GISAID

GISAID Initiative
略称	GISAID
設立	May 2008年 (16年前)
種類	Nonprofit organization; Public–private partnership
目的	Global health, research, education
本部	Munich, Germany
貢献地域	Worldwide
組織的方法	Donations and grants
重要人物	Peter Bogner, (president) Ron A.M. Fouchier and John W. McCauley (co-chairs Scientific Advisory Council)
ウェブサイト	gisaid.org
	テンプレートを表示

GISAID（Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data）は、2008年に設立された世界的な科学イニシアチブであり、インフルエンザウイルス^[3]および新型コロナウイルス感染症 (COVID-19) パンデミックの原因となる新型コロナウイルス (SARS-CoV-2)のゲノムデータへのオープンアクセスを提供している一次資料提供主体^[4]^[5]。

2020年1月10日、SARS-CoV-2 の最初の全ゲノム配列が GISAID で利用可能となり、最初の COVID-19ワクチンの開発や SARS-CoV-2 を検出する診断用検査^[6]^[7]など、パンデミックへの世界的な対応が可能となった^[8]^[9] 。GISAID は、地球全体での新しい COVID-19ウイルス株の出現を監視すべく、ゲノム疫学とリアルタイム・サーベイランスを促している^[10]。

従来のパブリックドメインアーカイブを介した鳥インフルエンザのデータ共有^[11]に替わるものとして設立されて以来^[12]^[13]、2009年の新型インフルエンザ (H1N1) パンデミック^[14]^[15]、2013年の H7N9 の流行^[16]^[17]、2020年の COVID-19パンデミック^[18]^[19]において、GISAID は、突発的流行データの迅速な交換を進めるものとして認められている。

2017年にはG20保健大臣からグローバル保健への GISAID の重要性が認められた^[20]。また、2020年には世界保健機関 (WHO) の主任科学者によれば、このデータサイエンス分野の取り組みは「ゲームチェンジャー」と言われている ^[21]。

発端

GISAIDという略称が最初に言及されたのは、2006年はネイチャーに掲載された寄稿文であり^[22]、グローバルな取り組み（Global Initiative）として、鳥インフルエンザデータの共有（Sharing Avian Influenza Data）を行うコンソーシアムを創るという野心的な望みを押し出すものであった。このコンソーシアムへの参加者は^[23]、解析・検証後最長6か月間で公開データベースにデータを公開する、というものであった^[24]。

高病原性 H5N1 人獣共通感染症ウイルスの最新の遺伝子データへのアクセスはしばしば制限されていたので、中核となる共有基本ルールは確立されていなかったが^[25]、この寄稿文は、7人のノーベル賞受賞者を含む70人以上の指導的な立場にある科学者の署名によるものであった。この制限の理由の一つとして、世界保健機関の加盟国がウイルスのゲノムを共有し、その所有権を危険にさらすことに躊躇していたことによるものであった^[26]。

取り組み方

歴史

ガバナンス

アクセスと知的所有権

脚注

[脚注の使い方]

