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曖昧さ回避 the Canadian politicianについては「Robert Baden Powell (politician)」をご覧ください。
曖昧さ回避 「Baden-Powell」と「B-P」はこの項目へ転送されています。その他の用法については「other uses of the surname」、「Baden Powell (disambiguation)」をご覧ください。
The Lord Baden-Powell
Baden-Powell in his scouting uniform, c. 1910–20
渾名 B-P, Robin (by his wife)[1]
生誕 (1857-02-22) 1857年2月22日
Paddington, London, England
死没 (1857-02-22) 1857年2月22日（-84歳没）
Nyeri, British Kenya
所属組織 British Army
軍歴 1876–1910
最終階級 Lieutenant-General（英語版）
指揮
  • Inspector General of Cavalry (1903)
  • 5th Dragoon Guards (1897)
戦闘
勲章
配偶者 Olave St Clair Soames
子女
除隊後 Founder of the international Scouting Movement; writer; artist
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Lieutenant-General（英語版） Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, OM, GCMG, GCVO, KCB, KStJ, DL ([ˈbeɪdən ˈpoʊəl] BAY-dən POH-əl;[4] 22 February 1857 – 8 January 1941) was a British Army officer, writer, founder and first Chief Scout（英語版） of the world-wide Scout Movement, and founder, with his sister Agnes, of the world-wide Girl Guide/Girl Scout（英語版） Movement. Baden-Powell wrote the seminal work Scouting for Boys, which, with his previous 1899 book Aids to Scouting for N.-C.Os and Men[5] (intended for the military) captured the imagination of the boys of Britain and led to the creation of the Scout Movement.[6]

Educated at Charterhouse School, Baden-Powell served in the British Army from 1876 until 1910 in India and Africa.[7] In 1899, during the Second Boer War（英語版） in South Africa, Baden-Powell successfully defended the town in the Siege of Mafeking（英語版）.[8] Several of his books, written for military reconnaissance and scout training in his African years, were also read by boys. In August 1907, he held a demonstration camp, the Brownsea Island Scout camp, which is now seen as the beginning of Scouting.[9] Based on his earlier books, particularly Aids to Scouting, he wrote Scouting for Boys,[10] published in 1908 by Sir Arthur Pearson, for boy readership. In 1910 Baden-Powell retired from the army and formed The Scout Association（英語版）.

The first Scout Rally（英語版） was held at The Crystal Palace in 1909. Girls in Scout uniform attended, telling Baden-Powell that they were the "Girl Scouts". In 1910, Baden-Powell and his sister Agnes Baden-Powell started the Girl Guide and Girl Scout（英語版） organisation. In 1912 he married Olave St Clair Soames. He gave guidance to the Scout and Girl Guide movements until retiring in 1937. Baden-Powell lived his last years in Nyeri, Kenya, where he died and was buried in 1941. His grave（英語版） is a national monument（英語版）.[11]

Early life

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Baden-Powell was a son of Baden Powell（英語版）, Savilian Professor of Geometry（英語版） at the University of Oxford and Church of England priest, and his third wife, Henrietta Grace Smyth, eldest daughter of Admiral William Henry Smyth. After Baden Powell died in 1860, his widow, to identify her children with her late husband's fame, and to set her children apart from their half-siblings and cousins, styled the family name Baden-Powell. The name was eventually legally changed by Royal Licence on 30 April 1902.[12]

The family of Baden-Powell's father originated in Suffolk.[13] His mother's earliest known Smyth ancestor was a Royalist American colonist; her mother's father Thomas Warrington was the British Consul in Naples around 1800.[14]

Baden-Powell was born Robert Stephenson Smyth Powell at 6 Stanhope Street (now 11 Stanhope Terrace), Paddington, London, on 22 February 1857. He was called Stephe (pronounced "Stevie") by his family.[15] He was named after his godfather, Robert Stephenson, the railway and civil engineer,[16] and his third name was his mother's surname.[17]

Baden-Powell had four older half-siblings from the second of his father's two previous marriages and was the fifth surviving child of his father's third marriage:[18]

  • Warington (1847–1921)
  • George（英語版） (1847–1898)
  • Augustus ("Gus") (1849–1863), who was often ill and died young
  • Francis（英語版） ("Frank") (1850–1933)
  • Henrietta Smyth, 28 October 1851 – 9 March 1854
  • John Penrose Smyth, 21 December 1852 – 14 December 1855
  • Jessie Smyth 25 November 1855 – 24 July 1856
  • B–P (22 February 1857 – 8 January 1941)
  • Agnes (1858–1945)
  • Baden（英語版） (1860–1937)

The three children immediately preceding B–P had all died very young before he was born, so there was a seven-year gap between him and his next older brother Frank; so he and his two younger siblings were almost like a separate family, of which he was the eldest.[15]

Baden-Powell's father died when he was three. Subsequently, Baden-Powell was raised by his mother, a strong woman who was determined that her children would succeed. In 1933 he said of her "The whole secret of my getting on, lay with my mother."[15][19][20]

He attended Rose Hill School（英語版）, Tunbridge Wells（英語版） and was given a scholarship to Charterhouse, a prestigious public school named after the ancient Carthusian monastery buildings it occupied in the City of London.[21] However, while he was a pupil there, the school moved out to new purpose-built premises in the countryside near Godalming（英語版） in Surrey. He played with dolls and learnt the piano and violin, was an ambidextrous artist, and enjoyed acting. Holidays were spent on yachting（英語版） or canoeing expeditions with his brothers. Baden-Powell's first introduction to Scouting skills was through stalking and cooking games while avoiding teachers in the nearby woods, which were strictly out-of-bounds.[15][22]

Military career

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In 1876, Baden-Powell joined the 13th Hussars（英語版） in India with the rank of lieutenant. In 1880 he was charged with the task of drawing maps of the Battle of Maiwand（英語版）. He enhanced and honed his military scouting skills amidst the Zulu in the early 1880s in the Natal Province of South Africa, where his regiment had been posted, and where he was mentioned in dispatches（英語版）. Baden-Powell's skills impressed his superiors and in 1890 he was brevetted Major（英語版） as military secretary and senior aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief and Governor of Malta, his uncle General Sir Henry Augustus Smyth（英語版）.[15] He was posted to Malta for three years, also working as an intelligence officer for the Mediterranean for the Director of Military Intelligence.[15] He frequently travelled disguised as a butterfly collector, incorporating plans of military installations into his drawings of butterfly wings.[23] In 1884 he published Reconnaissance and Scouting.[24]

