s, and, in order to deny it to them, the Qing government starting in 1654 resettled the Ducher farmers from the Amur valley to the Sungari and Hurka Rivers further south. カザークがダウール人やデュチェル人から、「貢税」として集めたり、場合によっては掠奪した毛皮、穀物、家畜は、1650年代のはじめにはロシアが領土拡張によって得た主な経済的利益だった。それをやめさせるために、清国政府は1654年にデュチェル人の農民をアムール渓谷からさらに南の松花江ハルハ川に移住させた。


The Daurs were resettled (to the Nenjiang River Valley) as well.[2] When Onufriy Stepanov visited the lower Sungari in 1656, he found the Ducher villages deserted.[6]

同様にダウール人は(嫩江(ノンこう)渓谷)に再移住させられた。[2]1656年にオヌフリー・ステパノフが松花江下流を訪れると、デュチェル人の村から人の気配が消えていた[7]

Ethnic identity[編集]

民族的特徴[編集]

The ethnic identification of the Duchers and even the meaning of their name (and whether it was also a self-name) remain controversial. ルチル人の民族的特徴や彼らの名前の意味(名前が自らつけたものかどうか)さえも議論が残っている。 [8][9]

Archaeologically, the Ducher culture can be identified since the second half of the 13th century (i.e., soon after the destruction of the Jurchen Jin Empire by the Mongols), being a successor of the earlier culture of the Amur Jurchens.[1] 考古学的には、デュチェル人の文化は、13世紀後半から特定することができる。(例えば、MongolsによるJin Empireジュルチェン人の滅亡から間もなく、アムール川のジュルチェン人たちの初期文化の継承者となった)

According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, today's Nanai, Ulch, and other Tungusic people of the middle and lower Amur valley have incorporated descendants of the Duchers.[10] The Russian scholar B.P. Polevoy goes even further, identifying the Duchers (at least, the ones from the Sungari / Ussuri mouth area) with the Nanais.[11]

Another, and probably more common, view, expressed e.g. by the Russian archaeologist D.P. Bolotin or Tungusologist A.A. Burykin is that the Duchers were part of the Jurchens.[12][9] This would imply that after being resettled to the Sungari and the Hurka they simply merged into the Manchu people.

The etymology of the word "Duchers" (which, besides дючеры and дучеры, had a number of other spelling variants in the 17th-century Russian manuscripts: чючар, джучар, жучер, дючан[4]) is controversial as well.[9] Some researches hold it obvious that it is related to Jurchens' self-name, jušen.[4][13] Another view, expressed by A.A. Burykin, is that Russian "дючер" (Dyucher) may have come from Manchu zuche, zuchen, meaning "guards along the river".[9]

出典[編集]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Амурская область: История НАРОДЫ АМУРСКОЙ ЗЕМЛИ Archived July 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. (Amur Oblast - the History. The peoples of the Amur Land) (ロシア語)
  2. ^ a b c d Forsyth, James (1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–105. ISBN 0-521-47771-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=nzhq85nPrdsC 
  3. ^ Forsyth 1994, p. 103–105*.
  4. ^ a b c А.М.Пастухов (A.M. Pastukhov) К вопросу о характере укреплений поселков приамурских племен середины XVII века и значении нанайского термина «гасян» Archived 2011-10-01 at the Wayback Machine. (Regarding the fortification techniques used in the settlements of the Amur Valley tribes in the mid-17th century, and the meaning of the Nanai word "гасян" (gasyan)) (ロシア語)
  5. ^ カザークの報告は家をユルト (юрта)、と表現しているが、同時代の地域の他の報告からは、現代の感覚でいう「ユルト」(ゲル)だけではなく、「ユルト」はさまざまな住居形式を示しているようである。 The Cossack reports describe houses as yurt (юрта), but it appears from the text of other reports from the same era and region that the yurt may have refer to a variety of housing styles, and not only to the "yurt" in the modern sense.
  6. ^ E.G. Ravenstein, The Russians on the Amur. London, 1861. Full text can be found on Google Books. Pages 31-32.
  7. ^ E.G. Ravenstein, The Russians on the Amur. London, 1861. Full text can be found on Google Books. Pages 31-32.
  8. ^ A.M. Pastukhov, "Regarding the fortification techniques ..." Quote : "Ученые до сих пор не пришли к единому мнению касательно языковой принадлежности этих племен [солоно-дауры (с подгруппой гогули) и дючеры]" / "Researchers still don't have a consensus regarding the linguistic affiliation of these tribes [the Solon language-Daurs (with their Goguli subgroups) and the Duchers]" A.M.パストゥーコフ「要塞化の技術によれば……」引用: "Ученые до сих пор не пришли к единому мнению касательно языковой принадлежности этих племен [солоно-дауры (с подгруппой гогули) и дючеры]" / " 研究者たちはいまだにダウール人および彼らのゴーグリサブグループのソロン語部族およびデュチェル人との言語学的な関係に関して、意見の一致を見ていない。 Researchers still don't have a consensus regarding the linguistic affiliation of these tribes [the Solon language-Daurs (with their Goguli subgroups) and the Duchers]"
  9. ^ a b c d Бурыкин А. А. (Alexey Alexeyevich Burykin), Заметки об этнониме «чжурчжэни» и наименовании «чжурчжэньский язык». (Remarks about the ethnonym "Jurchens" and the term "Jurchen language") (ロシア語) Quotes: "наименование «дючеры» русских документов XVII века не имеет однозначного истолкования" / "the term 'Duchers' from the 17th-century Russian documents has multiple interpretations". "Под наименованием «дючеры» могут подразумеваться с равной степенью вероятности три разных этноса или этнических группы: 1. собственно чжурчжэни, ... зурчэн ...; 2. эвенки-жители бассейна реки Зеи ....; 3. некая этническая группа, которая предположительно могла войти в состав нанайцев." / "The term 'Ducher' may have referred equally likely to three different ethnic groups: 1. the Jurchens proper (zurchen) ...; 2. The Evenki residents of the Zeya River basin ...; 3. Some ethnic group which hypothetically could have been incorporated into the Nanais.
  10. ^ Дючеры (Duchers) the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (ロシア語)
  11. ^ Б.П. Полевой (B.P. Polevoi) О ПОДЛИННОМ МЕСТОПОЛОЖЕНИИ КОСОГОРСКОГО ОСТРОГА 50-Х гг. XVII ВЕКА (About the true location of the Kosogorsky Ostrog of the 1650s) (ロシア語)
  12. ^ Д.П. Болотин (D.P. Bolotin), Б.С. Сапунов (B.S. Sapunov), "Древняя культура Приамурья" (The ancient cultures of the Amur region)
  13. ^ Burykin mentions the zurchen > dyucher etymology as well, as one of three possible options, but considers it unlikely.

注釈[編集]

参考文献[編集]