^ huaxia (November 1, 2019). “Chinese experts call for global cooperation in flu prevention”. Xinhua News Agency July 7, 2020閲覧。
^ “Governance & Expertise: Scientific Advisory Council”. GISAID (2020年). July 7, 2020閲覧。 “The Scientific Advisory Council (SAC) comprises leading influenza scientists with expertise in epidemiology, human and veterinary virology and bioinformatics.”
^ Shu, Yuelong; McCauley, John (2017). “GISAID: Global initiative on sharing all influenza data – from vision to reality”. Eurosurveillance 22 (13). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.13.30494. PMC 5388101. PMID 28382917.
^ Swaminathan, Soumya (December 17, 2020). “The WHO’s chief scientist on a year of loss and learning”. Nature December 20, 2020閲覧。
^ Korber (August 20, 2020). “Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus”. Cell. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043. December 24, 2020閲覧。 “the global sampling of SARS-CoV-2 is being very capably addressed by the Global Initiative for Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) database”
^ Bohn, Mary Kathryn (October 7, 2020). “IFCC Interim Guidelines on Molecular Testing of SARS-CoV-2 Infection”. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 58: 1993-2000. doi:10.1515/cclm-2020-1412.
^ “CEPI's collaborative task force to assess COVID-19 vaccines on emerging viral strains”. BioSpectrum - Asia Edition. (November 23, 2020) December 24, 2020閲覧. "GISAID is an essential component of COVID-19 R&D that enables real-time progress in the understanding of the geographical spread, circulation, and evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus"
^ Polack, Fernando (December 10, 2020). “Safety and Efficacy of the mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine”. New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2034577.
^ “CEPI's collaborative task force to assess COVID-19 vaccines on emerging viral strains”. BioSpectrum - Asia Edition. (November 23, 2020) December 24, 2020閲覧. "GISAID is an essential component of COVID-19 R&D that enables real-time progress in the understanding of the geographical spread, circulation, and evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus"
^ Jameel (2 April 2020). “Coronavirus pandemic highlights key need for science and partnerships”. The Telegraph (Kolkata). 29 December 2020閲覧。
^ McDowell, Robin (May 15, 2008). “Indonesia hands over bird flu data to new database”. Fox News. Associated Press June 7, 2020閲覧。
^ Shu, Yuelong; McCauley, John (2017). “GISAID: Global initiative on sharing all influenza data – from vision to reality”. Eurosurveillance 22 (13). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.13.30494. PMC 5388101. PMID 28382917.
^ Elbe, Stefan; Buckland-Merrett, Gemma (January 10, 2017). “Data, disease and diplomacy: GISAID's innovative contribution to global health”. Global Challenges 1(1): 33-46.
^ Schnirring, Lisa (June 25, 2009). “Pandemic reveals strengths of new flu database”. Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy June 7, 2020閲覧。
^ “Viral gene sequences to assist update diagnostics for swine influenza A(H1N1)”. World Health Organization (April 25, 2009). June 7, 2020閲覧。
^ “The fight against bird flu”. Nature 496 (7446): 397. (April 24, 2013).
^ Larson, Christina (April 10, 2013). “CDC Races to Create a Vaccine for China's Latest Bird Flu Strain”. Bloomberg BusinessWeek June 7, 2020閲覧。
^ Prasad, R. (January 19, 2020). “What is the source of the new SARS-like disease reported in China?”. The Hindu June 7, 2020閲覧。
^ Ng, Kang-chung (January 12, 2020). “Wuhan pneumonia: Hong Kong set to develop new test for mystery virus after obtaining genetic sequence from mainland China”. South China Morning Post June 7, 2020閲覧。
^ G20 (20 May 2017). “Berlin Declaration of the G20 Health Ministers”. German Ministry of Health. 18 July 2017閲覧。
^ Swaminathan, Soumya (December 17, 2020). “The WHO’s chief scientist on a year of loss and learning”. Nature December 20, 2020閲覧。
^ Zamiska (30 August 2006). “A Nonscientist Pushes Sharing Bird-Flu Data'”. The Wall Street Journal. 10 November 2016閲覧。
^ Elbe, Stefan; Buckland-Merrett, Gemma (January 10, 2017). “Data, disease and diplomacy: GISAID's innovative contribution to global health”. Global Challenges 1(1): 33-46.
^ Bogner, Peter; Capua, Ilaria; Lipman, David; Cox, Nancy (30 August 2006). “A global initiative on sharing avian flu data”. Nature September 6, 2020閲覧。
^ “Boosting access to disease data” (英語). Nature 442 (7106): 957–957. (2006-08). doi:10.1038/442957a. ISSN 1476-4687.
^ McDowell, Robin (May 18, 2008). “Indonesia will add its data to global bird-flu Web site”. Orlando Sentinel November 19, 2020閲覧. "China, Russia and other nations that have long withheld influenza-virus samples and DNA-sequencing data from the international community are also taking part in the initiative, saying it offers full transparency and, for the first time, basic protection of intellectual-property rights."

外部リンク

GISAID（英語）

この項目は、化学に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（プロジェクト:化学／Portal:化学）。

[1] uaxia (November 1, 2019). “Chinese experts call for global cooperation in flu prevention”. Xinhua News Agency July 7, 2020閲覧。

[2] “Governance & Expertise: Scientific Advisory Council”. GISAID (2020年). July 7, 2020閲覧。 “The Scientific Advisory Council (SAC) comprises leading influenza scientists with expertise in epidemiology, human and veterinary virology and bioinformatics.”

[Shu2-3] Shu, Yuelong; McCauley, John (2017). “GISAID: Global initiative on sharing all influenza data – from vision to reality”. Eurosurveillance 22 (13). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.13.30494. PMC 5388101. PMID 28382917.