Baden-Powell returned to Africa in 1896, and served in the Second Matabele War（英語版）, in the expedition to relieve British South Africa Company personnel under siege in Bulawayo.[25] This was a formative experience for him not only because he commanded reconnaissance missions into enemy territory in the Matopos Hills（英語版）, but because many of his later Boy Scout ideas took hold here.[26] It was during this campaign that he first met and befriended the American scout Frederick Russell Burnham（英語版）, who introduced Baden-Powell to stories of the American Old West（英語版） and woodcraft（英語版） (i.e., Scoutcraft（英語版）), and here that he was introduced to Montana Peaked version of a western cowboy hat, of which Stetson（英語版） was a prolific manufacturer, and which also came to be known as a campaign hat and the many versatile and practical uses of a neckerchief.[15]

Baden-Powell was accused of illegally executing a prisoner of war in 1896, the Matabele（英語版） chief Uwini（英語版）, who had been promised his life would be spared if he surrendered.[27] Uwini was sentenced to be shot by firing squad by a military court, a sentence Baden-Powell confirmed. Baden-Powell was cleared by a military court of inquiry, but the colonial civil authorities wanted a civil investigation and trial. Baden-Powell later claimed he was "released without a stain on my character".[28]

After Rhodesia, Baden-Powell served in the Fourth Ashanti War（英語版） on the Gold Coast. In 1897, at the age of 40, he was brevetted colonel (the youngest colonel in the British Army) and given command of the 5th Dragoon Guards（英語版） in India.[29] A few years later he wrote a small manual, entitled Aids to Scouting, a summary of lectures he had given on the subject of military scouting, much of it a written explanation of the lessons he had learned from Burnham, to help train recruits.[30]

Siege of Mafeking, 10 shillings (1900), Second Boer War（英語版） currency issued by authority of Colonel Robert Baden-Powell

Mafeking

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Baden-Powell returned to South Africa before the Second Boer War（英語版）. Although instructed to maintain a mobile mounted force on the frontier with the Boer Republics（英語版）, Baden-Powell amassed stores and established a garrison at Mafeking. The subsequent Siege of Mafeking（英語版） lasted 217 days. Although Baden-Powell could have destroyed his stores and had sufficient forces to break out throughout much of the siege, especially since the Boers lacked adequate artillery to shell the town or its forces, he remained in the town to the point of his intended mounted soldiers eating their horses. The town had been surrounded by a Boer army, at times above 8,000 men.[31]

The siege of the small town received much attention from both the Boers and international media because Lord Edward Cecil, the son of the British Prime Minister, was besieged in the town.[32][33] The garrison held out until relieved, in part thanks to cunning deceptions, many devised by Baden-Powell. Fake minefields were planted and his soldiers pretended to avoid non-existent barbed wire while moving between trenches.[34] Baden-Powell did much reconnaissance work himself.[35] In one instance, noting that the Boers had not removed the rail line, Baden-Powell loaded an armoured locomotive with sharpshooters and sent it down the rails into the heart of the Boer encampment and back again in a successful attack.[33]

Baden-Powell on a patriotic postcard in 1900

A view expressed by historian Thomas Pakenham（英語版） of Baden-Powell's actions during the siege argued that his success in resisting the Boers was secured at the expense of the lives of the native African soldiers and civilians, including members of his own African garrison. Pakenham claimed that Baden-Powell drastically reduced the rations to the native garrison.[36] However, in 2001, after subsequent research, Pakenham changed this view.[15][32]

During the siege, the Mafeking Cadet Corps of white boys below fighting age stood guard, carried messages, assisted in hospitals and so on, freeing grown men to fight. Baden-Powell did not form the Cadet Corps himself, and there is no evidence that he took much notice of them during the Siege. However, he was sufficiently impressed with both their courage and the equanimity with which they performed their tasks to use them later as an object lesson in the first chapter of Scouting for Boys.[37]

The siege was lifted on 17 May 1900.[38] Baden-Powell was promoted to major-general（英語版） and became a national hero.[39] However, British military commanders were more critical of his performance and even less impressed with his subsequent choices to again allow himself to be besieged.[33][36] Ultimately, his failure to understand properly the situation, and abandonment of the soldiers, mostly Australians and Rhodesians（英語版）, at the Battle of Elands River（英語版） Pakenham claimed led to his being removed from action.[32][33]

After Mafeking

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Briefly back in the United Kingdom in October 1901, Baden-Powell was invited to visit King Edward VII at Balmoral, the monarch's Scottish retreat, and personally invested as Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB).[40][41]

A World War I propaganda poster drawn by Baden-Powell

Baden-Powell was given the role of organising the South African Constabulary（英語版）, a colonial police force,[33] but during this phase, Baden-Powell was sent to Britain on sick leave, so he was only in command for seven months.[33]

Baden-Powell returned to England to take up the post of Inspector-General of Cavalry in 1903. While holding this position, he was instrumental in reforming reconnaissance training in British cavalry, giving the force an important advantage in scouting ability over continental rivals.[42] Baden-Powell was a career cavalryman, but realised that cavalry was no match against the machine gun; however, his superiors, Kitchener and French, the latter also a career cavalryman, still regarded the cavalry as indispensable, with the result that cavalry was used in the First World War with little effect, yet the major item exported from Britain to Flanders during the War was horse fodder.[43]

In 1907, Baden-Powell was promoted to Lieutenant-General but was on the inactive list - possibly at his request, for this was when the Scout Movement was starting to "move", and Baden-Powell had his experimental camp on Brownsea Island (see below).[9]

In October 1907, Baden-Powell was appointed to the command of the Northumbrian Division（英語版） of the newly formed Territorial Army（英語版）. During this appointment, Baden-Powell selected the location of Catterick Garrison（英語版） to replace Richmond Castle（英語版） which was then the Headquarters of the Northumbrian Division（英語版）.[44]

On 19 February 1909, Baden-Powell sailed in the SS Aragon（英語版） via Portugal and Spain to South America, for what seems to have been just a holiday, a trip not related to either the Army or to Scouting. However, the Foreign Intelligence section in the Belfast Newsletter reported that when in March 1909 he visited Santiago de Chile for three days, "He was given a warmer reception than had ever been afforded a foreigner in South America."[45] He sailed back in the RMS Danube by 1 May 1909.[46]

In 1910, aged 53, Baden-Powell retired from the Army.[15] One account has it that Lord Kitchener said that he "could lay his hand on several competent divisional generals but could find no one who could carry on the invaluable work of the Boy Scouts".[47] Baden-Powell wrote that this came from the King, which seems more likely, as the King had introduced the King's Scout Award in 1909 and Army officers held a Commission signed by the King, while Kitchener had nothing to do with the Scout Movement.[48][49]

In 1915, Baden-Powell's book "My Adventures as a Spy" was published, which was interpreted as indicating that he had been active as a spy during that war.[50]

Scouting movement

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Pronunciation of Baden-Powell
[ˈbeɪdən ˈpoʊəl] BAY-dən POH-əl

Man, matron, maiden,
Please call it Baden.
Further for Powell,
Rhyme it with Noel

—Verse by B-P[51]

On his return from Africa in 1903, Baden-Powell found that his military training manual, Aids to Scouting, had become a best-seller, and was being used by teachers and youth organisations,[52] including Charlotte Mason（英語版）'s House of Education.[53] Following his involvement in the Boys' Brigade（英語版） as a Brigade Vice-president and Officer in charge of its scouting section, with encouragement from his friend, William Alexander Smith（英語版）, Baden-Powell decided to re-write Aids to Scouting to suit a youth readership. In August 1907, he held a camp on Brownsea Island to test out his ideas. About twenty boys attended: eight from local Boys' Brigade companies, and about twelve public school boys, mostly sons of his friends.[54]

Captioned "Boy Scouts", caricature of Baden-Powell in Vanity Fair, April 1911

Baden-Powell was also influenced by Ernest Thompson Seton, who founded the Woodcraft Indians（英語版）. Seton gave Baden-Powell a copy of his book The Birch Bark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians and they met in 1906.[55][56] The first book on the Scout Movement, Baden-Powell's Scouting for Boys was published in six installments in 1908 and has sold approximately 150 million copies as the fourth best-selling book of the 20th century.[57]

Boys and girls[58] spontaneously formed Scout troops and the Scouting Movement started by itself, first as a national, and soon an international phenomenon.[59] A rally of Scouts（英語版） was held at Crystal Palace in London in 1909, at which Baden-Powell met some of the first Girl Scouts（英語版） of whom 6,000 had already been officially registered as Scouts. The Girl Guides were subsequently formed in 1910 under the auspices of Baden-Powell's sister, Agnes Baden-Powell.[60]

In 1912, Baden-Powell started a world tour with a voyage to the Caribbean. Another passenger was Juliette Gordon Low, an American who had been running a Guide Company in Scotland and was returning to the U.S.A. Baden-Powell encouraged her to found the Girl Scouts of the USA（英語版）.[61]

Reviewing the Boy Scouts of Washington, D.C. from the portico of the White House: Baden-Powell, President Taft, British ambassador Bryce (1912)

In 1929, during the 3rd World Scout Jamboree（英語版）, he received as a present a new 20-horsepower Rolls-Royce car (chassis number GVO-40, registration OU 2938) and an Eccles Caravan.[62] This combination well served the Baden-Powells in their further travels around Europe. The caravan was nicknamed Eccles and is now on display at Gilwell Park. The car, nicknamed Jam Roll, was sold after his death by Olave Baden-Powell in 1945. Jam Roll and Eccles were reunited at Gilwell for the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007. It has been purchased on behalf of Scouting and is owned by a charity, B–P Jam Roll Ltd. Funds are being raised to repay the loan that was used to purchase the car.[62][63]

Baden-Powell also had a positive impact on improvements in youth education.[64] Under his dedicated command, the World Scouting Movement grew. By 1922 there were more than a million Scouts in 32 countries; by 1939 the number of Scouts was over 3.3 million.[65]

Baden-Powell in 1919

Some early Scouting "Thanks Badges（英語版）" (from 1911) and the Scouting "Medal of Merit" badge had a swastika symbol on them.[66][67] This was undoubtedly influenced by the use by Rudyard Kipling of the swastika on the jacket of his published books,[68] including The Jungle Book, which was used by Baden-Powell as a basis for the Wolf Cub branch of the Scouting Movement. The swastika had been a symbol of luck in India long before being adopted by the Nazi Party in 1920, and when Nazi use of the swastika became more widespread, the Scouts stopped using it.[66]

Nazi Germany banned Scouting, a competitor to the Hitler Youth, in June 1934, seeing it as "a haven for young men opposed to the new State".[69] Based on the regime's view of Scouting as a dangerous espionage organisation, Baden-Powell's name was included in "The Black Book（英語版）", a 1940 secret list of people to be detained following the planned conquest of the United Kingdom.[70] Baden-Powell never knew about the list or his inclusion in it, because the list was only made public in 1945, shortly after the defeat of the Nazis, and Baden-Powell died in 1941.[71][72] A drawing by Baden-Powell depicts Scouts assisting refugees fleeing from the Nazis and Hitler.[73][74] Tim Jeal（英語版）, the author of the biography Baden-Powell（英語版）, gives his opinion that "Baden-Powell's distrust of communism led to his implicit support, through naïveté, of fascism", an opinion based on two of B-P's diary entries. Baden-Powell met Benito Mussolini on 2 March 1933, and in his diary described him as "small, stout, human and genial. Told me about Balilla（英語版） and workmen's outdoor recreations which he imposed through 'moral force'". On 17 October 1939, Baden-Powell wrote in his diary: "Lay up all day. Read Mein Kampf. A wonderful book, with good ideas on education, health, propaganda, organisation etc. – and ideals which Hitler does not practice himself."[15]

At the 5th World Scout Jamboree（英語版） in 1937, Baden-Powell gave his farewell to Scouting and retired from public Scouting life. 22 February, the joint birthday of Robert and Olave Baden-Powell, continues to be marked as Founder's Day（英語版） by Scouts and World Thinking Day（英語版） by Guides to remember and celebrate the work of the Chief Scout（英語版） and Chief Guide（英語版） of the World.[75]

In his final letter to the Scouts, Baden-Powell wrote:

I have had a most happy life and I want each one of you to have a happy life too. I believe that God put us in this jolly world to be happy and enjoy life. Happiness does not come from being rich, nor merely being successful in your career, nor by self-indulgence. One step towards happiness is to make yourself healthy and strong while you are a boy, so that you can be useful and so you can enjoy life when you are a man. Nature study will show you how full of beautiful and wonderful things God has made the world for you to enjoy. Be contented with what you have got and make the best of it. Look on the bright side of things instead of the gloomy one. But the real way to get happiness is by giving out happiness to other people. Try and leave this world a little better than you found it（英語版） and when your turn comes to die, you can die happy in feeling that at any rate you have not wasted your time but have done your best. "Be prepared" in this way, to live happy and to die happy – stick to your Scout Promise always – even after you have ceased to be a boy – and God help you to do it.[76]

Baden-Powell died on 8 January 1941: his grave（英語版） is in St Peter's Cemetery in Nyeri, Kenya.[72] His gravestone bears a circle with a dot in the centre "ʘ", which is the trail sign for "Going home", or "I have gone home". His wife Olave moved back to England in 1942; after she died in 1977, her ashes were taken to Kenya by her grandson Robert（英語版） and interred beside her husband.[77] In 2001, the Kenyan government declared Baden-Powell's grave a national monument.[78]

Writings and publications

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Robert Baden-Powellに関する
図書館収蔵著作物
Robert Baden-Powell著の著作物
Cover of first part of Scouting for Boys, January 1908
One of Baden-Powell's illustrations from The Wolf Cub Handbook, 1916

Baden-Powell published books and other texts during his years of military service both to finance his life and to generally educate his men.[15]

Baden-Powell was regarded as an excellent storyteller. During his whole life he told "ripping yarns" to audiences. After having published Scouting for Boys, Baden-Powell kept on writing more handbooks and educative materials for all Scouts, as well as directives for Scout Leaders. In his later years, he also wrote about the Scout movement and his ideas for its future. He spent most of the last two years of his life in Africa, and many of his later books had African themes.[15]

Most of his books (the American editions) are available online.[86]

Compilations and excerpts comprised:

  • B.-P.'s Outlook: Selections from the Founder's contributions to "The Scouter" magazine from 1909–1940. C. Arthur Pearson Limited. (1955) 
  • Adventuring with Baden-Powell: Stories, yarns and essays. Blandford Press. (1956). ASIN B0000CJLLR 
  • Dr. Mario Sica, ed (2007). Playing the Game: A Baden-Powell Compendium. MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-4050-8827-5 
  • Fr. Carlo Muratori (2021) (英語). A Bibliographical Catalogue of Robert Baden-Powell: Complete bibliographic catalogue of the works in English. Bologna: Biblioteca Cappuccini. https://archive.org/details/un-catalogo-bibliografico-di-robert-baden-powell/page/n5/mode/2up 

Baden-Powell also contributed to various other books, either with an introduction or foreword, or being quoted by the author,

A comprehensive bibliography of his original works has been published by Biblioteca Frati Minori Cappuccini.[89]

Art

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Baden-Powell's father often sketched caricatures of those present at meetings, while his maternal grandmother was also artistic. Baden-Powell painted or sketched almost every day of his life, and with equal competence with either hand. Most of his works have a humorous or informative character.[15] His books are scattered with his pen-and-ink sketches, frequently whimsical. He did a largely unknown number of pen-and-ink sketches; he always travelled with a sketchpad that he used frequently for pencil sketches and "cartoons" for later watercolour paintings. He also created a few sculptures. There is no catalogue of his works, many of which appear in his books, and twelve paintings hang in the British Scout Headquarters at Gilwell Park. There was an exhibition of his work at the Willmer House Museum, Farnham, Surrey, from 11 April – 12 May 1967; a text-only catalogue was produced.[90]

Personal life

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Olave Baden-Powell

In January 1912, Baden-Powell was en route to New York on a Scouting World Tour, on the ocean liner en:Template:SS, when he met Olave St Clair Soames.[91][92] She was 23, while he was 55; they shared the same birthday, 22 February. They became engaged in September of the same year, causing a media sensation due to Baden-Powell's fame. To avoid press intrusion, they married in private on 30 October 1912, at St. Peter's Church, Parkstone（英語版）.[93] 100,000 Scouts had each donated a penny (1d)（英語版） to buy Baden-Powell a wedding gift, a 20 h.p. Standard motor car (not the Rolls-Royce they were presented in 1929).[94] There is a display about their marriage inside St Peter's Church, Parkstone.[95]

Robert and Olave Baden-Powell, with the car given as a wedding present, at the Imperial Scout Exhibition（英語版） in Perry Hall Park（英語版）, Birmingham, in July 1913

The couple lived at Pax Hill（英語版） near Bentley, Hampshire（英語版）, named as such as it was bought on Armistice Day (11 November 1918).[96] The Bentley house was a gift from her father.[97] After they married, Baden-Powell began to suffer persistent headaches which were only relieved when he left the bed he and his wife shared. The headaches were considered by his doctor to be psychosomatic and were treated with dream analysis.[15][98]

In 1939, they moved to a cottage he had commissioned in Nyeri, Kenya, near Mount Kenya, where he had previously been to recuperate. The small one-room house, which he named Paxtu, was located on the grounds of the Outspan Hotel（英語版）, owned by Eric Sherbrooke Walker（英語版）, Baden-Powell's first private secretary and one of the first Scout inspectors.[15] Walker also owned the Treetops Hotel（英語版）, approximately 10 miles (17 km) out in the Aberdare Mountains（英語版）, often visited by Baden-Powell and people of the Happy Valley set（英語版）. The Paxtu cottage is integrated into the Outspan Hotel buildings and serves as a small Scouting museum.[99]

Baden-Powell's grave at St Peter's Cemetery in Nyeri, Kenya

Baden-Powell and his wife were parents of Arthur Robert Peter（英語版） (1913–1962), who succeeded his father in the barony; Heather Grace (1915–1986), who married John Hall King (1913–2004) and had two sons, the elder of whom, Michael, was drowned in the sinking of en:Template:SS in 1966; and Betty St Clair（英語版） (1917–2004).[100] When Olave's sister Auriol Davidson (née Soames) died in 1919, Olave and Robert took her three daughters into their family and brought them up.[101]