[Swaminathan2-4] Swaminathan, Soumya (December 17, 2020). “The WHO’s chief scientist on a year of loss and learning”. Nature December 20, 2020閲覧。

[5] Korber (August 20, 2020). “Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus”. Cell. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043. December 24, 2020閲覧。 “the global sampling of SARS-CoV-2 is being very capably addressed by the Global Initiative for Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) database”

[Bohn2-6] Bohn, Mary Kathryn (October 7, 2020). “IFCC Interim Guidelines on Molecular Testing of SARS-CoV-2 Infection”. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 58: 1993-2000. doi:10.1515/cclm-2020-1412.

[BioSpectrum2-7] “CEPI's collaborative task force to assess COVID-19 vaccines on emerging viral strains”. BioSpectrum - Asia Edition. (November 23, 2020) December 24, 2020閲覧. "GISAID is an essential component of COVID-19 R&D that enables real-time progress in the understanding of the geographical spread, circulation, and evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus"

[Polack2-8] Polack, Fernando (December 10, 2020). “Safety and Efficacy of the mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine”. New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2034577.

[BioSpectrum-9] “CEPI's collaborative task force to assess COVID-19 vaccines on emerging viral strains”. BioSpectrum - Asia Edition. (November 23, 2020) December 24, 2020閲覧. "GISAID is an essential component of COVID-19 R&D that enables real-time progress in the understanding of the geographical spread, circulation, and evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus"

[Jameel2-10] Jameel (2 April 2020). “Coronavirus pandemic highlights key need for science and partnerships”. The Telegraph (Kolkata). 29 December 2020閲覧。

[11] McDowell, Robin (May 15, 2008). “Indonesia hands over bird flu data to new database”. Fox News. Associated Press June 7, 2020閲覧。

[Shu-12] Shu, Yuelong; McCauley, John (2017). “GISAID: Global initiative on sharing all influenza data – from vision to reality”. Eurosurveillance 22 (13). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.13.30494. PMC 5388101. PMID 28382917.

[Elbe2-13] Elbe, Stefan; Buckland-Merrett, Gemma (January 10, 2017). “Data, disease and diplomacy: GISAID's innovative contribution to global health”. Global Challenges 1(1): 33-46.

[Schnirring2-14] Schnirring, Lisa (June 25, 2009). “Pandemic reveals strengths of new flu database”. Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy June 7, 2020閲覧。

[15] “Viral gene sequences to assist update diagnostics for swine influenza A(H1N1)”. World Health Organization (April 25, 2009). June 7, 2020閲覧。

[16] “The fight against bird flu”. Nature 496 (7446): 397. (April 24, 2013).

[17] Larson, Christina (April 10, 2013). “CDC Races to Create a Vaccine for China's Latest Bird Flu Strain”. Bloomberg BusinessWeek June 7, 2020閲覧。

[18] Prasad, R. (January 19, 2020). “What is the source of the new SARS-like disease reported in China?”. The Hindu June 7, 2020閲覧。

[19] Ng, Kang-chung (January 12, 2020). “Wuhan pneumonia: Hong Kong set to develop new test for mystery virus after obtaining genetic sequence from mainland China”. South China Morning Post June 7, 2020閲覧。

[20] G20 (20 May 2017). “Berlin Declaration of the G20 Health Ministers”. German Ministry of Health. 18 July 2017閲覧。

[Swaminathan-21] Swaminathan, Soumya (December 17, 2020). “The WHO’s chief scientist on a year of loss and learning”. Nature December 20, 2020閲覧。

[22] Zamiska (30 August 2006). “A Nonscientist Pushes Sharing Bird-Flu Data'”. The Wall Street Journal. 10 November 2016閲覧。

[Elbe-23] Elbe, Stefan; Buckland-Merrett, Gemma (January 10, 2017). “Data, disease and diplomacy: GISAID's innovative contribution to global health”. Global Challenges 1(1): 33-46.

[natureletter-24] Bogner, Peter; Capua, Ilaria; Lipman, David; Cox, Nancy (30 August 2006). “A global initiative on sharing avian flu data”. Nature September 6, 2020閲覧。

[25] “Boosting access to disease data” (英語). Nature 442 (7106): 957–957. (2006-08). doi:10.1038/442957a. ISSN 1476-4687.

[26] McDowell, Robin (May 18, 2008). “Indonesia will add its data to global bird-flu Web site”. Orlando Sentinel November 19, 2020閲覧. "China, Russia and other nations that have long withheld influenza-virus samples and DNA-sequencing data from the international community are also taking part in the initiative, saying it offers full transparency and, for the first time, basic protection of intellectual-property rights."

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]