Three of Baden-Powell's many biographers comment on his sexuality; the first two (in 1979 and 1986) focused on his relationship with his close friend Kenneth McLaren（英語版）.[102]:217–218[103]:48 Tim Jeal's later (1989) biography discusses the relationship and finds no evidence that this friendship was erotic.[15]:82 Jeal then examines Baden-Powell's views on women, his appreciation of the male form, his military relationships, and his marriage, concluding that, in his personal opinion, Baden-Powell was a repressed homosexual（英語版）.[15]:103 Jeal's arguments and conclusion are dismissed by Procter and Block (2009) as "amateur psychoanalysis", for which there is no physical evidence.[104]:6

Commissions and promotions

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Baden-Powell with wife and three children, 1917

Recognition

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Statue of Baden-Powell（英語版） by Don Potter（英語版） in front of Baden-Powell House（英語版） in London

In 1937, Baden-Powell was appointed to the Order of Merit, one of the most exclusive awards in the British honours system, and he was also awarded 28 decorations by foreign states, including the Grand Officer of the Portuguese Order of Christ,[116] the Grand Commander of the Greek Order of the Redeemer（英語版） (1920),[117] the Commander of the French Légion d'honneur (1925), the First Class of the Hungarian Order of Merit (1929), the Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog of Denmark, the Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion（英語版）, the Grand Cross of the Order of the Phoenix（英語版）, and the Order of Polonia Restituta.[118]

The Silver Wolf Award was originally worn by Robert Baden-Powell.[119] The Bronze Wolf Award, the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting, was first awarded to Baden-Powell by a unanimous decision of the then International Committee on the day of the institution of the Bronze Wolf in Stockholm in 1935. He was also the first recipient of the Silver Buffalo Award in 1926, the highest award conferred by the Boy Scouts of America.[120]

In 1927, at the Swedish National Jamboree, he was awarded by the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund（英語版） with the "Großes Dankabzeichen des ÖPB.[121]:113 In 1931, Baden-Powell received the highest award of the First Austrian Republic (Großes Ehrenzeichen der Republik am Bande) out of the hands of President Wilhelm Miklas.[121]:101 Baden-Powell was also one of the first and few recipients of the Goldene Gemse, the highest award conferred by the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund.[122]

Memorial plaque to Baden-Powell, "Chief Scout of the World", at Westminster Abbey
Statue of Baden-Powell（英語版） by David Annand（英語版） in Poole, Dorset

In 1931, Major Frederick Russell Burnham（英語版） dedicated Mount Baden-Powell[123] in California to his old Scouting friend from forty years before.[124][125] Today, their friendship is honoured in perpetuity with the dedication of the adjoining peak, Mount Burnham（英語版）.[126]

Baden-Powell was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize on numerous occasions, including 10 separate nominations in 1928.[127] He was awarded the Wateler Peace Prize（英語版） in 1937.[128] In 2002, Baden-Powell was named 13th in the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote.[129] As part of the Scouting 2007 Centenary（英語版）, Nepal renamed Urkema Peak to Baden-Powell Peak（英語版）.[130]

In June 2020, following the George Floyd protests in Britain and the removal of the statue of Edward Colston in Bristol, the Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council（英語版） (BCP Council) announced that a statue of Baden-Powell（英語版） on Poole Quay would be removed temporarily for its protection, amid fears for its safety. Police believed it was on a list of monuments to be destroyed or removed,[131] and that it was a target for protestors due to perceptions that Baden-Powell had held homophobic and racist views.[132][133][134] The statue was installed by the BCP Council in 2008.[135]

Following opposition to its removal,[136] including from residents, and past and present scouts, some of whom camped nearby to ensure it stayed in place, BCP Council had the statue boarded up instead.[137] Mark Howell, deputy leader of the BCP Council was quoted as saying, "It is our intention that the boarding is removed at the earliest, safe opportunity."[138]

Honours – United Kingdom

[編集]
Ribbon Description Notes
Ashanti Star（英語版） 1895
British South Africa Company Medal（英語版） 1896
Queen's South Africa Medal（英語版） 1896
Order of the Bath (CB)
  • Appointed Companion 12 October 1901[139]
King's South Africa Medal（英語版）
  • with SOUTH AFRICA 1901, SOUTH AFRICA 1901 Clasp
Royal Victorian Order (KCVO)
  • Appointed Knight Commander on 3 October 1909[140]
Order of the Bath (KCB)
  • Appointed Knight Commander on 12 October 1909[141]
King George V Coronation Medal（英語版）
  • Decoration awarded on 30 June 1911
Venerable Order of St John（英語版） (KStJ)
  • Appointed Knight of Grace on 23 May 1912[142]
Royal Victorian Order (GCVO)
  • Appointed Knight Grand Cross on 1 January 1923[143]
Baronet (Bt)
  • Appointed Baronet on 1 January 1921[144] (dated 21 February 1923[145])
Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG)
  • Appointed Knight Grand Cross on 3 June 1927[146]
Baron Baden-Powell, of Gilwell in the County of Essex
King George V Silver Jubilee Medal（英語版）
  • Decoration awarded on 6 May 1935
Order of Merit (OM)
  • Appointed member on 11 May 1937[148]
King George VI Coronation Medal（英語版）
  • Decoration awarded on 12 May 1937

Honours – Other countries

[編集]
Ribbon Description Notes
Grand Officer of the Military Order of Christ (Portugal)
  • Decoration awarded on 7 October 1919[149]
  • Grand Officer level (GOC)
  • ポルトガルの旗 Portuguese award
Grand Commander of the Order of the Redeemer（英語版）
  • Decoration awarded on 21 October 1920[150]
  • Grand Commander level
  • ギリシャの旗 Greek award
Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog
  • Decoration awarded on 11 October 1921[151]
  • Grand Cross level
  • デンマークの旗 Danish award
Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion（英語版）
  • Decoration awarded on 6 November 1929[152]
  • Grand Cross level
  • チェコスロバキアの旗 Czechoslovakian award
Knight of the Hungarian Order of Merit（英語版）
  • Decoration awarded in 1929
  • Knight level, Grand Cross after 1935
  • ハンガリーの旗 Hungarian award
Grand Cross of the Order of the Phoenix（英語版）
  • Decoration awarded in 1930
  • Grand Cross level
  • ギリシャの旗 Greek award
Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau（英語版）
  • Decoration awarded in 1932
  • Grand Cross level
  • オランダの旗 Dutch award

Arms

[編集]
Sog159/sandbox/3の紋章
付与

1929

宝冠

Coronet（英語版） of a baron.

クレスト

1st: a Lion passant Or in the paw a broken Tilting Spear in bend proper pendent therefrom by a Riband Gules an Escutcheon resting on a Wreath Sable charged with a Pheon Or (Powell); 2nd: out of a Crown Vallary Or a Demi Lion rampant Gules on the head a like Crown charged on the shoulders with a Cross Pattée Argent and supporting with the paws a Sword Erect proper Pommel and Hilt Gold (Baden).

盾

Quarterly: 1 and 4th, Per fess Or and Argent a Lion rampant gules between two Tilting Spears erect proper (Powell); 2nd and 3rd, Argent a Lion rampant proper on the head a Crown Vallary Or between four Crosses pattée Gules and as many Fleur-de-lis Azure alternately (Baden).

盾持ち

Not shown here. Dexter（英語版）: an Officer of 13th/18th Royal Hussars（英語版） in full dress, his Sword drawn over his shoulder proper; sinister（英語版）: a Boy Scout holding a Staff also proper.

モットー

Ar Nyd Yw Pwyll Pyd Yw (Welsh: Where there is steadiness, there will be a Powell).

騎士団章

Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) – 9 November 1909 (CB: 1901)

Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) – 1 January 1923 (KCVO: 3 October 1909)
Knight of Grace of the Venerable Order of St John（英語版） (KStJ) – 23 May 1912
Grand Officer of the Order of Christ of Portugal (GOC) – 7 October 1919
Grand Commander of the Order of the Redeemer（英語版） of the Kingdom of Greece – 21 October 1920
Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog of Denmark – 11 October 1921
Baronet – 1 January 1921 (dated 21 February 1923)
Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) – 3 June 1927
Baron Baden-Powell, of Gilwell in the County of Essex – 17 September 1929
Member of the Order of Merit (OM) – 11 May 1937

Cultural depictions

[編集]

関連項目

[編集]
Biography
ポータル Scouting

脚注

[編集]
  1. ^ Chapter 8, end of first paragraph, "Window on my Heart" by Olave Baden-Powell as told to Mary Drewery, published by the Girl Guides Assoc, 1983
  2. ^ “Silver Buffalo Awards”. Boy Scouts of America (2014年). 13 January 2014時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。24 January 2014閲覧。
  3. ^ “The Library Headlines”. ScoutBase UK. 15 March 2005時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2 December 2006閲覧。
  4. ^ Olausson, Lena; Sangster, Catherine (2006). Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation. Oxford University Press. p. 32. ISBN 0-19-280710-2 
  5. ^ Available fpr free download from http://www.thedump.scoutscan.com/dumpinventorybp.php
  6. ^ Deacon, Michael (8 January 2016). “The eccentric world of Robert Baden-Powell”. The Telegraph. オリジナルの12 January 2022時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/authors/the-eccentric-world-of-robert-baden-powell/ 21 February 2018閲覧。 
  7. ^ “Lord Baden Powell”. Godalming Museum. Godalming Museum Trust. 2 December 2021時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。21 February 2018閲覧。
  8. ^ Köhler, Karl (June 2001). “Some Aspects of Lord Baden-Powell and the Scouts at Modderfontein”. Military History Journal 12 (1). http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol121kk.html 21 February 2018閲覧。. 
  9. ^ a b “Scouting and Guiding on Brownsea Island”. National Trust. 21 February 2018閲覧。
  10. ^ “Forged in the Heat of Battle: The Origin of the Boy Scouts”. Mental Floss. Mental Floss, Inc. (26 September 2009). 21 February 2018閲覧。
  11. ^ Wendell, Bryan (11 April 2014). “Scouting family takes pilgrimage to Baden-Powell's grave in Kenya”. Bryan on Scouting. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  12. ^ Charles Mosley, ed (1999). Burke's Peerage and Baronetage (106th ed.). Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd. p. 159 
  13. ^ Edgar Powell (1891年). “The Powell Pedigree”. London: William Clowes and Sons, Limited. 1 July 2019閲覧。
  14. ^ The dispatches and letters of Vice Admiral Viscount Nelson. 6. Henry Colburn. (1846). p. 69. https://books.google.com/books?id=wVUBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA69 
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Jeal, Tim (1989). Baden-Powell. London: Hutchinson（英語版）. ISBN 0-09-170670-X 
  16. ^ “The life of Robert Stephenson – A Timeline”. Robert Stephenson Trust. 15 July 2011時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。13 October 2009閲覧。
  17. ^ “The Scouting Pages”. The Scouting Pages (9 August 1907). 26 March 2014時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。15 July 2014閲覧。
  18. ^ “The Powell Pedigree | Home”. 30 December 2017時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。29 December 2017閲覧。
  19. ^ Palstra, Theo P. M. (April 1967) (オランダ語). Baden-Powell, zijn leven en werk [Baden-Powell, His Life and Work, a True Story]. Den Haag: De Nationale Padvindersraad 
  20. ^ Drewery, Mary (1975). Baden-Powell: The Man Who Lived Twice. London: Hodder & Stoughton（英語版）. ISBN 0-340-18102-8 
  21. ^ “The Charterhouse | Open House London 2019”. openhouselondon.open-city.org.uk. 8 July 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。5 July 2020閲覧。
  22. ^ Allen, Brooke (2012年7月20日). “Opinion | Rainbow Merit Badge” (英語). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/20/opinion/scoutings-gay-founder.html 2023年11月12日閲覧。 
  23. ^ a b Baden-Powell, Lieuth.-Gen. Sir Robert (1915年). “My Adventures As A Spy”. C. Arthur Pearson, Ltd. 19 September 2017時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。24 December 2017閲覧。
  24. ^ Baden-Powell, Robert (1884). Reconnaissance and scouting. A practical course of instruction, in twenty plain lessons, for officers, non-commissioned officers, and men. London: W. Clowes and Sons. OCLC 9913678 
  25. ^ Baden-Powell, Robert (1897). The Matabele Campaign, 1896. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-8371-3566-4 
  26. ^ Proctor, Tammy M. (July 2000). “A Separate Path: Scouting and Guiding in Interwar South Africa”. Comparative Studies in Society and History 42 (3): 605–631. doi:10.1017/S0010417500002954. ISSN 0010-4175. 
  27. ^ Baden-Powell, Robert. “The Matabele Campaign”. p. 104. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  28. ^ Baden-Powell, Robert. “Lessons from the 'Varsity of Life”. p. 90. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  29. ^ Barrett, C.R.B. (1911). History of The XIII. Hussars. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons. オリジナルの21 October 2006時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20061021033700/http://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-hussars.htm 2 January 2007閲覧。 
  30. ^ “First Scouting Handbook”. Order of the Arrow, Boy Scouts of America. 11 December 2013時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 July 2013閲覧。
  31. ^ Hamilton, A. (2010). The Siege of Mafeking (1900). Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1167298059. https://books.google.com/books?id=VyHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT136 
  32. ^ a b c Pakenham, Thomas (2001). The Siege of Mafeking 
  33. ^ a b c d e f Jeal, Tim (1989). Baden-Powell. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-170670-X 
  34. ^ Latimer, Jon (2001). Deception in War. London: John Murray. pp. 32–35 
  35. ^ Conan-Doyle, Arthur (1900). “Chapter 24. The Siege of Mafeking”. The Great Boer War. Smith, Elder and Co 
  36. ^ a b Pakenham, Thomas (1979). The Boer War. New York: Avon Books. ISBN 0-380-72001-9. https://archive.org/details/boerwar00thom 
  37. ^ Baden-Powell, Robert (1915). Scouting for Boys. C. Arthur Pearson. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97178 
  38. ^ “The South African War: The lifting of the siege of Mafeking”. South African History Online. 15 June 2022閲覧。
  39. ^ “Robert Baden-Powell: Defender of Mafeking and Founder of the Boy Scouts and the Girl Guides”. Past Exhibition Archive. National Portrait Gallery, London. 19 September 2011時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2 November 2010閲覧。
  40. ^ "Court circular". The Times (英語). No. 36585. London. 14 October 1901. p. 9.
  41. ^ B-P wrote, "Summoned to Balmoral by King Edward for the weekend: "I have just had my interview with the King. Went to his study and had a long sit down talk alone with him. Then he rang and sent for the Queen who came in with the little Duke of York, and then we had a long chat chiefly about my Police, Lady Sarah, Alexander of Teck, Moncrieff, Duke of York's tour, present state of the war, colonials as troops etc, as well as about Mafeking. The King handed me C.B. and South Africa Medal. It was a very cheery interview, and the King asked me to stay till Monday", "The Piper of Pax" by Eileen K. Wade
  42. ^ Jones, Spencer (2011). “Scouting for Soldiers: Reconnaissance and the British Cavalry, 1899–1914”. War in History 18 (4): 495–513. doi:10.1177/0968344511417348. オリジナルの3 December 2011時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20111203174837/http://wih.sagepub.com/content/18/4/495.abstract 27 June 2012閲覧。. 
  43. ^ Keegan, John (1998). The First World War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 308. ISBN 0-375-40052-4. https://archive.org/details/firstworldwar00keeg_0 
  44. ^ Reported as "a Yorkshire division" in The Times, 29 October 1907, p.6; the Dictionary of National Biography lists it as the Northumbrian Division（英語版）, which encompassed units from the North and East Ridings of Yorkshire, as well as Northumbria proper.
  45. ^ General Baden-Powell's visit to Chili. Belfast, UK: Belfast Newsletter. (29 March 1909). p. 8. https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19090329/153/0008 
  46. ^ B-P's unpublished diary held by the Boy Scouts of America
  47. ^ Saint George Saunders, Hilary (1948). “Chapter II, Enterprise, Lord Baden-Powell”. The Left Handshake. オリジナルの14 December 2006時点におけるアーカイブ。. http://pinetreeweb.com/bp-memorial.htm 2 January 2007閲覧。 
  48. ^ Baden-Powell, Robert; Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell Baden-Powell of Gilwell, Robert; Boehmer, Elleke (2005). Scouting for Boys: A Handbook for Instruction in Good Citizenship. Oxford University Press. p. lv. ISBN 978-0-19-280246-0. オリジナルの21 February 2018時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20180221093942/https://books.google.com/books?id=ej0P_lyMEFkC&pg=PR55 
  49. ^ "Lord Robert Baden-Powell "B-P" – Chief Scout of the World". The Wivenhoe Encyclopedia. 2006年10月3日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2006年11月17日閲覧。
  50. ^ Baden-Powell, Lieutenant-General Sir Robert (1915). My Adventures as a Spy. C. Arthur Pearson. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15715/15715-h/15715-h.htm 
  51. ^ Hillcourt, William (1964), Baden-Powell: The Two Lives of a Hero, New York: Putnam, p. 423 
  52. ^ Peterson, Robert (2003年). “Marching to a Different Drummer”. Scouting. Boy Scouts of America. 18 May 2006時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2 January 2007閲覧。
  53. ^ “Transcript of 1937 interview with Powell”. 20 January 2007時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  54. ^ “B.-P.'s Experimental camp on Brownsea Island”. The Scout Association (1999年). 4 July 2007時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。11 June 2007閲覧。
  55. ^ “Ernest Thompson Seton and Woodcraft”. InFed (2002年). 8 December 2006時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。7 December 2006閲覧。
  56. ^ “Robert Baden-Powell as an Educational Innovator”. InFed (2002年). 5 February 2007時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。7 December 2006閲覧。
  57. ^ Extrapolation for global range of other language publications, and related to the number of Scouts, make a realistic estimate of 100 to 150 million books. Details from Jeal, Tim (1989). Baden-Powell. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-170670-X 
  58. ^ Mills, Sarah (2011). “Scouting for Girls? Gender and the Scout Movement in Britain”. Gender, Place & Culture 18 (4): 537–556. doi:10.1080/0966369X.2011.583342. 
  59. ^ Mills, Sarah (2013). “'An instruction in good citizenship': scouting and the historical geographies of citizenship education”. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 38 (1): 120–134. Bibcode: 2013TrIBG..38..120M. doi:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2012.00500.x. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12149. 
  60. ^ “History of Guiding”. 2011年2月11日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2010年10月16日閲覧。
  61. ^ Sims, Anastatia Hodgens; Keena, Katherine Knapp (Fall 2010). “Juliette Low's Gift: Girl Scouting in Savannah, 1912–1927”. The Georgia Historical Quarterly 94 (3): 372–387. JSTOR 20788992. 
  62. ^ a b “What ever happened to Baden-Powell's Rolls Royce?”. 20 August 2008時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。8 November 2008閲覧。
  63. ^ “"Johnny" Walker's Scouting Milestones” (20 July 2008). 28 February 2014時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。21 February 2014閲覧。
  64. ^ “Baden-Powell as an Educational Innovator”. Infed Thinkers. 6 February 2006時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。4 February 2006閲覧。
  65. ^ Nagy, László (1985). 250 million Scouts. Geneva: World Scout Foundation（英語版） 
  66. ^ a b Gresh, Lois H.; Weinberg, Robert (2008). Why Did It Have To Be Snakes: From Science to the Supernatural, The Many Mysteries of Indiana Jones. John Wiley & Sons. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-470-22556-1. オリジナルの8 January 2014時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20140108015051/http://books.google.com/books?id=tAc7BESPBYkC 18 December 2013閲覧. "The symbol [swastika] was used on the Thanks Badge, created in 1911. The swastika had been a symbol for luck in India long before being adopted by the Nazis, and Baden-Powell would have come across it during his years serving in that country. In 1922, the swastika was incorporated into the design for the Medal of Merit. The symbol was dropped by the Boy Scouts in 1934 because of its use by the Nazi Party." 
  67. ^ “Boy Scout medal with fleur-de-lis and swastika, 1930s”. The Learning Federation. 23 July 2008時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。3 September 2008閲覧。
  68. ^ “Origins of the swastika”. (13 October 2017). オリジナルの4 March 2009時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20090304171910/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4183467.stm 
  69. ^ Laqueur, Walter (1962). Young Germany: A History of the German Youth Movement. Transaction Books. pp. 201–202. ISBN 0-88738-002-6. https://archive.org/details/younggermanyhist0000laqu 
  70. ^ Schellenberg, Walter (2000). Invasion, 1940: The Nazi Invasion Plan for Britain. London: St Ermin's Press 
  71. ^ “Nazi's black list discovered in Berlin”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/century/1940-1949/Story/0,6051,127730,00.html 2 March 2023閲覧。 
  72. ^ a b “"B-P" – Chief Scout of the World”. Baden-Powell. World Organization of the Scout Movement. 30 September 2007時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  73. ^ “Scouting helps displaced people”. scouts.org.uk. 11 June 2020閲覧。
  74. ^ “Evacuees and Refugees”. Cambridge District Scout Archives (18 February 2019). 11 June 2020閲覧。
  75. ^ WAGGGS. “World Thinking Day MDG 4 Activity Pack”. WAGGGS. p. 3. 19 February 2013閲覧。
  76. ^ Baden-Powell, Sir Robert. “B-P's final letter to the Scouts”. Girl Guiding UK. 23 November 2007時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。4 August 2007閲覧。
  77. ^ “Baden-Powell” (英語). www.scout.org. 8 November 2015時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。1 August 2017閲覧。
  78. ^ “Scouting family takes pilgrimage to Baden-Powell's grave in Kenya”. Bryan on Scouting (11 April 2014). 8 September 2015時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  79. ^ “A Baden-Powell Bibliography”. Scouting Radio. 7 August 2023閲覧。
  80. ^ I. Maris, ed (1910). Essays on Duty & Discipline. 32. London: Cassell & Co. オリジナルの24 April 2017時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20170424181250/http://www.spanglefish.com/DutyAndDiscipline/ 23 April 2017閲覧。 
  81. ^ “Duty & Discipline | Home”. www.spanglefish.com. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  82. ^ A 1936 edition was named "The adventures of a spy"
  83. ^ Young Knights of the Empire: Their Code, and Further Scout Yarns - プロジェクト・グーテンベルク
  84. ^ “B-P prepared a farewell message to his Scouts, for publication after his death”. World Scouting (1939年). 11 October 2019時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。11 October 2019閲覧。
  85. ^ West, James E.; Lamb, Peter O. (1932). He-who-sees-in-the-dark; the Boys' Story of Frederick Burnham, the American Scout. illustrated by Lord Baden-Powell. New York: Brewer, Warren and Putnam; Boy Scouts of America 
  86. ^ “Scout scan”. The Dump. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  87. ^ a b Jackson (F.E.I.S.), John (1905). Ambidexterity, Or, Two-Handedness and Two-Brainedness. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.. pp. 258. https://dlcs.io/pdf/wellcome/pdf-item/b21272013/0 
  88. ^ Tyndale-Biscoe, E.D. (1930). Fifty years against the stream: The story of a school in Kashmir, 1880–1930. Mysore: Privately. pp. 96 
  89. ^ Muratori, fr. Carlo (2021年). “A Bibliographical Catalogue of Robert Baden-Powell: Complete bibliographic catalogue of the works in English”. Biblioteca Frati Minori Cappuccini, Bologna. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  90. ^ “Robert Baden-Powell | B–P the Artist”. www.spanglefish.com. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  91. ^ Baden-Powell, Olave. “Window on My Heart”. The Autobiography of Olave, Lady Baden-Powell, G.B.E.as told to Mary Drewery. Hodder & Stoughton. 21 October 2006時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。16 November 2006閲覧。
  92. ^ “Fact Sheet: The Three Baden-Powell's: Robert, Agnes, and Olave”. Girl Guides of Canada. 9 March 2008時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
  93. ^ “Olave St Clair Baden-Powell (née Soames), Baroness Baden-Powell; Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell”. National Portrait Gallery, London. 6 June 2011時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。16 November 2006閲覧。
  94. ^ Hillcourt, p. 338.
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関連文献

[編集]

外部リンク

[編集]
軍職
新設 General Officer Commanding Northumbrian Division（英語版）
1908–1910 		次代
Francis Plowden（英語版）
イギリスの爵位
新設 Baron Baden-Powell
1929–1941 		次代
Peter Baden-Powell（英語版）
イギリスの準男爵
新設 'Baronet
(of Bentley)'
1922–1941 		次代
Peter Baden-Powell（英語版）
スカウト
新設 Chief Scout（英語版） of the British Empire
1908–1941 		次代
Lord Somers（英語版）
新設 Chief Scout of the World
1920–1941 		Never assigned again
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スカウト運動
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スカウト運動
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